Introduction

  • C. W. Dence
  • S. Y. Lin
Chapter
Part of the Springer Series in Wood Science book series (SSWOO)

Abstract

The development of lignin methodology can be credited in large measure to the recognized need to define more accurately and precisely the structure of lignin as present in plant tissue and in isolated form. Thus, as a result of the sustained application of standard and uniquely adapted analytical procedures and of increasingly sophisticated instrumentation, the concept of lignin has been progressively refined to a degree where, at present, lignin structure and morphology are considered to be adequately, if not perfectly, defined.

Keywords

Secondary Wall Compression Wood Tension Wood Kraft Lignin Coniferyl Alcohol 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adler E, Marton J (1959) Zur Kenntnis der Carbonylgruppen im Lignin I. Acta Chem Scand 13: 75–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Adler E, Marton J (1961) Carbonyl groups in lignin II. Catalytic hydrogenation of model compounds containing aryl carbinol, aryl carbinol ether, ethylene and carbonyl groups. Acta Chem Scand 15: 357–369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Adler E (1977) Lignin chemistry - past, present and future. Wood Sci Technol 11: 169–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Allan GG (1971) Modification reactions. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 511–573Google Scholar
  5. Andersson S-I, Samuelson O (1985) Formation of soluble compounds during pretreatment of kraft pulp with nitrogen dioxide. Sven Papperstidn 88: R102–R104Google Scholar
  6. Bagby MO, Nelson GH, Helman EG, Clark EF (1971) Determination of lignin in non-wood plant fiber sources. Tappi 54: 1876–1878Google Scholar
  7. Becker H-D, Adler E (1961) Zur Oxydation mit Chinonen. Acta Chem Scand 15: 218–219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Browning BL (1967) Methods of wood chemistry, Vol. II. Interscience, New York, 717–746Google Scholar
  9. Chang H-m, Allan GG (1971) Oxidation. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 433–485Google Scholar
  10. Chang H-m, Cowling EB, Brown W, Adler E, Miksche G (1975) Comparative studies on cellulolytic enzyme lignin and milled wood lignin of sweetgum and spruce. Holzforschung 29: 153–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Christman RF, Oglesby RT (1971) Microbiological degradation and the formation of humus. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 769–795Google Scholar
  12. Chua MSG, Chen C-L, Chang H-m, Kirk TK (1982) 13C NMR spectroscopic study of spruce lignin degraded by Phanerochaete crysosporium I. New structures. Holzforschung 36: 165–172Google Scholar
  13. Corbett JF (1966) The chemistry of hydroxyquinones. Part I. The reaction of 2-hydroxybenzoquinones with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. J Chem Soc (C): 2308–2311Google Scholar
  14. Corbett JF, Fooks AG (1967) The chemistry of hydroxy-quinones. Part III. The reactions of 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoquinones with alkali. J Chem Soc (C): 1909–1913Google Scholar
  15. Dence CW (1971) Halogenation and nitration. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 373 - 432Google Scholar
  16. Eachus SW, Dence CW (1975) Hydrogenation of lignin model compounds in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst. Holzforschung 29: 41 - 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Erdtman H, Granath M (1954) Studies on humic acids. V. The reaction of p-benzoquinone with alkali. Acta Chem Scand 8: 811–816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Erickson M, Larsson S, Miksche GE (1973a) Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Ligninoxydationsprodukten. VII. Zur Struktur des Lignins der Fichte. Acta Chem Scand 27: 903–904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Erickson M, Larsson S, Miksche GE (1973b) Zur Struktur des Lignins des Druckholzes von Pinus mugo. Acta Chem Scand 27: 1673–1678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Erickson O, Goring DAI, Lindgren BO (1980) Structural studies on the chemical bonds between lignins and carbohydrates in spruce wood. Wood Sci Technol 14: 267–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Fengel D, Wegener G (1984a) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, New York, 49–53Google Scholar
  22. Fengel D, Wegener G (1984b) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure reactions. Walter de Gruyter, New York, 157 ppGoogle Scholar
  23. Fergus BJ, Goring DAI (1970a) The location of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in birch xylem tissue. Holzforschung 24: 113–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Fergus BJ, Goring DAI (1970b) The distribution of lignin in birch wood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Holzforschung 24: 118–124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Fergus BJ, Procter AR, Scott JAN, Goring DAI (1969) The distribution of lignin in sprucewood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci Technol 3: 117–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Gellerstedt G (1976) The reactions of lignin during sulfite pulping. Sven Papperstidn 79: 537–543Google Scholar
  27. Gellerstedt G, Pettersson E-L (1975) Light-induced oxidation of lignin. The behavior of structural units containing a ring-conjugated double bond. Acta Chem Scand B29: 1005–1010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Gellerstedt G Pettersson E-L (1977) Light-induced oxidation of lignin. Part 2. The oxidative degradation of aromatic rings. Sven Papperstidn 80: 15–21Google Scholar
  29. Gierer J (1970) The reactions of lignin during pulping. A description and comparison of conventional pulping processes. Sven Papperstidn 73: 571–596Google Scholar
  30. Gierer J (1980) Chemical aspects of kraft pulping. Wood Sci Technol 14: 241–266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Gierer J (1982a) The chemistry of delignification - a general concept. Part 1. Holzforschung 36: 43–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Gierer J (1982b) The chemistry of delignification - a general concept. Part 2. Holzforschung 36: 55–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Gierer J, Imsgard F (1977) The reactions of lignins with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. Sven Papperstidn 80: 510–518Google Scholar
  34. Gierer J, Imsgard F, Pettersson I (1976) Possible condensation and polymerization reactions of lignin fragments during alkaline pulping processes. Appl Polym Symp 28: 1195–1211Google Scholar
  35. Gierer J, Lindeberg O (1978) Reactions of lignin during sulfate pulping. Part XV. The behavior of intermediary coniferyl alcohol structures. Acta Chem Scand B32: 577–587CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Gierer J, Lindeberg O (1980) Reactions of lignin during sulfate pulping. Part XIX. Isolation and identification of new dimers from a spent sulfate liquor. Acta Chem Scand B34: 161–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Gierer J, Noren I (1982) Oxidative pretreatment of pine wood to facilitate delignification during kraft pulping. Holzforschung 36: 123–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Glennie DW (1966) Chemical structure of lignin sulfonates III. Some reactions of monomeric lignin sulfonates. Tappi 49: 237–243Google Scholar
  39. Glennie DW (1971) Reactions in sulfite pulping. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 597–637Google Scholar
  40. Goring DAI (1962) The physical chemistry of lignin. Pure Appl Chem 5: 233–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Goring DAI (1971) Polymer properties of lignin and lignin derivatives. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation,, structure and reactions. Wiley- Interscience, New York, 695 - 768Google Scholar
  42. Harris EE, Adkins H (1938) Reactions of hydrogen with lignin. Pap Trade J 107 (20): 38–40Google Scholar
  43. Hatakeyama H, Kubota K, Nakano J (1972) Thermal analysis of lignin by differential scanning calorimetry. Cellul Chem Technol 6: 521 - 529Google Scholar
  44. Kirk TK, Farrell RL (1987) Enzymatic “combustion”: the microbial degradation of lignin. Annu Rev Microbiol 41: 465–505PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Koshijima T, Watanabe T, Yaku F (1989) Structure and properties of the lignin-carbohydrate complex polymer as an amphipathic substance. In: Glasser WG, Sarkanen S (eds) Lignin: properties and material. ACS Symp Ser 397: 11–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Kratzl K, Claus P, Lonsky W, Gratzl JS (1974) Model studies on reactions occurring in oxidations of lignin with molecular oxygen in alkaline media. Wood Sci Technol 8: 35–49Google Scholar
  47. Lai Y-Z, Sarkanen KV (1971) Isolation and structural studies. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 165–189Google Scholar
  48. Lin SY (1990) Lignin. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia Ind Chem, 5th edn, Vol. 15. VCH, Weinheim, FRG, 305–315Google Scholar
  49. Lin SY, Detroit WJ (1981) Chemical heterogeneity of technical lignins - its significance in lignin utilization. Proc Int Symp Wood Pulp Chem (Stockholm) SPCI Rep 38, 4: 44–52Google Scholar
  50. Ljunggren S, Olsson A (1984) The specificity in oxidation of some lignin and carbohydrate models and pine wood shavings with permanganate and pyridinium dichromate before the kraft pulping process. Holzforschung 38: 91–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Lundquist K (1976) Low molecular weight lignin hydrolysis products. Appl Polym Symp 28: 1393–1407Google Scholar
  52. Marton J (1971) Reactions in alkaline pulping. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 639–654Google Scholar
  53. Marton J, Marton T (1964) Molecular weight of kraft lignins. Tappi 47: 471–476Google Scholar
  54. Minor JL (1986) Chemical linkage of polysaccharides to residual lignin in loblolly pine kraft pulp. J Wood Chem Technol 6: 185–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Musha Y, Goring DAI (1975) Distribution of syringyl and guaiacyl moieties in hardwoods as indicated by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci Technol 9: 45 - 58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Nimz HH (1974) Beech lignin - proposal of a constitutional scheme. Angew Chem Int Ed 13: 313–321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Nonni AJ, Dence CW (1988) The reactions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with lignin model dimers. Part 3: l,2-Diaryl-l,3-propanediols. Holzforschung 42: 37–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Norberg PH, Meier H (1966) Physical and chemical properties of the gelatinous layer in tension wood fibres of aspen (Populus tremula L). Holzforschung 20: 174–178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Obst JR (1982) Guaiacyl and syringyl lignin composition in hardwood cell components. Holzforschung 36: 143–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Pearl IA (1967a) The chemistry of lignins. Marcel Dekker, New York, 7–37Google Scholar
  61. Pearl IA (1967b) The chemistry of lignins. Marcel Dekker, New York, 250–258Google Scholar
  62. Pettersen RC (1984) The chemical composition of wood. In: Rowell RM (ed) The chemistry of solid wood. Adv Chem Ser 207: 57–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Rydholm SA (1965) Pulping processes. Interscience, New York, 576–578, 590Google Scholar
  64. Saka S, Thomas RJ, Gratzl JS (1978) Lignin distribution determined by energy-dispersive analysis of X rays. Tappi 61 (l): 73–76Google Scholar
  65. Sarkanen KV, Hergert HL (1971) Classification and distribution. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 43–94Google Scholar
  66. Schuerch C (1952) The solvent properties of liquids and their relation to the solubility, swelling, isolation and fractionation of lignin. J Am Chem Soc 74: 5061–5067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Scott JAN, Procter AR, Fergus BJ, Goring DAI (1969) The application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood. Description and validity of the technique. Wood Sci Technol 3: 73–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Shorygina NN, Kafeli TYa, Samechkina AF (1949) Cleavage of lignin by sodium in liquid ammonia. J Gen Chem USSR 19: 1558–1566Google Scholar
  69. Teuber HJ, Heinrich P, Dietrich M (1966) Structure of 3-hydroxy-l,2-benzoquinone dimers. Ann Chem 696: 64–71Google Scholar
  70. Wallis AFA (1971) Solvolysis by acids and bases. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 345–392Google Scholar
  71. Wayman M, Obiaga TI (1974) Molecular weights of milled-wood lignin. Tappi 54 (4): 123–126Google Scholar
  72. Westermark U (1985) The occurrence of p-hydroxyphenylpropane units in the middle-lamella lignin of spruce (Picea abies). Wood Sci Technol 19: 223–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Westermark U, Lidbrandt O, Eriksson I (1988) Lignin distribution in spruce (Picea abies) determined by mercurization with SEM-EDXA technique. Wood Sci Technol 22: 243–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Whiting P, Goring DAI (1982) Chemical characterization of tissue fractions from the middle lamella and secondary wall of black spruce tracheids. Wood Sci Technol 16: 261–267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Wood JR, Goring DAI (1971) The distribution of lignin in stem wood and branch wood of Douglas fir. Pulp Pap Mag Can 72: T95–T102Google Scholar
  76. Yamasaki T, Hosoya S, Chen C-L, Gratzl JS, Chang H-m (1981) Characterization of residual lignin in kraft pulp. Proc Int Symp Wood Pulp Chem (Stockholm) SPCI Rep 38, 2: 34–42Google Scholar
  77. Yasuda S, Sakakibara A (1975) Hydrogenolysis of protolignin in compression wood. IV. Isolation of a diphenyl ether and three dimeric compounds with carbon to carbon linkage. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 23: 383–387Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992

Authors and Affiliations

  • C. W. Dence
  • S. Y. Lin

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations