Surgical Staging of Ovarian Tumours: The Individual and Integrative Roles of the Oncologist and Pathologist

  • L. L. Adcock
  • L. P. Dehner
Part of the Current Topics in Pathology book series (CT PATHOLOGY, volume 78)

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death in the western world among women with gynecological malignancies. Unfortunately, survival rates for patients with ovarian cancer have not significantly improved in many decades (Norris and Murphy 1932; Moench 1933; Lynch 1936; Lingeman 1974; Cutler et al. 1975). Inasmuch as the majority of patients have advanced clinical stages (FIGO, Stage III or IV) at the time of diagnosis it is not surprising that the overall survival is poor for these unfortunate patients. More discouraging is the fact that at least 30% of the patients with early stage disease, purportedly confined to the ovaries or pelvis, do not survive (Bagley et al. 1972). Accurate staging of ovarian cancer, at the initial operative procedure, is essential for planning appropriate treatment for comparing the results of different treatment modalities and for indicating the prognosis (American Joint Committee 1977; Buchsbaum and Lifshitz 1984). Understaging unfortunately results in inadequate therapy which in turn compromises an already tentuous clinical situation.

Keywords

Ovarian Cancer Ovarian Carcinoma Obstet Gynecol Advanced Ovarian Cancer Granulosa Cell Tumour 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Amendola MA, Walsh JW, Amendola BE, Tisnado J, Hall DJ, Goplerud DR (1981) Computed tomography in the evaluation of carcinoma of the ovary. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5: 179–186.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End-Results Reporting (1977) Manual for Staging of Cancer. Chicago.Google Scholar
  3. August CZ, Murad TM, Newton M (1985) Multiple focal extraovarian serous carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 11–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Bagley CM Jr, Young RC, Canellos GP, DeVita VT (1972) The treatment of ovarian carcinoma: possibilities for progress. N Engl J Med 287: 856–862.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Bagley CM, Young RC, Schein PS, Chabner BA, DeVita VT (1973) Ovarian carcinoma metastatic to the diaphragms — frequently undiagnosed at laparotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 397–400.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Barber HRK (1983) The role of surgery in carcinoma of the ovary. Bull NY Acad Med 59: 276–287.Google Scholar
  7. Berek JS, Griffiths CT, Leventhal JM (1981) Laparoscopy for second-look evaluation in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 7: 47–55.Google Scholar
  8. Berek JS, Hacker NF, Lagasse LD, Leuchter RS (1982) Lower urinary tract resection as part of cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 13: 87–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Berek JS, Hacker NF, Lagasse LD, Nieberg RK, Elashoff RM (1983) Survival of patients following secondary cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 61: 189–193.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Bostwick DG, Tazelaar HD, Ballon SC, Hendrickson MR, Kempson RL (1986) Ovarian epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy. A clinical and pathologic study of 109 cases. Cancer 58: 2052–2065.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Brenner DE, Shaff MI, Jones HW, Grosh WW, Greco FA, Burnett LS (1985) Abdominopelvic computed tomography: evaluation in patients undergoing second-look laparotomy for ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 65: 715–717.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Buchsbaum HJ, Lifshitz S (1984) Staging and surgical evaluation of ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 11: 227–237.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Budd GT, Webster KD, Reimer RR, Martimbeau P, Livingston RB (1983) Treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with cisplatin, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide. Effect of treatment and incidence of intracranial metastases. J Surg Oncol 24: 192–195.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Burghardt E, Pickel H, Holzer E, Lahousen M (1983) The significance of lymphadenectomy in therapy of ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146: 111–112.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Cain JM, Saigo PE, Pierce VK, Clark DG, Jones WB, Smith DH, Hakes TB, Ochoa M, Lewis JL (1986) A review of second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 23: 14–25.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Castaldo TW, Petrilli ES, Ballon SC, Lagasse LD (1981) Intestinal operations in patients with ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139: 80–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Chen SS, Lee L (1983) Incidence of para-aortic and pelvic lymph node metastases in epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 16: 95–100.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Chorlton I (1987) Malignant lymphoma of the female genital tract and ovaries. In: Fox H (ed) Haines and Taylor obstetrical and gynaecological pathology (Vol. 2, 3rd edn) Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 737–762.Google Scholar
  19. Clarke-Pearson DL, Bandy LC, Dudzinski M, Heaston D, Creasman WT (1986) Computed tomography in evaluation of patients with ovarian carcinoma in complete clinical remission. JAMA 255: 627–630.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Coffin CM, Adcock LL, Dehner LP (1985) The second-look operation for ovarian neoplasms: a study of 85 cases emphasizing cytologic and histologic problems. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 97–109.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Cohen CJ (1985) Surgical considerations in ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 12: 53–56.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Cohen CJ, Goldberg JD, Holland JF, Bruckner HW, Deppe G, Gusberg SB, Wallach RC, Kabakow B, Rodin (1983) Improved therapy with cisplatin regimens for patients with ovarian carcinoma (FIGO Stages III and IV) as measured by surgical end-staging (second look operation). Am J Obstet Gynecol 145: 955–965.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Colgan TJ, Norris HJ (1983) Ovarian epithelial tumors of low malignant potential: a review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1: 367–382.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Copeland LJ (1985) Second-look laparotomy for ovarian carcinoma. Clin Obstet Gynecol 28: 816–823.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Copeland LJ, Gershenson DM (1986) Ovarian cancer recurrences in patients with no macroscopic tumor at second-look laparotomy. Obstet Gynecol 68: 873–874.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Creasman WT, Abu-Ghazaleh S, Schmidt HJ (1978) Retroperitoneal metastatic spread of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 6: 447–449.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Curry SL, Zambo MM, Nahhas WA, Jahshan AE, Whitney CW, Mortel R (1981) Second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 11: 114–118.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Cutler SJ, Myers MH, Green SB (1975) Trends in survival rates of patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 293: 122–124.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Czernobilsky B (1985) Common epithelial tumors of the ovary. In Roth LM & Czernobilsky B (eds) Tumors and tumorlike conditions of the ovary (Vol 6 Contemporary Issues in Surgical Pathology). Churchill Livingstone, New York, p 11–41.Google Scholar
  30. Dauplat J, Ferriere J-P, Gorbinet M, Legros M, Chollet P, Giraud B, Plagne R (1986) Second-look laparotomy in managing epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 57: 1627–1631.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Delclos L, Quinlan E (1969) Malignant tumors of the ovary managed with postoperative megavoltage irradiation. Radiology 93: 659–663.Google Scholar
  32. Dienemann D, Pickartz H (1987) So-called peritoneal implants of ovarian carcinomas. Problems in differential diagnosis. Pathol Res Pract 182: 195–201.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. DiSaia PJ, Creasman WT (1984) Clinical gynecologic oncology. The CV Mosby Company, St. Louis, p 275–278.Google Scholar
  34. Dyre JC (1984) Intraperitoneal pressure in the human. Surg Gynecol Obstet 87: 472–475.Google Scholar
  35. Ehrmann RL, Federschneider JM, Knapp RC (1980) Distinguishing lymph node metastases from benign glandular inclusions in low grade ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 136: 737–746.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Einhorn N (1978) Acute leukemia after chemotherapy (Melphalan). Cancer 41: 444–447.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Farhi DC, Siverberg SG (1982) Pseudometastases in female genital cancer. Pathol Annu 17 (Pt 1): 47–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Feldman GB, Knapp RC, Arder SE, Hellman S (1972) The role of lymphatic obstruction in the formation of ascites in a murine ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 32: 1663–1666.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Feldman GB, Knapp RC (1974) Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity and its significance in ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119: 991–994.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Fuks Z (1975) External radiotherapy of ovarian cancer. Standard approaches and new frontiers. Semin Oncol 2: 253–266.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Gershenson DM, Copeland LJ, Wharton JT, Atkinson EN, Sneige N, Edwards CL, Rutledge FN (1985) Prognosis of surgically determined complete responders in advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer 55: 1129–1135.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Goldhirsch A, Triller JK, Greiner R, Dreher E, Davis BW (1983) Computed tomography prior to second-look operation in advanced ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 62: 630–634.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Greco FA, Julian CG, Richardson RL, Burnett L, Hande KR, Oldham RK (1981) Advanced ovarian cancer: brief intensive combination chemotherapy and second-look operation. Obstet Gynecol 58: 199–205.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Griffiths CT (1975) Surgical resection of tumor bulk in the primary treatment of ovarian carcinoma: Symposium on ovarian cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 42: 101–104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Griffiths CT, Fuller AF Jr (1978) Intensive surgical and chemotherapeutic management of advanced ovarian cancer. Surg Clin North Am 58: 131–142.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Griffiths CT, Parker LM, Fuller AF Jr (1979) Role of cytoreductive surgical treatment in the management of advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 235–240.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Griffiths CT, Parker L (1986) Cancer of the ovary. In: Knapp RC, Berkowitz RS (eds) Gynecologic oncology, Macmillan, New York, p 313–375.Google Scholar
  48. Hacker NF, Berek JS, Lagasse LD, Nieberg RK, Elasoff RM (1983) Primary cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 61: 413–420.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Hanson MB, Powell DE, Donaldson ES, Van Nagell JR Jr (1980) Treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma by surgical debulking followed by single alkylating agent chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 10: 337–342.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Hart WR (1981) Pathology of malignant and borderline epithelial tumors of ovary. In: Coppleson M (ed) Gynecologic oncology. Fundamental principles and clinical practice. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 633–654.Google Scholar
  51. Hayes DM, Cvitkovic E, Golbey RB, Scheiner E, Helson L, Krakoff IH (1977) High-dose cis-platinumdiamminedichloride. Amelioration of renal toxicity by mannitol diuresis. Cancer 39: 1372–1381.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Helewa ME, Kreport GV, Lotocki R (1986) Staging laparotomy in early epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154: 282–286.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. Henderson C, Frei E (1979) Adriamycin and the heart. N Engl J Med 300: 310–311.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Heydenrych JJ, Villet WT, du Toit DF (1979) Gliomatosis peritonei: the value of a “second look” operation. J Surg Oncol 12: 119–125.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Higgins GM, Graham AS (1929) Lymphatic damage from the peritoneal cavity in the dog. Arch Surg 19: 453–465.Google Scholar
  56. Ho AG, Beller U, Speyer JL, Colombo N, Wernz J, Beckman EM (1987) A reassessment of the role of second-look laparotomy in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 5: 1316–1321.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Holtz F, Hart WR (1982) Krukenberg tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases. Cancer 50: 2438–2447.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Hopkins MP, Kumar NB, Morley GW (1987) An assessment of pathologic features and treatment modalities in ovarian tumors of low malignant potential. Obstet Gynecol 70: 923–929.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Hsu YK, Parmley TH, Rosenshein NB, Bhagavan BS, Woodruff JD (1980) Neoplastic and non-neoplastic mesothelial proliferations in pelvic lymph nodes. Obstet Gynecol 55: 83–88.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (1982) Annual report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer. Vol. 18. Radiumhemmet, Stockholm.Google Scholar
  61. Joyeux H, Szawlowski AW, Saint-Aubert B, Elazhary MM, Solassol C, Pujol H (1986) Aggressive regional surgery for advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer 57: 142–147.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Julian CG, Goss J, Blanchard K, Woodruff JD (1974) Biologic behavior of primary ovarian malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 44: 873–884.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Kapadia SB, Krause JR (1978) Ovarian carcinoma terminating in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia following alkylating agent therapy. Cancer 41: 1676–1679.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Keettel WC, Elkins HB (1956) Experience with radioactive colloidal gold in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 71: 553–565.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Keettel WC, Pixley EE, Buchsbaum HJ (1974) Experience with peritoneal cytology in the management of gynecologic malignancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 120: 174–178.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Knapp RC, Friedman EA (1974) Aortic lymph node metastases in early ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119: 1013–1017.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Langley FA, Fox H (1987) Ovarian tumours: classification, histogenesis and aetiology. In: Fox H (ed) Haines and Taylor obstetrical and gynaecological pathology (Vol 1, 3rd edn) Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 542–555.Google Scholar
  68. Lash RH, Hart WR (1987) Intestinal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the ovaries. A clinicopathologic evaluation of 22 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 11: 114–121.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Lindgren I, Nagy EJ, Virtaina P (1968) Drainage of radiographic contrast media from the abdominal cavity. Acta Radiol [Diagn] 7: 481–488.Google Scholar
  70. Lingeman CH (1974) Etiology of cancer of the human ovary: a review. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 53: 1603–1618.Google Scholar
  71. Lurain JR (1982) Newer diagnostic approaches to the evaluation of gynecologic malignancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv 37: 437–448.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. Lynch FW (1936) A clinical review of 110 cases of ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 32: 753–772.Google Scholar
  73. Malkasian GD Jr, Decker DG, Webb MJ (1975) Histology of epithelial tumors of the ovary: Clinical usefulness and prognostic significance of the histologic classification and grading. Semin Oncol 2: 191–201.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. Mamtora H, Isherwood I (1982) Computized tomography in ovarian carcinoma: patterns of disease and limitations. Clin Radiol 33: 165–171.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Mangioni C, Bolis G, Molteni C (1979) Indications, advantages and limits of laparoscopy in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 7: 47–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Manivel JC, Wick MR, Coffin CM, Dehner LP (1988, in press) Immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis in the second-look operation for ovarian carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol.Google Scholar
  77. McCaughey WTE (1985) Papillary peritoneal neoplasms in females. Pathol Annu 20 (Pt 2): 387–404.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. McGowan L, Lesher LP, Norris HJ, Barnett M (1985) Misstaging ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 65: 568–572.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Merino MJ, Edmonds P, LiVolsi V (1985) Appendiceal carcinoma metastatic to the ovaries and mimicking primary ovarian tumours. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 110–120.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Metz SA, Sevin B, Averette H, Karnei R, Hoskins R (1981) Lymphatic metastase in apparently early carcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 12: 261–267.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Meyers MA (1970) The spread and localization of acute intraperitoneal effusion. Radiology 95: 547–554.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Meyers MA (1973) Distribution of intra-abdominal malignant seeding: dependency on dynamics of flow of ascitic fluid. AJR 119: 198–206.Google Scholar
  83. Michael H, Roth LM (1986) Invasive and noninvasive implants in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential. Cancer 57: 1240–1247.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. Miller DS, Ballon SC, Teng NNH, Seifer DB, Soriero OM (1986) A critical reassessment of second-look laparotomy in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 57: 530–535.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. Moench LM (1933) A clinical study of 403 caes of adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 26: 22–28.Google Scholar
  86. Moore GE (1980) Debunking debulking. Surg Gynecol Obstet 150: 395–396.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Munnell EW (1968) The changing prognosis and treatment in cancer of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 100: 790–805.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. Munnell EW (1969) Is conservative therapy ever justified in Stage I (I-A) cancer of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 103: 641–653.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Musumeci R, DePalo G, Kenda R, Tesoro-Tess JD, DiRe F, Petrillo R, Rilke F (1980) Retroperitoneal metastases from ovarian carcinoma: reassessment of 356 patients studied with lymphography. AJR 134: 449–452.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. Nelson JH (1975) Importance of maximum procedure in ovarian cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 42: 109–111.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Nielsen SNJ, Scheithauer BW, Gaffey TA (1985) Gliomatosis peritonei. Cancer 56: 2499–2503.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Nilogg JM, Bast RC, Schaetzl EM, Knapp RC (1985) Predictive value of CA 125 antigen levels in second-look procedures for ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151: 981–986.Google Scholar
  93. Norris CC, Murphy DP (1932) Malignant ovarian neoplasms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 23: 833–837.Google Scholar
  94. Norris HJ, Zirkin HJ, Benson WL (1976) Immature (malignant) teratoma of the ovary. A clinical and pathologic study of 58 cases. Cancer 37: 2359–2372.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Nouwen EJ, Hendrix PG, Dauwe S, Eerdekens, MW, DeBroe ME (1987) Tumor markers in the human ovary and its neoplasms. A comparative immunohistochemical study. Am J Pathol 126: 230–242.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Overholt RH (1931) Intraperitoneal pressure. Arch Surg 22: 691–703.Google Scholar
  97. Ozols RF, Young RC (1987) Ovarian cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 11: (No 2) 61–93.Google Scholar
  98. Parker RT, Parker CH, Wilbanks GD (1970) Cancer of the ovary: survival studied based upon operative therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108: 878–888.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Perrone T, Steiner M, Dehner LP (1986) Nodal gliomatosis and-fetoprotein production. Two unusual facets of grade I ovarian teratoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110: 975–977.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Phillips BP, Buchsbaum HJ, Lifshitz S (1979) Reexploration after treatment for ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 8: 339–345.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. Piura B, Bar-David J, Glezerman M, Zirkin HJ (1986) Bilateral ovarian involvement as the only manifestation of malignant lymphoma. J Surg Oncol 33: 126–128.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Piver MS, Lele S, Barlow JJ (1976) Preoperative and intraoperative evaluation in ovarian malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 48: 312–315.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. Piver MS, Barlow JJ, Lele SB (1978) Incidence of subclinical metastasis in Stage I and II ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 52: 100–104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. Plentl AA, Friedman EA (1971) Lymphatic system of the female genitalia: the morphologic basis of oncologic diagnosis and therapy. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
  105. Raju KS, McKenna JA, Barker GH, Wiltshaw E, Jones JM (1982) Second-look operations in the planned management of advanced ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144: 650–654.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. Reiner RR, Hoover R, Fraumeni JR Jr, Young RC (1977) Acute leukemia after alkylating-agent therapy of ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 297: 177–181.Google Scholar
  107. Richardson GS, Scully RE, Nikrui N, Nelson JH (1985) Common epithelial cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med 312: 415–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. Robboy SJ, Scully RE, Norris HJ (1974) Carcinoid metastatic to the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 35 cases. Cancer 33: 798–811.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. Robboy SJ, Norris HJ, Scully RE (1975) Insular carcinoid primary in the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 48 cases. Cancer 36: 404–418.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. Roberts WS, Hodel K, Rich WM, DiSaia PJ (1982) Second-look laparotomy in the management of gynecologic malignancy. Gynecol Oncol 13: 345–355.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Rosenoff SH, DeVita VT Jr, Hubbard S, Young RC (1975a) Peritoneoscopy in the staging and follow-up of ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 2: 223–228.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Rosenoff SH, Young RC, Anderson T, Bagley C, Chabner B, Schein PS, Hubbard S, DeVita VT Jr (1975b) Peritoneoscopy: a valuable staging tool in ovarian carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 88: 37–41.Google Scholar
  113. Russell P (1987) Common epithelial tumours of the ovary. In: Fox H (ed) Haines and Taylor obstetrical and gynaecological pathology (Vol 1, 3rd edn) Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 556–622.Google Scholar
  114. Russell P, Bannatyne PM, Solomon HJ, Stoddard LD, Tattersall MHN (1985) Multifocal tumorigenesis in the upper female genital tract — implications for staging and management. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 192–210.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. Salmon SE, Hamburger AW, Soehnlein BS, Durie GM, Alberts DS, Moon TE (1978) Quantitation of differential sensitivity of human tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs. N Engl J Med 298: 1321–1327.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  116. Schwartz PE, Smith JP (1980) Second-look operations in ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138: 1124–1130.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. Silva EG (1987) Gynecologic specimens. In: Silva EG & Kraemer BB (eds) Intraoperative pathologic diagnosis. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 103–110.Google Scholar
  118. Smith JP, Day TG Jr (1979) Review of ovarian cancer at the University of Texas Systems Cancer Center, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135: 984–993.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. Smith JP, Rutledge F, Wharton JT (1972) Chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. Cancer 30: 1565–1571.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. Smith JP, Delgado G, Rutledge G (1976) Second-look operation in ovarian cancer: postchemotherapy. Cancer 38: 1438–1442.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. Spinelli P, Luini A, Pizzetti P, De Palo GM (1976) Laparoscopy in staging and restaging of 95 patients with ovarian carcinoma. Tumori 62: 493–501.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. Stern J, Buscema J, Rosensheim N, Siegelman S (1981) Can computed tomography substitute for second look operations in ovarian carcinoma? Gynecol Oncol 11: 82–88.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. Stuart GLE, Jeffries M, Stuart JL, Anderson RJ (1982) The changing role of “second-look” laparotomy in the management of epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142: 612–616.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. Tobias JS, Griffiths CT (1976) Management of ovarian cancer: current concepts and future prospects. N Engl J Med 294: 818–823.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Ulbright TM, Roth LM (1985) Secondary tumors of the ovary. In: Roth LM, Czernobilsky B (eds) Tumors and tumorlike conditions of the ovary (Vol 6, Contemporary Issues in Surgical Pathology). Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 129–152.Google Scholar
  126. Walton L, Ellenberg SS, Major F Jr, Miller A, Park R, Young RC (1987) Results of second-look laparotomy in patients with early-stage ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 70: 770–773.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Webb MJ, Decker DG, Mussey E, Williams TJ (1973) Factors influencing survival in Stage I ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116: 222–228.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  128. Webb MJ, Snyder JA Jr, Williams TJ, Decker DG (1982) Second-look laparotomy in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 14: 285–293.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. Wharton JT, Henson J (1981) Surgery for common epithelial tumors of the ovary. Cancer 48: 582–589.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Wijnen JA, Rosensheim NB (1980) Surgery in ovarian cancer. Arch Surg 115: 863–868.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  131. Williams TJ, Dockerty MB (1976) Status of the contralateral ovary in encapsulatet low grade malignant tumors of the ovary. Surg Gynecol Obstet 143: 763–766.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. Wu P-C, Qu J-Y, Lang J-H, Huang R-L, Tang M-Y, Lian L-J (1986) Lymph node metastasis of ovarian cancer: a preliminary survey of 74 cases of lymphadenectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155: 1103–1108.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Young RC (1987) A second look at second-look laparotomy. J Clin Oncol 5: 1311–1313.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. Young RC, Chabner BA, Hubbard SP, Fisher RI, Bender RA, Anderson T, Simon RM, Canellos GP, DeVita VT (1978) Advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. A prospective clincal trial of Melphalon (L-PAM) versus combination chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 299: 1261–1266.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. Young RC, Decker DG, Wharton JT, Piver MS, Sindelar WF, Edwards BK, Smith JP (1983) Staging laparotomy in early ovarian cancer. JAMA 250: 3072–3076.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. Young RH, Scully RE (1987) Metastatic tumors of the ovary. In Kurman RJ (ed) Blaustein’s pathology of the female fenital tract, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York, p 742–768.Google Scholar
  137. Zinsser KR, Wheeler JE (1982) Endosalpingiosis in the omentum. A study of autopsy and surgical material. Am J Surg Pathol 6: 109–117.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989

Authors and Affiliations

  • L. L. Adcock
  • L. P. Dehner

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations