Maintenance State of the Art Report

  • P. A. Walicke
  • D. A. Brown
  • R. P. Bunge
  • A. N. Davison
  • B. Droz
  • D. M. Fambrough
  • G. Fischer
  • J. W. Griffin
  • R. Mirsky
  • J. G. Nicholls
  • R. K. Orkand
  • H. Rohrer
  • J. E. Treherne
Conference paper
Part of the Dahlem Workshop Reports Life Sciences Research Report book series (DAHLEM, volume 20)

Abstract

In order to understand the effects of disease on a tissue, it is first necessary to understand its normal physiological working. This discussion will center on our knowledge of the importance of the normal interactions of neuronal and glial cells, and on how the interrelationship between these cells is maintained. It is organized around the maintenance of various definable structures in nervous tissue, starting from simple ion distributions progressing up to whole cells. One of its chief values will probably be in mapping some of the vast gaps in our knowledge of these normal interactions, and in pointing out areas ready for fruitful investigation.

Keywords

Multiple Sclerosis Glial Cell Nerve Growth Factor Dorsal Root Ganglion Schwann Cell 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. (1).
    Adler, R., Landa, K.B., Manthorpe, M., and Varon, S. 1979. Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: Intraocular distribution of trophic activity for ciliary neurons. Science 204: 1434–1436.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. (2).
    Aguayo, A., Bray, G.M., and Perkins, S.C. 1979. Axon-Schwann cell relationships in neuropathies of mutant mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 317: 512–531.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. (3).
    Aguayo, A.J., Charron, L., and Bray, G.M. 1976. Potential of Schwann cells from unmyelinated nerves to produce myelin: a quantitative ultrastructural and radiographic study. J. Neurocytol. 5: 565 - 573.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. (4).
    Ashhurst, D.E., and Coston, N.M. 1971. Insect mucosub- stances. III. Some mucosubstances of the nervous system of the wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and the stick insect (Carausius morosus). Histochem. J. 3: 379–387.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. (5).
    Balazs, R., and Cremer, J.E. 1973. Metabolic Compartmenta tion in the Brain. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
  6. (6).
    Barde, Y.A., Edgar, D., and Thoenen, H. 1980. Sensory neurons in culture: Changing requirements for survival factors during embryonic development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77: 1199–2203.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. (7).
    Barde, Y.A., Lindsay, R.M., Monard, D., and Thoenen, H. New factor released by cultured glioma cells supporting survival and growth of sensory neurones. Nature 274: 818.Google Scholar
  8. (8).
    Benjamins, J.A., and Smith, M.E. 1977. Metabolism of myelin. In Myelin, ed. P. Morell, pp. 230–270. New York Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  9. (9).
    Berthold, C.-H. 1968. Ultrastructure of the node-paranode region of mature feline ventral lumbar spinal root fibers. Acta Societatis Medicorum Uppasaliensis 73, Suppl. 9: 37–70Google Scholar
  10. (10).
    Bevan, S.R., Miledi, R., and Grampp, W. 1973. Induced transmitter release by Schwann cells and its suppression by actinomycin D. Nature, New Biol. 241: 85–86.Google Scholar
  11. (11).
    Bittner, G.D., Ballinger, M.L., and Larimer, J.L. 1974. Crayfish CNS: Minimal degenerative-regenerative changes after lesioning. J. Exp. Zool. 189: 13–96.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. (12).
    Bowery, N.G., and Brown, D.A. 1972. γ-Aminobutyric acid uptake by sympathetic ganglia. Nature, New Biol. 238: 89–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. (13).
    Bowery, N.G., Brown, D.A., and Marsh, S. 1979. γ-Amino-butyric acid efflux from sympathetic glial cells: Effect of “depolarizing” agents. J. Physiol. 293: 75–101.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. (14).
    Bowery, N.G., Brown, D.A., White, R.D., and Yamini, G. 1979. (3H)-γ-aminobutyric acid uptake into neuroglial cells of rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia. J. Physiol. 293: 51–74.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. (15).
    Braun, P.E. 1977. Molecular architecture of myelin. In. Myelin, ed. P. Morell, pp. 91–115. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  16. (16).
    Brightman, M., Vlatzo, I., Olsson, Y., and Reese, T. 1970. The blood brain barrier to proteins under normal and pathological conditions. J. Neurol. Sci. 10: 215–239.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. (17).
    Brockes, J.P., Lemke, D.R., Balzer, J.R. 1980. Purification and preliminary characterization of a glial growth factor from the bovine pituitary. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 8374–8877.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. (18).
    Bunge, M.B., Williams, A.K., Wood, P.M., Uitto, J., and Jeffrey, J.J. 1980. Comparison of nerve cell and nerve cell plus Schwann cell cultures, with particular emphasis on basal lamina and collagen formation. J. Cell Biol. 84: 184–202.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. (19).
    Bunge, R. 1968. Glial cells and the central myelin sheath. Physiol. Rev. 48: 197–251.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. (20).
    Burden, S.J., Sargent, P.B., and McMahan, U.J. 1979. Acetylcholine receptors in regenerating muscle accumulate at original synaptic sites in the absence of the nerve. J. Cell. Biol. 82: 412–425.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. (21).
    Cheung, W.Y. 1980. Calmodulin plays a pivotal role in cell regulation. Science 207: 19–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. (22).
    Clark, A.W., Griffin, J.W., and Price, D.L. 1980. The axonal pathology in chronic IDPN intoxication. J. Neuropath. Exper. Neurol. 39: 42–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. (23).
    Cohen, S., Carpenter, G., and Lembach, K.J. 1975. Interaction of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with cultured fibroblasts. Adv. Metabl. Disorders 8: 265–284.Google Scholar
  24. (24).
    Coles, J.A., and Tsacopoulos, M. 1979. Potassium activity in photoreceptors, glial cells and extracellular spaces in drone retina: Changes during photostimulation. J. Physiol. 290: 525–549.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. (25).
    Davison, A.N., and Cuzner, M. 1977. Immunochemistry and biochemistry of myelin. Br. Med. Bull. 33: 60–66.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. (26).
    Descarries, L., Beaudet, A., and Watkins, K.C. 1975. Serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex. Brain Research 100: 563–588.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. (27).
    Descarries, L., Watkins, K.C., and Lapierre, Y. 1977. Noradrenergic axon terminals in the cerebral cortex of rat. III. Topometric ultrastructural analysis. Brain Research 133: 197–222.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. (28).
    Dieaeren, J.H. 1970. The subcommisural organ of Rana temporaria. I. A cytological, cytochemical, cytoenzymological and electron microscopical study. Z. Zellforsch. 111: 379–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. (29).
    Droz, B., Di Giamberardino, L., Koenig, N.J., Boyenval, J., and Hassig, R. 1978. Axon-myelin transfer of phospholipid components in the course of their axonal transport as visualized by radioautography. Brain Research 55: 347–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. (30).
    Dyck, P.J. 1975. Pathologic alterations of the peripheral nervous system of man. In Peripheral Neuropathy, eds. P.J. Dyck, P.K. Thomas, and E.H. Lambert, p. 296. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.Google Scholar
  31. (31).
    Ebendal, T., Olson, L., Seiger, A., and Hedlund, K.O. 1980. Nerve growth factors in the rat iris. Nature 286: 25–28.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. (32).
    Friede, R.L., and Miyagashi, T. 1972. Adjustment of the myelin sheath to changes in axonal caliber. Anatomical Record 172: 1–14.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. (33).
    Friede, R.L., and Samorajski, T. 1970. Axon caliber related to neurofilaments and microtubules in sciatic nerve fibers of rats and mice. Anatomical Record 167: 379–388.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. (34).
    Fulcrande, J., and Privat, A. 1977. Neuroglial reactions secondary to Wallerian degeneration in the optic nerve of the postnatal rat: Ultrastructural and quantitative study. J. Comp. Neurol. 176: 189–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. (35).
    Futamachi, K., and Pedley, T.A. 1977. Glial cells and potassium: Their relationship in mammalian cortex. Brain Res. 109: 311–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. (36).
    Gambetti, P., Erulkar, S., Somlyo, A.P., and Gonatas, N.K. 1975. Calcium-containing structures in vertebrate glial cells, ultrastructural and microprobe analysis. J. Cell Biol. 64: 322–330.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. (37).
    Giacobini, E. 1962. A cytochemical study of the localisation of carbonic anhydrase in the nervous system. J. Neurochem. 9: 169–177.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. (38).
    Gilbert, D.A., Newby, B.J., and Anderton, B.H. 1975. Neurofilament disguise, destruction and discipline. Nature 256: 586–589.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. (39).
    Glimelius, B., Norling, B., Westermark, B., and Wasteson, Å. 1978. Composition and distribution of glycosaminoglycans in cultures of human normal and malignant glial cells. Biochem. J. 172: 443–456.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. (40).
    Gospodarowicz, D., Greenberg, G., Bialecki, H., and Zelter, B. 1978. Factors involved in the modulation of cell pro liferation in vivo and in vitro: The role of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors in the proliferative response of mammalian cells. In Vitro 14: 85–118.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. (41).
    Gospodarowicz, D., Ill, C.R., and Birdwell, C.R. 1977. Effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on ovarian cell proliferation in vitro. I. Characterization of the response of granulosa cells to FGF and EGF. Endocrinology 100: 1108–1115.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. (42).
    Gould, R.M., and Dawson, R.M.C. 1976. Incorporation of newly formed lecithin into peripheral nerve myelin. J. Cell Biol. 68: 480–496.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. (43).
    Griffin, J.W., and Price, D.L. 1981. Segmental demyelination in experimental IDPN and hexacarbon neuropathies: Evidence for an axonal influence. Lab. Invest., in press.Google Scholar
  44. (44).
    Grossman, Y., Parnas, I., and Spira, M. 1979. Ionic mechanisms involved in differential conduction of action potentials at high frequency in a branching axon. J. Physiol. 295: 307–322.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. (45).
    Güldner, F.H., and Wolff, J.R. 1973. Neurono-glial synaptoid contacts in the median eminence of the rat: Ultra- structure, staining properties and distribution on tanycytes. Brain Research 61: 217–234.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. (46).
    Haley, J.E., and Ledeen, R.W. 1979. Incorporation of axonally transported substances into myelin lipids. J. Neurochem. 32: 735–742.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. (47).
    Hall, S.M., and Gregson, N.A. 1971. The in vivo and ultrastructural effects of injection of lysophosphatidyl choline into myelinated peripheral nerve fibres of the adult mouse. J. Cell Science 9: 769–789.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. (48).
    Hökfelt, T., and Ljungdahl, A. 1971. Light and electron microscopic autoradiography on spinal cord slices after incubation with labelled glycine. Brain Res. 23: 189–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. (49).
    Itoyama, Y., Sternberger, N., Webster, H., Quarles, R., Cohen, S., and Richardson, E. 1980. Immunocytological observations on the distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann. Neurol. 7: 167–177.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. (50).
    Jacobs, J. 1977. Penetration of systemically injected horseradish peroxidase into ganglia and nerves of the autonomic nervous system. J. Neurocytol. 6: 607–618.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. (51).
    Kanazawa, I., Iversen, L.L., and Kelly, J.S. 1976. Glutamate decarboxylase activity in the rat posterior pituitary, pineal gland, dorsal root ganglion and superior cervical ganglion. J. Neurochem. 27: 1267–1269.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. (52).
    Kehoe, J. 1976. Electrogenic effects of neutral amino acids on neurons of Aplysia Californica. Cold Spring Harbor Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 40: 145–155.Google Scholar
  53. (53).
    Kelly, J.S., and Dick, F. 1976. Differential labelling of glial cells and GABA-inhibitory interneurons and nerve terminals following the microinjection of (3h) ß-alanine, (3H) DABA and (3hT) GABA into single folia of the cerebellum. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49: 93–106.Google Scholar
  54. (54).
    Kiang, W.-L., Crockett, C.P., Margolis, R.K., and Margolis, R.U. 1978. Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins associated with microsomal subfractions of brain and liver. Biochem. 17: 3841–3848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. (55).
    Kimmelberg, H.K., Narumi, S., Biddlecome, S., and Bourke, R.S. 1978. Na, K-ATPase, 86Rb+ transport and carbonic anhydrase in isolated brain cells and cultured astrocytes. In Dynamic Properties of Glial Cells, eds. E. Schoffeniels et al., pp. 347–357. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  56. (56).
    Kuffler, S.W., Nicholls, J.G., and Orkand, R.K. 1966. Physiological properties of glial cells in the central nervous system of amphibia. J. Neurophysiol. 29: 768–787.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. (57).
    Kuffler, S.W., and Potter, D.D. 1964. Glia in the leech central nervous system, physiological properties and neuron-glia relationship. J. Neurophysiol. 27: 290–320.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. (58).
    Kukes, G., Elul, R., and De Vellis, J. 1976. The ionic basis of the membrane potential in a rat glial cell line. Brain Res. 104: 71–92.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. (59).
    Larrabee, M.G., and Klingman, J.D. 1962. Metabolism of glucose and oxygen in mammalian sympathetic ganglia at rest and in action. In Neurochemistry, eds. K.A.C. Elliott, I. Page, and J.H. Quastel, 2nd ed., pp. 150–176. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.Google Scholar
  60. (60).
    Lasek, R.J., Gainer, H., and Barker, J.L. 1977. Cell-to-cell transfer of glial proteins to the squid giant axon. J. Cell Biol. 74: 501–523.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. (61).
    Le Beux, Y.J. 1972. An ultrastructural study of the neurosecretory cells of the medial vascular prechiasmatic gland. II. Nerve endings. Z. Zellforsch. 122: 439–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. (62).
    Ledbetter, M., and Lubin, M. 1977. Control of protein synthesis in human fibroblasts by intracellular potassium. Exp. Cell Research 105: 223–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. (63).
    Leonhardt, H., and Backhus-Roth, A. 1969. Synapse-like contacts between the intraventricular axonal end bulbs and the apical plasmalemma of ependyma (rabbit). Z. Zellforsch. 97: 369–376.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. (64).
    Lindsay, R.M. 1979. Adult rat brain astrocytes support survival of both NGF-dependent and NGF-insensitive neurones. Nature 282: 80–82.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. (65).
    Margolis, R.U., and Margolis, R.K. 1979. Complex Carbohydrates of Nervous Tissue. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  66. (66).
    Martinez-Hernandes, A., Bell, P., and Norenberg, M.D. 1977. Glutamine synthetase: glial localization in brain. Science 195: 1356–1358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. (67).
    Matus, A., De Petris, S., and Raff, M.C. 1973. Mobility of concanavalin-A receptors in myelin and synaptic membranes. Nature, New Biol. 244: 278–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. (68).
    McDonald, T., Sachs, H., Orr, C., and Ebert, J. 1972. External potassium and baby hamster kidney cells: Intracellular ions, growth, DNA synthesis and membrane potential. Develop. Biology. 28: 290–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. (69).
    Means, A., and Dedman, J. 1980. Calmodulin — an intracellular calcium receptor. Nature 285: 73–77.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. (70).
    Mirsky, R., Winter, J., Abney, E.R., Pruss, R.M., Gavrilovic, J., and Raff, M.C. 1980. Myelin-specific proteins and glycolipids in rat Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in culture. J. Cell Biol. 84: 483–494.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. (71).
    Morell, P., and Norton, W.T. 1980. Myelin. Sci. Am. 242: 88–118.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. (72).
    Moya, F., Bunge, M.B., and Bunge, R.P. 1980. Schwann cells proliferate but fail to differentiate in defined medium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 77: 6902–6906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. (73).
    Nicholson, C. 1980. Dynamics of the brain cell microenvironment. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 18: 177–322.Google Scholar
  74. (74).
    Norton, W.T. 1977. Chemical pathology of diseases involving myelin. In Myelin, ed. P. Morell, pp. 383–413. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  75. (75).
    Ochs, S., Erdman, J., Jersild, R.A., and McAdoo, V. 1978. Routing of transported materials in the dorsal root and nerve fiber branches of the dorsal root ganglion. J. Neurobiology 9: 465–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. (76).
    Olsson, Y. 1975. Vascular permeability in the peripheral nervous system. In Peripheral Neuropathy, eds. P.J. Dyck, P.K. Thomas, and E. Lambert, pp. 190–200. Philadelphia: Saunders.Google Scholar
  77. (77).
    Oppenheim, R., Chu-Wang, I., and Maderdrut, J. 1978. Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. III. The differentiation of motoneurons prior to their induced degeneration following limb-bud removal. J. Comp. Neurology 177: 87–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. (78).
    Patterson, P.H. 1978. Environmental determination of autonomic neurotransmitter functions. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1: 1–18.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. (79).
    Raff, M., Fields, K., Hakomari, S-I., Mirsky, R., Pruss, R., and Winter, J. 1979. Cell-type-specific markers for distinguishing and studying neurons and the major classes of glial cells in culture. Br. Res. 174: 283–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. (80).
    Raine, C.S., Wisniewski, H., Dowling, P.C., and Cook, S.D. 1971. An ultrastructural study of experimental demvelination and remyelination. IV. Recurrent episodes and peripheral nervous system plaque formation in experimental encephalomyelitis. Lab Invest. 25: 28–34.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. (81).
    Sabri, M.I., Bone, A.H., and Davison, A.N. 1974. Turnover of myelin and other structural proteins in developing rat brain. Biochem. J. 142: 499–507.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. (82).
    Salzer, J.L., and Bunge, R.P. 1980. Studies of Schwann cell proliferation. I. An analysis in tissue culture of proliferation during development, Wallerian degeneration, and direct injury. J. Cell Biol. 84: 739–752.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. (83).
    Savage, C.R., and Cohen, S. 1973. Proliferation of corneal epithelium induced by epidermal growth factor. Exp. Eye Res. 15: 361–366.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. (84).
    Schon, F.S., and Kelly, J.S. 1974. Autoradiographic localization of (3H) glutamate over satellite cells. Brain Res. 66: 275–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. (85).
    Schon, F.S., and Kelly, J.S. 1974. The characterization of (3H) GABA uptake into the satellite cells of rat sensory ganglia. Brain Res. 66: 289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. (86).
    Singer, M., and Salpeter, M.M. 1966. The transport of (3H)- L-histidine through the Schwann and myelin sheath into the axon including a reevaluation of myelin function. J. Morphol. 120: 281–316.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. (87).
    Suzuki, K., Kamoshita, S., Eto, Y., Tourtellotte, W.W., and Gonatas, J.O. 1973. Myelin in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 28: 293–297.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. (88).
    Thompson, R.H.S. 1973. Fatty acid metabolism in multiple sclerosis. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 35: 103–111.Google Scholar
  89. (89).
    Treherne, J.E. 1967. Axonal function and ionic regulation in insect central nervous tissues. In Insects & Physiology, eds. J.W.L. Beament and J.E. Treherne, pp. 175–188. Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
  90. (90).
    Treherne, J.E. 1974. The environment and function of insect nerve cells. In Insect Neurobiology, ed., J.E. Treherne, pp. 187–244. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
  91. (91).
    Tucek, S., Zelena, J., Ge, J., and Vyskocil, F. 1978. Choline acetyltransferase in transected nerves, denervated muscles and Schwann cells of the frog: Correlation of biochemical, electron microscopical and electrophysiological observations. Neuroscience 3: 709–724.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. (92).
    Varon, S., Raiborn, C., and Burnham, P.A. 1974. Selective potency of homologous ganglionic non-neuronal cells for the support of dissociated ganglionic neurons in culture. Neurobiology 4: 231 - 252.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. (93).
    Varon, S.S., and Somjen, G.G. 1979. Neuron-glia interactions. Neurosci. Res. Progr. Bull. 17: 6–183.Google Scholar
  94. (94).
    Villegas, J. 1978. Cholinergic properties of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system. In Dynamic Properties of Glial Cells, eds. E. Schoffeniels et al., pp. 207–215. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
  95. (95).
    Vlodavsky, I., and Gospodarowicz, D. 1979. Structural and functional alterations in the surface of vascular endothelial cells associated with the formation of a confluent cell monolayer and with the withdrawal of a fibroblast growth factor. J. Supramolecular Structure 12: 73–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. (96).
    Walsh, J.M., Bowery, N.G., Brown, D.A., and Clark, J.B. 1974. Metabolism of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by peripheral nervous tissue. J. Neurochem. 22: 1145–1147.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. (97).
    Weiss, P.A., and Mayr, R. 1971. Organelles in neuro-plasmic (axonal) flow: Neurofilaments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 68: 846–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. (98).
    Westermark, B., and Wasteson, Å. 1975. The response of cultured human normal glial cells to growth factors. Adv. Metab. Disorders 8: 85–100.Google Scholar
  99. (99).
    White, C.J.B. 1979. Identification of glycosaminoglycans in nerve terminals. J. Neurol. Sci. 41: 261–269.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. (100).
    Wolff, J.R., Rickmann, M., and Chronwall, B. 1979. Axoglial synapses and GABA-accumulating glial cells in the embryonic neocortex of the rat. Cell Tiss. Res. 201: 239–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. (101).
    Young, J.A.C., Brown, D.A., Kelly, J.S., and Schon, F.S. 1973. Autoradiographic localization of sites of (3H) γ-aminobutyric acid accumulations in peripheral autonomic ganglia. Brain Res. 63: 479–486.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Dr. S. Bernhard, Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin 1982

Authors and Affiliations

  • P. A. Walicke
  • D. A. Brown
  • R. P. Bunge
  • A. N. Davison
  • B. Droz
  • D. M. Fambrough
  • G. Fischer
  • J. W. Griffin
  • R. Mirsky
  • J. G. Nicholls
  • R. K. Orkand
  • H. Rohrer
  • J. E. Treherne

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations