Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hemolytic Effects of Snake Venoms

  • Chapter
Snake Venoms

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 52))

Abstract

Snake venoms evolved as specialized secretions of high efficiency in immobilizing, killing, and initiating the digestion of the prey. The red cell lysis which may develop following snakebite does not play a predominant role in the overall venom lethality, but should rather be considered as one of the manifestations of the digestive action of the venom. Snake venoms have been shown to contain factors able to attack and disorganize cellular and subcellular membranes. Hemolysis is the expression of red cell membrane distruction by the action of these venom factors which act either directly or through a complex multistep process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Augustyn, J. M., Elliott, W. B.: Isolation of a phospholipase A from Agkistrodon piscivorus venom. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 206, 98–108 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avi-Dor, Y., Condrea, E., Vries, A. de: Production enzymatique dans le plasma humain d’un facteur provoquant la sphéricité des hématies par le venin de Vípera palestinae. Rev. Clin. Biol. 8, 819–821 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballow, M., Cochrane, C.G.: Two anticomplementary factors in cobra venom: hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes by one of them. J. Immunol. 103, 944–952 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balozet, L.: La vipère lébétine et son venin. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alger. 35, 220–295 (1957)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balozet, L.: Les venins, la sphérocytose des hématies et leur sédimentation. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alger. 40, 149–178 (1962)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergenhem, B.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die spontanen Veränderungen des Blutes in vitro hinsichtlich Suspensionsstabilität, Komplementaktivität und Antithrombinfunktion. Acta path, microbiol. scand. [Suppl.] 39, 1–251 (1939)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergenhem, B., Fahraeus, R.: Über spontane Hämolysinbildung im Blut, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Physiologie der Milz. Z. ges. Exp. 97, 555–587 (1936)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berwald, J.: Effect of treatment of human blood with Vípera palestinae venom on the osmotic, mechanical and incubation fragilities of red blood cells. M.Sc. Thesis, Tel-Aviv Univ. 1960

    Google Scholar 

  • Botes, D. P., Viljoen, C. C.: Purification of phospholipase A from Bitis gabonica venom. Toxicon 12, 611–619 (1974a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botes, D. P., Viljoen, C. C.: Bitis gabonica venom. The amino-acid sequence of phospholipase A. J. biol. Chem. 249, 3827–3832 (1974b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braganca, B.M., Patel, N.T., Bandrinath, P.G.: Isolation and properties of a cobra venom factor selectively cytotoxic to Yoshida sarcoma cells. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 136, 508–520 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretcher, M. S.: Asymmetrical lipid bilayer structure for biological membranes. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 236, 11–12 (1972 a)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bretcher, M. S.: Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine: differential labelling in intact cells and cell ghosts of human erythrocytes by a membrane impermeable reagent. J. molec. Biol. 71, 523–528 (1972 b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bretcher, M. S.: Membrane structure: some general principles. Science 181, 622–629 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. H.: Clinical aspects of snake bite in the Pacific area. Toxicon 7, 25–28 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C.C., Chuang, S.-T., Lee, C. Y., Wei, J. W.: Role of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A in the blockade of nerve conduction and depolarization of skeletal muscle induced by cobra venom. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 44, 752–764 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, H. B.: Factors affecting hemolytic action of “lysolecithin” upon rabbit erythrocytes. J. gen. Physiol. 35, 617–628 (1952)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, H. B., Chen, H. L.: On antihaemolytic value of blood of rabbits as measured by lysolecithin. Canad. J. Res. 28, 289–297 (1950)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E.: Membrane-active polypeptides from snake venom: cardiotoxins and haemocytotoxins. Experientia (Basel) 30, 121–129 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., Barzilay, M., Mager, J.: Role of cobra venom direct lytic factor and Ca2+ in promoting the activity of snake venom phospholipase A. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 210, 65–73 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., Barzilay, M., de Vries, A.: Study of hemolysis in the lethal effects of Naja naja venom in the mouse and guinea pig. Toxicon 7, 95–98 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., Kendjersky, I., de Vries, A.: Binding of ringhals venom direct hemolytic factor to erythrocytes and osmotic ghosts of various animal species. Experientia (Basel) 21, 461–464 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., Livni, E., Berwald, J., de Vries, A.: Changes in red blood cell fragilities due to the action of phosphatidase and lipoprotein lipase on human blood in vitro. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 134, 368–372 (1961)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., Ma’mmon, Z., Aloof, S., de Vries, A.: Susceptibility of erythrocytes of various animal species to the hemolytic and phospholipid-splitting action of snake venom. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 84, 365–375 (1964 b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., de Vries, A.: Venom phospholipase A, a review. Toxicon 2, 261–273 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., de Vries, A., Mager, J.: Action of snake venom phospholipase A on free and lipoprotein-bound phospholipids. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 58, 389–397 (1962)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condrea, E., de Vries, A., Mager, J.: Hemolysis and splitting of human erythrocyte phospholipids by snake venoms. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 84, 60–73 (1964 a)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, D.D.: Snake Venoms. In: Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India, No. 11, p. 1, Calcutta: Off. Govt. Print. 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Danon, D., Gitter, S., Rosen, M.: Deformation of red cell shape induced by Vipera palestinae venom in vivo. Nature (Lond.) 189, 320–321 (1961)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Gier, J., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: Some lipid characteristics of red cell membranes of various animal species. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 49, 286–296 (1961)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Gier, J., Mulder, J., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: On the specific lipid composition of red cell membranes. Naturwissenschaften 48, 54 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Haas, G. H., Bonsen, P.P.M., Pieterson, W.A., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: Studies on phospholipase A and its zymogen from porcine pancreas. III. Action of the enzyme on short-chain lecithin. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 239, 252–266 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delezenne, C., Fourneau, E.: Constitution du phosphatide hémolysant (lysocithine) provenant de l’action du venin de cobra sur le vitellus d’oeuf de poule. Bull. Soc. chim. Fr. 15, 421–434 (1914)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delezenne, C., Ledebt, S.: Les poisons libérés par les venins aux dépens du vitellus de l’oeuf. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 71, 121–124 (1911a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delezenne, C., Ledebt, S.: Action du venin de cobra sur le serum de cheval. Ses rapports avec l’hémolyse. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 152, 790–792 (1911 b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delezenne, C., Ledebt, S.: Formation de substances hémolytiques et de substances toxiques aux dépens du vitellus de l’oeuf soumis a l’action du cobra. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 153, 81–84 (1911c)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delezenne, C., Ledebt, S.: Nouvelle contribution a l’étude des substances hémolytiques derivées du serum et du vitellus de l’oeuf soumis à l’action des venins. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 155, 1101–1103 (1911 d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delori, P.J.: Isolation, purification and study of a toxic phospholipase A2 from Vípera berus venom. Biochimie 53, 941–948 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devi, A.: The chemistry, toxicity, biochemistry and pharmacology of North American snake venoms. In: Buckley, E. E., Bücherl, W. (Eds.): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. II. New York-London: Academic Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, A., Condrea, E.: Clinical aspects of elapid bite. In: Simpson, L.L. (Ed.): Neuropoisons, Vol. I. New York-London: Plenum Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, A., Condrea, E., Gitter, S., Danon, D., Katachalsky, R., Kessler, J., Kochwa, S.: Crénelure des globules rouges et inhibition de la formation des rouleaux dans le sang humain en correlation avec l’activité de la lipoproteinelipase. Sang 31, 289–302 (1960)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, A., Kirschmann, C., Klibansky, C., Condrea, E., Gitter, S.: Hemolytic action of indirect lytic snake venom in vivo. Toxicon 1, 19–23 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doery, H.M., Pearson, J. E.: Phospholipase B in snake venoms and bee venom. Biochem. J. 92, 599–602 (1964)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumarey, C., Sket, D., Joseph, D., Boquet, P.: Etude d’une phospholipase basique du venin de Naja nigricollis. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 280, 1633 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaker, D.: Structural nature of pre-synaptic neurotoxins from Australian elapid venoms. Abstr. of 4th Intern. Symp. on Animal, Plant, and Microbial Toxins. Toxicon 13, 90–91 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Efrati, P.: Ginical manifestations and treatment of viper bite in Israel. Toxicon 7, 29–31 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eitan, A., Aloni, B., Livne, A.: Unique properties of the camel erythrocyte membrane. Organization of membrane proteins. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 426, 647–658 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flexner, S., Noguchi, H.: Snake venoms in relation to haemolysis, bacteriolysis and toxicity. Univ. Padova Med. Bull. 14, 438–441 (1902)

    Google Scholar 

  • Forstner, J., Manery, J.F.: Calcium binding by human erythrocyte membranes. Biochem. J. 124, 563–571 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fryklund, L., Eaker, D.: Complete amino acid sequence of a nonneurotoxic hemolytic protein from the venom of Hemachatus haemachatus (African Ringhals cobra). Biochemistry 12, 661–667 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitter, S., Kochwa, S., Danon, D., de Vries, A.: Disk-sphere-transformation and inhibition of rouleaux formation and of sedimentation of human red blood cells induced by Viper a xanthina palestinae venom. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 118, 350–357 (1959)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitter, S., de Vries, A.: Symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of bites by Near Eastern, European, and North African snakes. In: Buckley, E.E., Biicherl, W. (Eds.): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. I. New York-London: Academic Press 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordesky, S. E., Marinetti, G. V.: The asymmetric arrangement of phospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun. 50, 1027–1031 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassman, W., Hannig, K.: Electrophoretische Untersuchungen an Schlangen- und Insektentoxinen. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 296, 30–44 (1954)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gubensek, F.: Sepharose-bound toxic phospholipase A. Bull. Inst. Pasteur Lille 74, 47–49 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti, G.: The composition of biological membrane. Arch. int. Med. 129, 194–201 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gul, S., Khara, J.S., Smith, A.D.: Hemolysis of washed human red cells by various snake venoms in the presence of albumin and Ca2+. Toxicon 12, 311–315 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gul, S., Smith, A.D.: Hemolysis of washed human red cells by the combined action of phospholipase A2 and albumin. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 288, 237–240 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gul, S., Smith, A.D.: Hemolysis of intact human erythrocytes by purified cobra venom phospholipase A2 in the presence of albumin and Ca2 +. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 367, 271–281 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E.: Zur pharmakologischen Charakterisierung elektrophoretischer Fraktionen der Gifte von Naja nigricollis und Naja naja. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 297, 104–107 (1954)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E. N., Neumann, W.: Beiträge zur Charakterisierung der wirksamen Komponenten von Schlangengift. Arch. exp. Path. Pharmakol. 223, 388–398 (1954)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hachimori, Y., Wellsz, M.A., Hanahan, D. J.: Observations on the phospholipases A2 of Crotalus atrox. Molecular weight and other properties. Biochemistry 10, 4084–4089 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, K., Takechi, M., Sasaki, T.: Amino acid sequence of cytotoxin I from the venom of the Indian cobra (Naja naja). Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun. 45, 1357–1362 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, N.L.: Phospholipase A2 from puff adder (Bitis arietans) venom. Toxicon 13, 21–30 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, S.A., Masr, A.R.M.: Action of phospholipase A from black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepsis) venom on the phospholipids of human blood. Abstr. 4 th Intern. Symp. on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins. Toxicon 13, 99 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, S. A., Thomson, R.H.S.: Action of phospholipase A on human red cell ghosts and intact erythrocytes. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 99, 331–341 (1965)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, Y., Boquet, P., Golemi, E., Goupil, D.: La toxine gamma n’est pas le facteur lytique direct du venin de Naja nigricollis. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 269, 666–671 (1969a)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, Y., Boquet, M., Ronsseray, A.M., Boquet, P.: Isolement d’une proteine toxique du venin de Naja nigricollis: la toxine γ. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 269, 96–97 (1969b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi, C., Lankish, P.G., Schoner, K., Vogt, W.: Changes in Na+ and K+ permeability of red cells induced by the direct lytic factor of cobra venom and phospholipase A. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 274, 81–90 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Porras, J. M.: Pharmacology of peptides and proteins in snake venoms. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 8, 299–318 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Porras, J.M.: Biochemistry of snake venoms. Clin. Toxicol. 3, 389–431 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawauchi, S., Iwanaga, S., Samejima, Y., Suzuki, T.: Isolation and characterization of two phos-pholipases A from the venom of Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 236, 142–160 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelen, E.M. A., Rosenfeld, G., Nudel, F.: Hemolytic activity of animal venoms. II. Variations in relation to erythrocyte species. Mem. Inst. Butantan. 30, 133–140 (1960–1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellaway, C.H., Williams, F.E.: Haemolysis by Australian snake venoms. I. The comparative haemolytic power of Australian snake venoms. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 2, 75–80 (1933 a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellaway, C. H., Williams, F. E.: Haemolysis by Australian snake venoms. II. Some peculiarities in the behaviour of the haemolysis of Australian snake venoms. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 2, 81–94 (1933 b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klibansky, C., Condrea, E., De Vries, A.: Changes in plasma phospholipids after intravenous phosphatidase A injection in the rabbit. Amer. J. Physiol. 203, 114–118 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klibansky, C., London, Y., Frenkel, A., De Vries, A.: Enhancing action of synthetic and natural basic plypeptides on erythrocyte-ghost phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase A. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 150, 15–23 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klibansky, C., Ozcan, E., Joshua, H., Djaldetti, M., Bessler, H., De Vries, A.: Intravascular hemolysis in dogs induced by Echis coloratus venom. Toxicon 3, 213–221 (1966)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klibansky, C., DeVries, A.: Quantitative study of erythrocyte-lysolecithin interaction. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 70, 176–187 (1963)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocholaty, W.P., Ledford, E.B., Daly, J.G., Billings, T.A.: Toxicity and some enzymatic properties and activities in the venoms of Crotalidae, Elapidae and Viperidae. Toxicon 9, 131–138 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kögl, F., De Gier, J., Mulder, J., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: Metabolism and functions of phosphatides. Specific fatty acid composition of the red blood cell membranes. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 43, 95–103 (1960)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyes, P.: Über die Lecithide des Schlangengiftes. Berl. klin. Wschr. 40, 956 (1903)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyes, P., Sachs, H.: Zur Kenntnis der Cobragift-aktivierenden Substanzen. Berl. klin. Wschr. 40, 21–23 (1903)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, G., Hunter, W. K.: On the action of venoms of different species of poisonous snakes on the nervous system. Lancet 1904 I, 20–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lankisch, P. G., Jacobi, C., Schoner, K.: Bile salts, lysolecithin and saponin-induced potentiation of phospholipase A hemolysis. FEBS Letters 23, 61–64 (1972 b)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lankisch, P. G., Lege, L., Oldings, H.D., Vogt, W.: Binding of phospholipase A to the direct lytic factor revealed by the interaction of Ca2 + with the haemolytic effect. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 239, 267–272 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lankisch, P. G., Schoner, K., Schoner, W., Kunze, H., Bohn, E., Vogt, W.: Inhibition of Na+- and K+-activated ATPase by the direct lytic factor of cobra venom (Naja naja). Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 266, 133–134 (1972a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lankisch, P. G., Vogt, W.: Potentiation of haemolysis by the combined action of phospholipase A and a basic peptide containing S-S-bonds (Viscotoxin B). Experientia (Basel) 27, 122 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, P.R., Wolff, J.: Inhibition of accumulative transport by a protein from cobra venom. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16, 2003–2009 (1967)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, P.R., Wolff, J.: The basic proteins cobra venom. I. Isolation and characterization of cobramines A and B. J. biol. Chem. 243, 1283–1289 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y.: Mode of action of cobra venom and its purified toxins. In: Simpson, L.L. (Ed.): Neuropoisons, Vol. I. New York-London: Plenum Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y.: Chemistry and pharmacology of polypeptide toxins in snake venoms. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 12, 265–286 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y., Chang, C.C., Chiu, T.H., Chiu, P.J.S., Tseng, T.C., Lee, S.Y.: Pharmacological properties of cardiotoxin isolated from Formosan cobra venom. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 259, 360–374 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.Y., Lin, J. S., Wei, J.W.: Identification of cardiotoxin with cobramine B, DLF, toxin y, and cobra venom cytotoxin. In: de Vries, A., Kochva, E. (Eds.): Toxins of animal and Plant Origin, Vol. I. New York: Gordon and Breach 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin Shiau, S.Y., Huang, M. C., Lee, C.Y.: Mechanism of action of cobra cardiotoxin in the skeletal muscle. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 196, 758–770 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Shiau, S.Y., Huang, M. C., Tseng, W.C., Lee, C.Y.: Comparative studies on the biological activities of cardiotoxin, melittin, and prymnesin. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 287, 349–358 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Shiau, S.Y., Hsia, S., Lee, C.Y.: Studies on the cytotoxic action of cardiotoxin on HeLa cells. J. Chinese biochem. Soc. 2, 38–45 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Livne, A., Kuiper, P. J. C.: Unique properties of the camel erythrocyte membrane. Biochim. bio-phys. Acta (Amst.) 318, 41–49 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livrea, G.: A comparative study of in vitro hemolysis by Vípera ammodytes poison conducted on 73 vertebrate species: probable implications regarding the ultrastructure of the erythrocytic membrane in the different species. Biologica Latina 11, 141–147 (1958)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, T.B., Chang, W.C.: Studies on phospholipase A from Formosan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom. Abstr. 4 th Intern. Symp. on Animal, Plant, and Microbial Toxins. Toxicon 13, 108 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, C., Penny, J. F.: The structure of the naturally occurring phosphoglycerides 3. The action of moccasin venom phospholipase A on ovolecithin and related substances. Biochem. J. 65, 382–389 (1957)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, C., Zaki, O.A.: Effects of Walterinnesia venom on phospholipids of plasma and adrenals in rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 213, 763–767 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucy, J. A.: The fusion of biological membranes. Nature (Lond.) 227, 815–817 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzio, A.J.: Inhibitory properties of serum proteins on the enzymatic sequence leading to lysis of red blood cells by snake venoms. Toxicon 5, 97–103 (1967)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynen, R., Brade, V., Wolf, A., Vogt, W.: Purification and some properties of a heat-labile serum factor (VF): Identity with glycine-rich β-glycoprotein and properdin factor B. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 354, 37–47 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malette, W.G., Fitzgerald, J. B., Cockett, A.T.K., Glass, T.G., Glenn, W.G., Donnelly, P. V.: The pathophysiologic effects of rattlesnake venom (Crotalus atrox). In: Keegan, H.L., MacFar-lane, W.V. (Eds.): Venomous and Poisonous Animals and Noxious Plants of the Pacific Region. Oxford-London-New York-Paris: Pergamon Pr. 1963

    Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum, B.S.: Depolarization of skeletal muscle by a toxin from cobra (Naja naja) venom. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 168, 49–50 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum, B.S.: The actions of snake venoms on nerve and muscle. The pharmacology of phospholipase A and of polypeptide toxins. Pharmacol. Rev. 17, 393–445 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michl, H.: Elektrophoretische und enzymatische Untersuchungen des Jararaca-Toxins. Naturwissenschaften 41, 403 (1954)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S.W., Reichert, E.: Preliminary report on the venom of serpents. Med. News 42, 469–472(1883)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed, A.H., Kamel, A., Ayobe, M.H.: Studies of phospholipase A and B activities of Egyptian snake venoms and a scorpion toxin. Toxicon 6, 293–298 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mollay, C., Kreil, G.: Fluorometric measurements on the interaction of melittin with lecithin. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 316, 196–203 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mollay, C., Kreil, G.: Enhancement of bee venom phospholipase A2 activity by melittin, direct lytic factor from cobra venom and polymyxin B. FEBS Letters 46, 141–144 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, W., Habermann, E.: Paper electrophoresis separation of pharmacologically and biochemically active components of bee and snake venoms. In: Buckley, E.E., Porges, N. (Eds.): Venoms. Washington: Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1956

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldings, H.D., Lege, L., Lankisch, P.G.: Vergleichende Hämolyseversuche an Meerschweinchen und Rattenerythrocyten in vitro mit Phospholipase A und Direkt-Lytischen-Faktor aus Cobragift (Naja naja). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 268, 27–32 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Omori-Satoh, T., Lang, Y., Breithaupt, H., Habermann, E.: Partial amino acid sequence of the basic Crotalus phospholipase A. Toxicon 13, 69–71 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. B.: Studies on a hemolytic factor of cobra venom requiring a heat-labile serum factor. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 201, 364–374 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. B., Middleton, E.: Studies on lysolecithin formation in immune hemolysis. J. Immunol. 94, 40–46 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, R. J., Wolfson, M.R., Good, R. A., Gewurtz, H.: Passive hemolysis by serum and cobra venom factor: a new mechanism inducing membrane damage by complement. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 62, 521–527 (1969)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raudonat, H.W.: Über den dialysablen Anteil des Cobragiftes. Naturwissenschaften 42, 648 (1955)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, A.H.: Symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of land snake bite in India and Southeast Asia. In: Buckley, E.E., Bucherl, W. (Eds.): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. I. New York-London: Academic Press 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Reman, F.C., Demel, R.A., de Gier, J., Van Deenen, L.L.M., Eibl, E., Westphal, O.: Studies on the lysis of red cells and bimolecular lipid leaflets by synthetic lysolecithins, lecithins, and structural analogs. Chem. Phys. Lipids 3, 221–233 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, L.: The physiological action and antidotes of snake venoms with a practical method of treatment of snake bites. Lancet 4197, 349–355 (1904)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, G.: Symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of snake bites in South America. In: Buckley, E. E., Biicherl, W. (Eds.): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. II. New York-London: Academic Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, G., Kelen, E.M.A., Nudel, F.: Hemolytic activity of animal venoms. I. Classification in different types of activity. Mem. Inst. Butantan 30, 103–116 (1960–1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, G., Nahas, L., Kelen, E. M. A.: Coagulant, proteolytic, and hemolytic properties of some snake venoms. In: Buckley, E.E., Biicherl, W. (Eds.): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. I. New York-London: Academic Press 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Salach, J.I., Turini, P., Seng, R., Hauber, J., Singer, T.P.: Phospholipase A of snake venoms. I. Isolation and molecular properties of isoenzymes from Naja naja and Vípera russellii venoms. J. biol. Chem. 246, 331–339 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samejima, Y., Iwanaga, S., Suzuki, T.: Complete amino acid sequence of the phospholipase A2 II isolated from Agkistrodon piscivorus venom. FEBS Letters 47, 348–351 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, N.K.: Existence of cardiotoxic principle in cobra venom. Ann. Biochem. exp. Med. 8, 11 (1948)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter, R., Damerau, B., Vogt, W.: Differences in binding of the direct lytic factor (DLF) of cobra venom (Naja naja) to intact red cells and ghosts. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 280, 201–207 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter, R., Lankisch, P.G., Lege, L., Vogt, W.: Possible implication of glutathione reductase in haemolysis by the direct lytic factor of cobra venom (Naja naja). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 275, 203–211 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sessa, G., Freer, J.H., Colacicco, G., Weissmann, G.: Interaction of a lytic polypeptide, melittin, with lipid membrane systems. J. biol. Chem. 244, 3575–3582 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheetz, M.P., Singer, S.J.: Biological membranes as bilayer couples. A molecular mechanism of drug-erythrocyte interactions. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 71, 4457–4461 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiloah, J., Klibansky, C., de Vries, A., Berger, A.: Phospholipase B activity of a purified phospholipase A from Vípera palestinae venom. J. Lipid Res. 14, 267–278 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. J.: The molecular organization of membranes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 43, 805–833 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. J., Nicolson, G.L.: The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175, 720–731 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steck, T.L.: The organization of proteins in the human red cell membrane. J. Cell Biol. 62, 1–19 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takechi, M., Hayashi, K.: Localization of the four disulfide bridges in cytotoxin II from the venom of the Indian cobra (Naja naja). Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun. 49, 564–590 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trethewie, E.R.: Pathology, symptomatology, and treatment of snake bite in Australia. In: Buckley, E.E., Biicherl, W. (Eds.): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. II. New York-London: Academic Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Tu, A.T.: The mechanism of snake venom actions; rattlesnakes and other crotalids. In: Simpson, L.L. (Ed.): Neuropoisons, Vol. 1. New York-London: Plenum Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Tu, A.T.: Neurotoxins of animal venoms: snakes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 42, 235–258 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, A. T., Passey, R.B., Toom, P. M.: Isolation and characterization of phospholipase A from sea-snake, Laticauda semifasciata venom. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 140, 96–106 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C.: Absence of lecithin from the stromata of the red cells of certain animals (ruminants) and its relation to venom hemolysis. J. exp. Med. 105, 189–195 (1957)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C., Anderson, H.M., Gandall, C. P.: Species differences in red blood cell phosphatides separated by column and paper chromatography. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 30, 130–134 (1958 a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C., Anderson, H. M., Gandall, C. P.: Comparative liberation of bound phosphatides from red cells of man, ox, and camel. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. 99, 547–550 (1958 b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Deenen, L.L.M., de Haas, G.H.: The substrate specificity of phospholipase A. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 70, 538–553 (1963)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oss, C.J., Cixous, N.: Evidence for the phospholipid nature of the third component of the complement. Naturwissenschaften 50, 500 (1963)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oss, C.J., Götze, D.: Haemolytic action of cobra venom lecithinase A in the presence of whole guinea-pig serum or lecithin. Z. Immun. Forsch. 125, 75–79 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkleij, A.J., Zwaal, R.F.A., Roelofsen, B., Comfurius, P., Kastelijnn, D., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human red cell membrane. A combined study using phospholipases and freeze-etch electron microscopy. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 323, 178–193 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vick, J.A.: Symptomatology of experimental and clinical crotalid envenomation. In: Simpson, L.L. (Ed.): Neuropoisons, Vol. 1. New York-London: Plenum Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, J. C., Cattaneo, P., Stoppani, A.O.M.: Some characteristic properties of phospholipases A2 from Bothrops neuwiedii venom. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 151, 168–179 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen, C. C., Schabort, J. C., Botes, D. P.: Bitis gabonica venom. A kinetic analysis of the hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 360, 156–165 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J. P., Schweitz, H., Chicheportiche, R., Fosset, M., Balerna, M., Lenoir, M.C., Lazdunski, M.: Molecular mechanism of cardiotoxin action on axonal membranes. Biochemistry 15, 3171–3175 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W., Dieminger, L., Lynen, R., Schmidt, G.: Alternative pathway for the activation of complement in human serum. Formation and composition of the complex with cobra venom factor that cleaves the third component of complement. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 355, 171–183 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W., Patzer, P., Lege, L., Oldings, H.D., Wille, G.: Synergism between phospholipase A and various peptides and SH-reagents in causing haemolysis. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 265, 442–454 (1970)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlström, A.: Purification and characterization of phospholipase A from the venom of Naja nigricollis. Toxicon 9, 45–56 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D.F.H.: The disposition of proteins in the plasma membranes of animal cells: analytical approaches using controlled peptidolysis and protein labels. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 265, 61–83 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, M.A.: Evidence that the phospholipases A2 of Crotalus adamanteus venom are dimers. Biochemistry 10, 4074–4078 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, M.A.: A kinetic study of the phospholipase A2 catalized hydrolysis of 1,2-dibutyryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. Biochemistry 11, 1030–1041 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, M.A.: Spectral perturbations of Crotalus adamanteus phospholipase A2 induced by divalent cation binding. Biochemistry 12, 1080–1085 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitely, N.M., Berg, H. C.: Amidination of the outer and inner surfaces of the human erythrocyte membrane. J. molec. Biol. 87, 541–561 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. C., Bell, R.M.: Membrane matrix disruption by melittin. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 288, 255–261 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, J., Salabe, H., Ambrose, M., Larsen, P.R.: The basic proteins of cobra venoms. II. Mechanism of action of cobramine B on thyroid slices. J. biol. Chem. 243, 1290–1296 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, C. B., Zwaal, R.F.A.: The lytic behaviour of pure phospholipase A2 and C towards osmotically swollen erythrocytes and released ghosts. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 274, 272–278 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaheer, A., Noronha, S.H., Hospattankar, A.V., Braganca, B.M.: Inactivation of (Na++K+)-stimulated ATPase by a cytotoxic protein from cobra venom in relation to its lytic effects on cells. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 394, 293–303 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, O. A., Long, C.: Effects of adrenalectomy on the changes in cholesterol levels in rats induced by Walterinnesia venom. Toxicon 6, 255–261 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaal, R.F. A., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: Protein patterns of red cell membranes from different mammalian species. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 163, 44–49 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaal, R.F.A., Roelofsen, B., Colley, M.: Localization of red cell membrane constituents. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 300, 159–182 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaal, R.F.A., Roelofsen, B., Confurius, P., Van Deenen, L.L.M.: Organization of phospholipids in human red cell membranes as detected by the action of various purified phospholipases. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 406, 83–96 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. E. Condrea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1. Jen Ai Road, 1st Section, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chen-Yuan Lee MD, Professor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Condrea, E. (1979). Hemolytic Effects of Snake Venoms. In: Lee, CY. (eds) Snake Venoms. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 52. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66913-2_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66913-2_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66915-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66913-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation