Development pp 409-419 | Cite as

The Use of in Situ Hybridisation to Study the Molecular Genetics of Mouse Development

  • David G. Wilkinson
Chapter

Abstract

The study of mammalian development is a challenging problem, as even the most amenable system, the mouse, has a number of technical limitations, in particular the difficulty of systematic developmental genetics and of microsurgical manipulations of the embryo. Nevertheless, significant advances towards understanding molecular mechanisms of mouse development have been made through the cloning of many genes with potential roles in embryogenesis. An important step in the analysis of these genes is to determine the spatial and temporal regulation of their expression during development. When combined with other lines of evidence, expression patterns can provide preliminary clues to the developmental function of genes and can also provide insight into mechanisms of development. These lines of evidence include homologies with previously characterised genes (see Lobe and Gruss, Chap. 26, this Vol.), analogies with other developmental systems and the study of mutants. In addition, knowledge of expression patterns is essential for the design and interpretation of reverse genetic manipulations in which genes are inactivated by homologous recombination or misregulated in transgenic mice.

Keywords

Homeobox Gene Primitive Streak Mouse Development Analyse Expression Pattern Early Drosophila Embryo 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Watson JD (1989) Molecular biology of the cell, 2nd edn. Garland Pub Co, New York.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Evans EP (1985) Standard normal chromosomes. In: Lyon M, Searle AG (eds) Genetic strains and variants of the laboratory mouse, 2nd edn. OUP, UK, pp 576–577.Google Scholar
  3. Frischauf A-M (1983) The T/t complex of the mouse. TIG 1:100–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Silver LM (1985) Mouse t haplotypes. Annu Rev Genet 19:179–208.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 3.
    Dobrovolskaia-Zavadskaia N (1927) Sur la mortification spontanée de la queue chez la souris nouveau-nee et sur l’existence d’un caractère (facteur) hereditaire, non viable. CR Soc Biol 97:114–116.Google Scholar
  6. 4.
    Artzt K (1984) Gene mapping within the T/t complex of the mouse. III. t lethal genes are arranged in three clusters on chromosome 17. Cell 39:565–572.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Committee for the mouse chromosome 17 (1991) Maps of mouse chromosome 17: First Report. Mamm Genome 1:5–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Hammer MF, Schimenti J, Silber LM (1989) Evolution of mouse chromosome 17 and the origin of inversions associated with t haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3261–3265.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Klein JK, Sipos P, Figueroa F (1984) Polymorphism of t complex genes in European wild mice. Genet Res Camb 44:30–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 5.
    Herrmann BG, Labeit S, Poustka A-M, King TR, Lehrach H (1990) Cloning of T, a gene required in mesoderm formation in the mouse. Nature 343:617–622.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 6.
    Abe K, Weil J-F, Wei F-S, Hsu YC, Uehara H, Artzt K, Bennet D (1988) Searching for coding sequences in the mammalian genome: the H-K region of the mouse MHC is replete with genes expressed in embryos. EMBO J 7:3441–3449.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Alton AK (1982) The histological, cellular and molecular correlates of the T (hairpin) maternal defect. Ph D Thesis, Cornell University Medical College, USA.Google Scholar
  13. Axelrod HR (1985) Altered trophoblast functions in implantation-defective mouse embryos. Dev Biol 108:185–190.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Barlow DB, Stöger R, Herrmann BG, Saito K, Schweifer N (1991) The mouse Igf2 receptor is imprinted and closely linked to the Tme locus on chromosome 17. Nature 349:87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Bennett D (1975) The T-locus of the mouse. Cell 6:441–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Bennett WI, Gall AM, Southard JL, Sidman RL (1971) Abnormal spermiogenesis in quaking, a myelin deficient mutant mouse. Biol Reprod 5:30–58.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Bucan M, Herrmann BG, Frischauf A-M, Bautch V, Bode V, Silver LS, Martin GR, Lehrach H (1987) Deletion and duplication of DNA sequences is associated with the embryonic lethal phenotype of the t9 complementation group of the mouse t complex. Genes Dev 1:367–385.Google Scholar
  18. Green MC (1989) Catalogue of mutant genes and polymorphic loci. In: Lyon M, Searle AG (eds) Genetic strains and variants of the laboratory mouse, 2nd edn. OUP, UK, pp 12–404.Google Scholar
  19. Greenspan RJ, O’Brien MC (1986) Genetic analysis of mutations at the Fused locus in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4413–4417.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Frail DE, Braun PE (1985) Abnormal expression of myelin associated glycoprotein in the central nervous system of dysmyelinatin mutant mouse. J Neurochem 45:1071–1075.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Johnson DR (1975) Further observations on the hair-pin tail (T hp) mutation in the mouse. Genet Res Camb 24:207–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Lyon MF, Jarvis SE, Sayers I (1979) Complementation reactions of a lethal t haplotype believed to include a deletion. Genet Res Camb 33:153–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Martin GR, Silver LM, Fox HS, Joyner AL (1987) Establishment of embryonic stem cell lines from preimplantation mouse embryos homozygous for lethal mutations in the t complex. Dev Biol 120:20–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. McGrath J, Soltor D (1984) Maternal Thp lethality in the mouse is a nuclear, not cytoplasmic, defect. Nature 308:550–551.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Paterniti JR Jr, Brown WV, Ginsberg HN, Artzt K (1983) Combined lipase deficiency (cld): a lethal mutation on chromosome 17 of the mouse. Science 221:167–169.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Shedlovsky A, King TR, Dove WF (1988) Saturation germ line mutagenesis of the murine t region including a lethal allele at the quaking locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:180–184.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Shin H-S (1989) The T/t complex and the genetic control of mouse development. In: Litwin SD (ed) Human immunogenetics: basic principles and clinical relevance. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp 443–471.Google Scholar
  28. Shin H-S, Bennett D, Artzt K (1984) Gene mapping within the T/t complex of the mouse. IV: the inverted MHC is intermingled with several t-lethal genes. Cell 39:573–578.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Wiking H, Silver LM (1984) Characterization of a recombinant mouse t haplotype that expresses a dominant lethal maternal effect. Genetics 108:1013–1020.Google Scholar
  30. 7.
    Brown J, Cebra-Thomas JA, Bleil JD, Wasserman PM, Silver LM (1989) A premature acrosome reaction is programmed by mouse t haplotypes during sperm differentiation and could play a role in transmission distortion. Development 106:769–773.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Eicher E, Cherry M, Flaherry L (1978) Autosomal phosphoglycerate linked to mouse major histocompatability complex. MGG 158:225–228.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Forejit J, Ivani P (1975) Genetic studies on male sterility of hybrids between laboratory and wild mice (Mus musculus L.). Genet Res 24:189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Lader E, Ha H-S, O’Neil L, Artzt K, Bennet D (1986) Tctex-1: a candidate gene family for a mouse t complex sterility locus. Cell 44:357–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Lyon MF (1984) Transmission ratio distortion in mouse t haplotypes is due to multiple distorter genes acting on a responder locus. Cell 37:621–628.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Lyon MF (1986) Male sterility of the mouse t complex is due to homozygosity of the distorter genes. Cell 44:357–363.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Kasahara M, Passmore HC, Klein J (1989) A testes-specific gene maps between Pgk-2 and Mep-1 on mouse chromosome 17. Immunogenetics 29:61–63.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Olds-Clark P, Pietz B (1986) Fertility of sperm from t/+ mice: evidence that + bearing sperm are dysfunctional. Genet Res 47:49–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Sarvetnick N, Tsai J-Y, Fox H, Pilder S, Silver LM (1989) A mouse chromosome 17 gene encodes a testes-specific transcript with unusual properties. Immunogenetic 30:34–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Schimenti J, Cebra-Thomas JA, Decker CL, Islam SD, Pilder SH, Silver LM (1988) A candidate gene for the mouse t complex responder (Tcr) locus responsible for haploid effects on sperm function. Cell 55:71–78.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Silver LM, Kleene KC, Distel RJ, Hecht NB (1987) Synthesis of mouse t complex proteins during haploid stages of spermatogenesis. Dev Biol 119:605–608.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Washburn LL, Lee BK, Eicher EM (1990) Inheritance of Tassociated sex reversal in mice. Genet Res 56:185–191.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Willison K, Dudley K, Potter J (1986) Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a haploid expressed gene encoding t complex polypeptide 1. Cell 44:727–738.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 8 Committee for the mouse chromosome 17 (1991) Maps of mouse chromosome 17: first Report. Mamm Genome 1:5–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Fox HS, Martin GR, Lyon MF, Herrmann B, Frischauf A-M, Lehrach H, Silver LM (1985) Molecular probes define different regions of the mouse t complex. Cell 40:63–69.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Rogers JH (1986) The mouse t complex is composed of two separate inversions. TIG 2:145–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 9.
    Committee for the mouse chromosome 17 (1991) Maps of mouse chromosome 17: first report. Mamm Genome 1:5–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Nadeau JH, Reiner AH (1989) Linkage and synteny homologies in mouse and man. In: Lyon M, Searle AG (eds) Genetic strains and variants of the laboratory mouse, 2nd edn. OUP, UK, pp 506–536.Google Scholar
  48. Nadeau JH, Herrmann BG, Bucan M, Burkart D, Crosby JL, Erhardt MA, Kowosky M, Kraus JP, Michiels F, Schnat-tinger A, Tchetgen M-B, Varnum D, Willison K, Lehrach H, Barlow DP (1991) Genetic maps of mouse chromosome 17 loci including 12 new anonymous DNA loci. Genomics 9:78–89.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Vincek V, Kawaguchi H, Mizuno K, Zaleska-Rutczynska Z, Kasahara M, Forejit J, Figueroa F, Klein J (1989) Linkage map of mouse chromosome 17: localization of 27 new DNA markers. Genomics 5:773–786.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 10.
    Babiarz BS (1983) Deletion mapping of the T/t complex: evidence for a second region of critical embryonic genes. Dev Biol 95:342–351.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Committee for the mouse chromosome 17 (1991) Maps of mouse chromosome 17: first report. Mamm Genome 1:5–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Erickson RP, Lewis SE, Slusser KS (1978) Deletion mapping of the t complex of chromosome 17 of the mouse. Nature 274:163–164.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Fox HS, Silver LM, Martin GR (1984) An alpha globin pseudogene is located within the mouse t complex. Immunogenetics 19:125–130.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Guenet J-L, Simon-Chazottes D, Avner PR (1986) The contribution of wild derived mouse inbred strains to gene mapping methodology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 127:109–113.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Mann EA, Silver LM, Elliott RW (1986) Genetic analysis of a mouse t complex clone that is homologous to a kidney cDNA clone. Genetics 114:993–1006.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Silver LM, Lukralle D, Garrells JI (1983) TOrl is a novel, variant form of mouse chromosome 17 with a deletion in a partial t haplotype. Nature 310:422–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Taylor B (1981) Recombinant inbred strains. In: Lyon M, Searle AG (eds) Genetic strains and variants of the laboratory mouse, 2nd edn. OUP, UK, pp 773–796.Google Scholar
  58. 11.
    Barlow DP, Lehrach H (1987) Genetics by gel electrophoresis: the impact of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis on mammalian genetics. TIG 3:167–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Carle GF, Olson MV (1987) Orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. In: Wu R (ed) Methods in enzymology, vol 155. Recombinant DNA Part F. Academic Press, New York, pp 468–480.Google Scholar
  60. Committee for the mouse chromosome 17 (1991) Maps of mouse chromosome 17: first Report. Mamm Genome 1:5–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Razin A, Riggs AD (1980) DNA methylation and gene function. Science 210:601–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual, 2nd edn. CSH Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.Google Scholar
  63. Schwartz DV, Cantor CR (1984) Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell 37:67–75.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Smith CL, Klco SR, Cantor CR (1989) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the technology of large DNA molecules. In: Davies K (ed) Genome analysis. A practical approach. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 41–72.Google Scholar
  65. 12.
    Berger SL, Kimmel AR (1987) I. Guide to molecular cloning techniques: Section VI. Genomic cloning, pp 173–214. In: Berger SL, Kimmel AR (eds) Methods in Enzymology Vol 152. Acad Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
  66. Collins ES (1986) Chromosome Jumping. In: Davies K (ed) Genome analysis, a practical approach. IRL Press, UK, pp 73–93.Google Scholar
  67. Michiels F, Burmeister M, Lehrach H (1987) Derivation of clones close to met by preparative field inversion gel electrophoresis. Science 236:1305–1308.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Poustka A, Lehrach H (1988) Chromosome jumping — a long range technique. In: Setlow J (ed) Genetic engineering 10. Plenum, New York, pp 169–193.Google Scholar
  69. Schlessinger D (1990) Yeast artificial chromosomes: tools for mapping and analysis of complex genomes. TIG 6:248–254.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 13.
    Bird AP (1986) CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature 321:209–213.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Lindsay S, Bird AP (1987) Use of restriction enzymes to detect potential gene sequences in mammalian DNA. Nature 327:336–338.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Ohno S (1986) The total number of genes in the mammalian genome. TIG 2:8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Rappold GA, Stubbs L, Labeit S, Crkvenjakov R, Lehrach H (1987) Identification of a testes specific gene from the mouse t complex next to a CpG island. EMBO J 6:1975–1980.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 14.
    Abe K, Wei J-F, Wei F-S, Hsu YC, Uehara H, Artzt K, Bennett D (1988) Searching for coding sequences in the mammalian genome: the H-2K region of the mouse MHC is replete with gene expressed in embryos. EMBO J 7:3441–3449.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Hogan BLM, Costantini F, Lacy E (1986) Manipulating the mouse embryo. A laboratory manual. CSH Press, CSH New York.Google Scholar
  76. 15.
    Monaco AP, Neve RL, Colletti-Feneer C, Kunkel LM (1986) Isolation of candidate cDNAs for portions of the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy gene. Nature 323:646–650.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 16.
    Green MC (1989) Catalogue of mutant genes and polymorphic loci. In: Lyon M, Searle AG (eds) Genetic strains and variants of the laboratory mouse, 2nd edn. OUP, UK, pp 12–404.Google Scholar
  78. Shedlovsky A, Guenet J-L, Johnson LL, Dove W (1986) Induction of recessive lethal mutations in the T/t-H-2 region of the mouse genome by a point mutation. Genet Res Camb 47:135–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992

Authors and Affiliations

  • David G. Wilkinson

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations