Classification of Stenoses

  • Vincenzo Denaro

Abstract

The clinical consequences of cervical stenosis have been defined as those in which myeloradicular disease results from an imbalance between the myelomeningeal structure constituting the contents of the canal and their container, i.e., the cervical canal and all its constituents. This imbalance can result from either kinetic (functional) or organic disease. This difference in patho- genesis may be used to distinguish between organic and nonorganic or functional stenosis.

Keywords

Cervical Spine Vertebral Body Intervertebral Disk Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Cervical Myelopathy 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aboulker J (1965) Les myèlopathies cervicales d’origine rachidienne. Neurochirurgie 11:89–198Google Scholar
  2. Alker G J, Leslie E V, et al. (1975) Post-mortem radiology of head and neck injuries in fatal traffic accidents. Radiology 114:611PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Allen K L (1952) Neuropathies caused by bony spurs in the cervical spine with special reference to surgical treatment. J Neurosurg Psychiatry 47: 17–20Google Scholar
  4. Babin E (1970) La misure du diamètre sagittal du canal cervical chez l’adulte. Sem Hop Paris 46:2739–2742PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Boni M (1966) Considerazioni anatomo-patologiche e cliniche sulle protrusioni del disco nel rachide cervicale. 52st Congress SIOT, CataniaGoogle Scholar
  6. Boni M, Denaro V (1982a) Traitement chirurgical des cervi-carthroses. Rev Chir Orthop 68:269–280PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Boni M, Denaro V (1982b) The cervical stenosis syndrome. Int Ortho 185–195Google Scholar
  8. Boni M, Denaro V (1987a) Anatomo-clinical correlations in cervical spondylosis. In: Kehr P, Weidner A (eds) Cervical spine I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New YorkGoogle Scholar
  9. Boni M, Denaro V (1987b) Actualidad en cirurgia cervical. Rev Soc Andaluza Traumatol Ortop 7 (2): 133–149Google Scholar
  10. Boni M, Denaro V, Jimenez C, et al. (1984) Tumores primitivos de la columna cervical. Posibilidades diagnosticas y de tratamiento. Rev Soc Andaluza Traumatol Ortop 4 (l) :l–42Google Scholar
  11. Biller H F, Ogura J H, Rontal M, Ehrlich C (1971) Cervical osteomyelitis complicating pharyngeal resection. Arch Otolaryongol 94: \165–168Google Scholar
  12. Brain W R, Northfield D, Wilkinson M (1952) The neurological manifestation of cervical spondylosis. Brain 75:187–225PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Brodkey J S, Richards D E, Blasingame J P, Nulsen F E (1972) Reversible spinal cord trauma in cats: additive effects of direct pressure and ischemia. J Nurosurg 37: 591 593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Ceciliani L, Denaro V, Pedrotti L (1985) Cervical spine surgery in children. M. BE. 13:429–442Google Scholar
  15. Cloward R B (1958) The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical disks. J Neurosurgery 15:602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Conlon PW, Isdale IC, Rose BS (1966) Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. Ann Rheum Dis 25: 120– 126PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Cox HE, Bennett WF (1984) Computed tomography of absent cervical pedicle. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8 (3): 537–539PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Denaro V (1983) Su di un raro caso di spondiloartrite anchilopoietica. Minerva Ortop 34Google Scholar
  19. Denaro V (1987) Il rachide cervicale traumatico: dalla parte dell’ortopedico. Minerva Ortop Traumatol 38 (4): 209– 224Google Scholar
  20. Denaro V, Kehr P (1990) Infected cervical spine in five cases. In: Louis R, Weidner A (eds) Cervical spine II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 131–138Google Scholar
  21. Denaro V, Ramaioli F, Cornaglia C (1973) Indicazioni del cloridrato di ketamina nella malattia di Morquio, con aplasia del dente dello epistrofeo. Acta Anaesthesiol 24 (5): 539–547Google Scholar
  22. Denaro V, Pedrotti L, Lupo R, Ceciliani L (1985) Eosinophilic granuloma with elective cervical location: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Med Biol Environ 13:537–548Google Scholar
  23. Denaro V, Jelmoni G P, Berzero G F, Centaro G (1986a) Updating on the treatment of limb metastases. Med Biol Environ 14:319–329Google Scholar
  24. Denaro V, Pedrotti L, Lupo R, Barbieri D (1986b) An extremely rare case of bone giant cell tumor involving the upper cervical vertebrae: therapeutic problems. Med Biol Environ 14:333–340Google Scholar
  25. Dubousset J (1986) Torticollis in children caused by congenital anomalies of the atlas. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 68:178–188Google Scholar
  26. Epstein J A, Epstein N E, Jones M D (1978) Anatomomicroradiological correlations in cervical spine discal disease and stenosis. Clin Neurosurg 25: 148–173PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Epstein J A, Epstein N E (1989) The cervical spine.2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 625–643Google Scholar
  28. Fardon D F, Fieldin J W (1981) Defects of the pedicle and spondylolisthesis of the second cervical vertebra. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 63 B:526–528Google Scholar
  29. Fishback R S, Rosenblatt J E, Dahlgren J G (1973) Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis in heroin addicts. Calif Med 119:1–4Google Scholar
  30. Fornasier V, Horne J (1975) Metastates to the vertebral column. Cancer 36:590PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Forsythe M, Rothman R H (1978) New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of infections of the cervical spine. Orthop Clin North Am 9: 1039PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Gooding M R, Wilson C B, Hoff J T (1976) Experimental cervical myelopathy: autoradiographic studies of spinal cord blood flow patterns. Surg Neurol 5: 233–239PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Graaf R (1982) Congenital block vertebrae C2-C3 in patients with cervical myelopathy. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 61:111–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Hadley L A (1957) The covertebral articulations and cervical foramen encroachment. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 39A:910–920Google Scholar
  35. Hagadorn B, Smith H W, Rosnagle S (1972) Cervical spine osteomyelitis secondary to a foreign body in the hypopharynx. Arch Otol 95: 578–580Google Scholar
  36. Hashizume Y, Lijima S, Kishimoto H, et al. (1984) Pathology of spinal cord lesions caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 63:123–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Henzinger R N (1989) Congenital anomalies of the odontoid (congenital agenesis, hypoplasia and os odontoideum). In: Epstein J A, Epstein N E (eds) The cervical spine.2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 248–257Google Scholar
  38. Hirsch C et al. (1967) Structural changes in the cervical spine. Acta Orthop Scand [Suppl] 109Google Scholar
  39. Hodgson A R, Francis E (1960) Anterior spine fusion for the treatment of tuberculosis of the spine. The operative findings and results of treatment in the first one hundred case. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 42A:295–310Google Scholar
  40. Holt S, Yates P O (1966) Cervical spondylosis and nerve root lesions. Incidence at routine necropsy. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]48B:407–423Google Scholar
  41. Holtzer H (1952) Experimental analysis of the development of the spinal column: response of precartilage cells to size variations of the spinal cord. Exp Zool 121: 121–147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Holzman R S, Bishkof (1971) Osteomyelitis in heroin addicts. Ann Intern Med 75:693PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Hughes J T, Brownell B (1964) Cervical spondylosis complicated by anterior spinal artery thrombosis. Neurology (Minneap) 14:1073–1077Google Scholar
  44. Jacques W, Garnet J T, Johnson D, Shelden C H (1975) Osteopetrosis associated with familial paraplegia: report of a family. Paraplegia 13:143–152PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Japanese Ministry of Public Health and Welfare (19811985) Investigation committee reports on OPLL (Japan). TokyoGoogle Scholar
  46. Jomin M (1978) Les myéloradiculopathies par cervicarthrose. Etude clinique et thérapeutique. Lille Med [3e Serie] 23: 6Google Scholar
  47. Klintworth G K (1963) The neurologic manifestations of osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg disease). Neurology (Minneap) 13:512–519Google Scholar
  48. Leffort G, Mourad H, de Niscault G, Daoud S (1983) Dislocation du rachis cervical supérieur dans le syndrome de Larsen. Chir Pediatr 24:211–212Google Scholar
  49. Mair W G P, Druckman R (1953) The pathology of spinal cord lesions and their relation to the clinical features in protrusion of cervical intervertebral (a report of four cases). Brain 76: 70–91PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Marks J S, Sharp J (1981) Rheumatoid cervical myelopathy. Q J Med 50: 307PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. McCleary L, Rovit R L, Murali R (1987) Case report: myelopathy secondary to congenital osteopetrosis of the cervical spine. Neurosurgery 20 (3):487–489PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Mii K, Ohwada T, Vada K (1980) The role of the ligamenta flava in cervical spondylotic myelopathy.8th Annual Meeting of the Cervical Spine Research Society, Dec 10–13, Palm BeachGoogle Scholar
  53. Mikulowski P, Wollheim F A, Rotmil P, Olsen I (1975) Sudden death in rheumatoid arthritis with atlantoaxial dislocation. Acta Med Scand 198:445PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Murakami N, Muroga T, Sobue I (1978) Cervical myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol 35:33–36PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Onji Y, Akiyama H, et al. (1967) Posterior para vertebral ossification causing cervical myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 49A (7): 1314–1328.Google Scholar
  56. Payne E, Spillane J D (1957) The cervical spine. An anatomi-copathological study of 70 specimens (using a special technique) with particular reference to the problem of cervical spondylosis. Brain 80: 571PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Prusic V R, Samberg L C, Wesoldwski D P (1985) Klippel Feil syndrome associated with spinal stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 67A (1):161–164Google Scholar
  58. Roy-Camille R, Judet T H, Saillant G, Mamondy P, Denaro V (1982) Tumeurs du rachis. In: Encyclopedle Medico-Chirurgicale (Paris), Techniques Chirurgicales, Orthopé-die, 44: 165, ParisGoogle Scholar
  59. Taylor A R (1964) Vascular factors in the myelopathy associated with cervical spondylosis. Neurology (Minneap) 14:62–68Google Scholar
  60. Torg J S (1989) Risk factors in congenital stenosis of the cervical spinal canal. In: Epstein J A, Epstein N E (eds) The cervical spine. 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 272–285Google Scholar
  61. Tsukimoto H (1960) A case report: autopsy of syndrome of compression of spinal cord owing to ossification within the cervical spine canal. Nippon Geka Hokan 29:1003– 1007Google Scholar
  62. Tsuyama N (1984) Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. Clin Orthop 184: 71–84PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Vanneuville C, Escande G, Guillot M, Chalaz J, Tanguy A, Bourges M, Verge J, Garret, Deubelle A (1980) 63° Congrès de l’Association des Anatomies, Eléments de biomécanique du rachis 27–31 May. Bloc-Santé, Clermont Ferrand. pp 329–391Google Scholar
  64. Verbiest H (1983) Tumors involving the cervical spine. Benign tumors. In: Cervical Spine Research Society (ed) The cervical spine. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 430–477Google Scholar
  65. Waltz TA (1967) Physical factors in the production of the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis. Brain 90:395–404PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. White A, Southwick WO, Panjabi M (1976) Clinical instability of the lower cervical spine. Spine 1: 15–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Yu YL, Jones S J (1985) Somatosensory evoked potentials in cervical spondylosi: correlation of median, ulnar and posterior tibial nerve responses with clinical and radiological findings. Brain 108: 273–300PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991

Authors and Affiliations

  • Vincenzo Denaro
    • 1
  1. 1.Catania University, ItalyCataniaItaly

Personalised recommendations