Mucin Histochemistry of the Colon

  • M. I. Filipe
  • A. C. Branfoot
Conference paper
Part of the Current Topics in Pathology book series (CT PATHOLOGY, volume 63)

Abstract

“Of all branches of technology capable of conferring on histopathology an increase in objectivity, histochemistry must take first place” (Pearse, 1975). Pathologists often face diagnostic problems which are difficult or impossible to solve by routine histological methods, but which may be resolved by histochemical techniques for the detection in cells and tissues of a variety of enzyme activities, specific substances and reactive groups.

Keywords

Ulcerative Colitis Sialic Acid Goblet Cell Alcian Blue Rectal Biopsy 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Andrews, A.T. de B., Herring, G.M., Kent, P.W.: Some studies on the composition of bovine cortical-bone sialoprotein. Biochem. J. 104, 705–715 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Aylett, S.O.: Ileorectal anastomosis: review 1952–1968. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 64, 967–971 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Baldwin, R.W.: Tumour specific antigens associated with chemically induced tumours. Rev. Eur. Etud. Clin. Biol. 15, 593–598 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Bennett, G.: Migration of glycoproteins from Golgi apparatus to cell coat in the columnar cells of the duodenal epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 45, 668–673 (1970).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Bennett, G., Leblond, C.P.: Formation of cell coat material for the whole surface of columnar cells in the rat small intestine, as visualized by radioautography with L-fucose-3H. J. Cell Biol. 46, 409–416 (1970).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Bennett, G., Leblond, C.P., Haddad, A.: Migration of glycoprotein from the Golgi apparatus to the surface of various cell types as shown by radioautography after labelled fucose injection into rats. J. Cell Biol. 60, 258–284 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bignardi, C., Aureli, G., Balduini, C., Castellani, A.A.: Sulfosialopolysaccharide-peptides from dog submaxillary gland. Biophys. Res. Comm. 17, 310–312 (1964).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Bordes, M., Michiels, R., Martin, F.: Detection by immunofluorescence of carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic carcinoma, other malignant or benign tumours, and non-cancerous tissue. Digestion 9. 106–115 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Burkitt, D.P.: Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28. 3–13 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Bussey, H.J.R.: In: Familial Polyposis Coli. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1975.Google Scholar
  11. Cook, H.C.: A histochemical characterisation of malignant tumour mucins as a possible aid in the identification of metastatic deposits. Med. Lab. Technol. 30, 217–224 (1973).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Cook, M.C., Goligher, J.C.: Carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia complicating ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 68, 1127–1136 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Culling, C.F.A., Reid, P.E., Burton, J.D., Dunn, W.L.: A histochemical method of differentiating lower gastrointestinal tract mucin from other mucins in primary or metastatic tumours. J. clin. Path. 28, 656–658 (1975).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Culling, C.F.A., Reid, P.E., Clay, M.G., Dunn, W.L.: The histochemical demonstration of O-acylated sialic acid in gastrointestinal mucins: their association with the potassium hydroxide-periodic acid-Schiff effect. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22, 826–831 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Culling, C.F.A., Reid, P.E., Dunn, W.L.: The effect of saponification upon certain histochemical reactions of the epithelial mucins of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 19, 654–662 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Currie, G.A., Bagshawe, K.D.: The role of sialic acid in antigenic expression: further studies of the Landschutz ascites tumour. Brit. J. Cancer 22, 843–853 (1968).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Czernobilsky, B., Tsou, K-C.: Adenocarcinoma, adenomas and polyps of the colon. Histochemical study. Cancer (Philad.) 21, 165–177 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Danovitch, S.H., Gallucci, A., Shora, W.: Colonic mucosal lysosomal enzyme acitivities in ulcerative colitis. Amer. J. dig. Dis. 17, 977–992 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Dawson, I.M.P.: The histochemistry of Crohn’s disease. Clinics in Gastroenterology 1, 309–320 (1972).Google Scholar
  20. Dawson, Penelope A., Filipe, M.I.: An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the mucous membrane adjacent to and remote from carcinoma of the colon. Cancer 37, 2388–2398 (1976a).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Dawson, Penelope A., Filipe, M.I.: An ultrastructural application of silver methenamine to the study of mucin changes in the colonic mucosa adjacent to and remote from carcinoma. Histochem. J. 8, 143–158 (1976b).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Deman, J.J., Bruyneel, E.A., Mareel, M.M.: A study on the mechanism of intercellular adhesion. Effects of neuraminidase, calcium and trypsin on the aggregation of suspended HeLa cells. J. Cell Biol. 60. 641–652 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Deschner, E.E.: Autoradiographic studies of synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein in normal and diseased colonic mucosa. In: Carcinoma of the colon and antecedent epithelium (ed. W.J. Burdette), pp. 222–229. Springfield: Charles C Thomas 1970.Google Scholar
  24. Deschner, E.E., Lipkin, M.: Study of human rectal epithelial cells in vitro. III. RNA, protein and DNA synthesis in polyps and adjacent mucosa. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 44, 175–185 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Draper, P., Kent, P. W.: Biosynthesis of intestinal mucins. Utilization of 1-14C glucose by sheep colonic mucosa in vitro. Biochem. J. 86, 248–254 (1963).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Drzeniek, R.: Substrate specificity of neuraminidases. Review. Histochem. J. 5, 271–290 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Emmelot, P.: Biochemical properties of normal and neoplastic cells surfaces. A review. Eur. J. Cancer 9, 319–333 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Esterley, J.R., Spicer, S.S.: Mucin histochemistry of human gall bladder: changes in adenocarcinoma, cystic fibrosis and cholecystitis. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 40, 1–12 (1968).Google Scholar
  29. Evans, D.J., Pollock, D.J.: In-situ and invasive carcinoma of the colon in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 13, 566–570 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Filipe, M.I.: Value of histochemical reactions for mucosubstances in the diagnosis of certain pathological conditions of the colon and rectum. Gut 10, 577–586 (1969).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Filipe, M.I.: Some aspects of the histochemical enzyme distribution in colon and rectum.: Normal and pathological. Acta histochem. Suppl. 9, 333–337 (1971a).Google Scholar
  32. Filipe, M.I.: 35Sulphur uptake in the mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of the large intestine. Histochem. J. 3, 27–35 (1971c).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Filipe, M.I.: The mucous membrane of the normal human large intestine and the changes which occur in it immediately adjacent to proven carcinoma: A histochemical, autoradiographic and chemical study. Ph.D. thesis, London University (1971b).Google Scholar
  34. Filipe, M.I.: The value of a study of the mucosubstances in rectal biopsies from patients with carcinoma of the rectum and lower sigmoid in the diagnosis of premalignant mucosa. J. clin. Path. 25, 123–128 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Filipe, M.I.: Mucous secretion in rat colonic mucosa during carcinogenesis induced by Dimethylhydrazine. A morphological and histochemical study. Brit. J. Cancer 32, 60–77 (1975).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Filipe, M.I., Branfoot, A.C.: Abnormal patterns of mucous secretion in apparently normal mucosa of large intestine with carcinoma. Cancer 34, 282–290 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Filipe, M.I., Cooke, K.B.: Changes in the composition of mucin in the mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of the colon as compared with the normal: a biochemical investigation. J. Clin. Path. 27, 315–318 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Filipe, M.I., Dawson, I.M.P.: The diagnostic value of mucosubstances in rectal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 11, 229–234 (1970).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Florey, H. W.: The secretion of mucus and inflammation of mucous membranes. In: General Pathology (ed. Lord Florey) 4th ed., p. 195. London: Publ. Lloyd Luke (Medical Books) Ltd. 1970.Google Scholar
  40. Forstner, G.G.: (1-14C) glucosamine incorporation by subcellular fractions of small intestinal mucosa. Identification by precursor labelling of three functionally distinct glycoprotein classes. J. biol. Chem. 245, 3584–3592 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Fraser, G.M., Clamp, J.R.: Changes in human colonic mucus in ulcerative colits. Gut 16, 832–833 (Abstract) (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Gad, A.: A histochemical study of human alimentary tract mucosubstances in health and disease. I. Normal and tumours. II. Inflammatory conditions. Brit. J. Cancer 23, 52–68 (1969).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Gad, A., Sylven, B.: On the nature of the high-iron diamine method for sulphomucins. J. histochem. Cytochem. 17, 156–160 (1969).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Gold, P., Freedman, S.O.: Demonstration of tumour-specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by immunological tolerance and absorption technique. J. exp. Med. 121 439–462 (1965).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Goldman, H., Ming, S.C.: Mucins in normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal epithelium: histochemical distribution. Arch. Path. 85. 580–586 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Goligher, J.C.: Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 3rd ed. London: Baillière Tindall 1975.Google Scholar
  47. Goodman, M.J., Kent, P.W., Truelove, S.C.: Glucosamine synthetase activity in the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 16, 833 (Abstract) (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Gottschalk, A.: Definition of glycoproteins and their delimitization from other carbohy- drate-protein complexes. In: Glycoproteins: Their Composition, Structure and Function. London: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1966.Google Scholar
  49. Greco, V., Lauro, G., Fabrini, A., Torsoli, A.: Histochemistry of the colonic epithelial mucins in normal subjects and in patients with ulcerative colitis. A qualitative and histo- photometric investigation. Gut 8, 491–496 (1967).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Gurdon, J.B.: Adult frogs derived from the nuclei of simple somatic cells. Develop. Biol. 4, 256–273 (1962).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Hawley, P.R.: Carcinoma in the colon. Brit. J. Hosp. Med. 11, 211–216 (1974).Google Scholar
  52. Hellstrom, H.R., Fischer, E.R.: Estimation of mucosal mucin as an aid in the differentiation of Crohn’s disease of the colon and chronic ulcerative colitis. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 48, 259–268 (1967).Google Scholar
  53. Hemet, J., Métayer, J.: Intérêt pratique de l’étude des mucines dans le diagnostic des colites primitives. Ann. Anat. Pathol. 17, 389–392 (1972).Google Scholar
  54. Hill, M.J., Drasar, B.S., Williams, R.E.O., Meade, T.W., Cox, A.G., Simpson, J.E.P., Morson, B.C.: Faecal bile acids and clostridia in patients with cancer of the large bowel. Lancet 1975 I, 535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Hulten, L., Kerwenter, J., Ahren, C.: Precancer and carcinoma in chronic ulcerative colitis (A histopathological and clinical investigation). Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 7, 663–669 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Imondi, A.R., Balis, M.E., Lipkin, M.: Changes in enzyme levels accompanying differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Exp. cell Res. 58, 323–330 (1969).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Isselbacher, K.J.: The intestinal cell surface: some properties of normal, undifferentiated and malignant cells. Ann. Int. Med. 81, 681–686 (1974).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Ito, S.: The enteric surface coat in cat intestinal microvilli. J. Cell Biol. 27, 475–491 (1965a).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Ito, S.: Radioactive labelling of the surface coat in enteric microvilli. Anat. Rec. 151, 489 (1965b).Google Scholar
  60. Ito, S., Revel, J.P.: Incorporation of radioactive sulfate and glucose in the surface coat of enteric microvilli. J. Cell Biol. 23, 44A-45A (1964)Google Scholar
  61. Jeanloz, R.W.: The nomenclature of mucopolysaccharides. Arthr. and Rheum. 3, 233–237 (1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Jeanloz, R.W.: Recent developments in the biochemistry of aminosugars. Advanc. Enzymol. 25, 433–456 (1963).Google Scholar
  63. Johnson, W.C., Helwig, E.B.: Histochemistry of primary and metastatic mucus-secreting tumours. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 106, 794–803 (1963).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Kaye, G.I., Fenoglio, C.M., Pascal, R.R., Lane, N.: Comparative electron microscopic features of normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous human colonic epithelium. Variations in cellular structure relative to the process of epithelial differentiation. Gastroenterol. 64, 926–945 (1973).Google Scholar
  65. Keighley, M.R.B., Thompson, H., Alexander-Williams, J.: Multifocal colonic carcinoma and Crohn’s disease. Surgery 78, 534–537 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Kent, P. W.: Biosynthesis of intestinal glycoproteins in animals and man. Gut 12, 417 (Abstract) (1971).Google Scholar
  67. Kent, P. W., Pasternak, C.A.: Biosynthesis of intestinal mucins. 3. Formation of active sulfate by cell-free extracts of sheep colonic mucosa. Biochem. J. 69, 453–458 (1958).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Keren, D.F., Yardley, J.H.: Assessment of precancer in rectal biopsy and colectomy specimens in ulcerative colitis. Lab. Invest. 30, 379 (Abstract) (1974).Google Scholar
  69. Kim, Y.S., Isaacs, R., Perdomo, J.: Alterations of membrane glycopeptides in human colonic adenocarcinoma. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 71, 4869–4873 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Kim, Y.S., Perdomo, J.: Glycoprotein biosynthesis in small intestine. III. Enzymatic basis for the difference in the antigenicity of mucins. J. clin. Invest. 51, 1135–1145 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Kleist, S. von: Étude d’un antigène spécifique des tumeurs coliques humaines d’origine embryonnaire. Biol. Med. 60, 237–292 (1971).Google Scholar
  72. Kleist, S. von, Burtin, P.: Isolation of a fetal antigen from human colonic tumours. Cancer Res. 29, 1961–1964 (1969).Google Scholar
  73. Korelitz, B.I., Sommers, S.C.: Differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and granulomatous colitis by sigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy and cell counts of rectal mucosa. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 61, 460–469 (1974).Google Scholar
  74. Korhonen, L.K., Mäkelä, V., Lilius, G.: Carbohydrate-rich compounds in the colonic mucosa of man. II. Histochemical characteristics of colonic adenocarcinomas. Cancer 27, 128–133 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Kozuka, S.: Premalignancy of the mucosal polyp in the large intestine. I. Histologic gradation of the polyp on the basis of epithelial pseudostratification and glandular branching. Dis. Colon Rect. 18, 483–493 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Lamb, D., Reid, L.: Histochemical types of acidic glycoprotein produced by mucous cells of the tracheo-bronchial glands in man. J. Path. 98, 213–229 (1969).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Lane, N., Caro, L., Otero-Vilardebo’, L.R., Godman, G.C.: On the site of sulfation in colonic goblet cells. J. Cell Biol. 21, 339–351 (1964).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Lane, N., Kaplan, H., Pascal, R.R.: Minute adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps of the colon: divergent patterns of epithelial growth with specific associated mesenchymal changes. Contrasting roles in the pathogenesis of carcinoma. Gastroenterol. 60, 537–551 (1971).Google Scholar
  79. Lennard-Jones, J.E., Misiewicz, J.J., Parrish, J.A., Ritchie, J.K, Swarbrick, E.T., Williams, C.B.: Prospective study of out-patients with extensive colitis. Lancet 1974 I, 1065–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Lev, R.: A histochemical study of glycogen and mucin in developing human foetal epithelia. Histochem. J. 1, 152–165 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Lev, R., Orlic, D.: Histochemical and radioautographic studies of normal human fetal colon. Histochemistry 39, 301–311 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Lev, R., Spicer, S.S.: Specific staining of sulphate groups with Alcian blue at low pH. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 12, 309 (1964).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Lev, R., Spicer, S.S.: A histochemical comparison of human epithelial mucins in normal and hypersecretory states including pancreatic cystic fibrosis. Amer. J. Path. 46, 23–47 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. Lewis, B., Morson, B.C., February, A. W., Hywel Jones, J., Misiewicz, J.J.: Abnormal lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in ulcerative colitis with precancerous change. Gut 12, 16–19 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Lipkin, M., Bell, B., Sherlock, P.: Cell proliferation kinetics in the gastrointestinal tract of man. I. Cell renewal in colon and rectum. J. Clin. Invest. 42, 767–776 (1963).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Lukie, B.E., Forstner, G.G.: Synthesis of intestinal glycoprotein. Incorporation of (1-14C) glucosamine in vitro. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 261, 353–364 (1972).Google Scholar
  87. MacDermott, R.P., Donaldson, R.M., jr., Trier, J.S.: Glycoprotein synthesis and secretion by mucosal biopsies of rabbit colon and human rectum. J. clin. Invest. 54, 545–554 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Mäkelä, V., Korhonen, L.K, Lilius, G.: Carbohydrate-rich compounds in the colonic mucosa of man. I. Histochemical characteristics of normal and adenomatous colonic mucosa. Cancer 27, 120–127 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Marche, C.R., Bocquet, L., Ganter, P.; Caractères histochimiques des mucines épithéliales dans les polypes recto-coliques de l’adulte et de l’enfant. Ann. Anat. path. 17, 393–404 (1972).Google Scholar
  90. Marsden, J.R., Dawson, I.M.P.: An investigation into the enzyme histochemistry of adenocarcinomas of human large intestine and of the transitional epithelium immediately adjacent to them. Gut 15, 783–787 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. McGinty, F., Delides, G., Harrison, D.: The significance of enzyme histochemical patterns in carcinomas of the large intestine in man. Gut 14, 502–505 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Melnyk, C.S., Braucher, R.W., Kirsner, J.B.: Regeneration of the human colon mucosa. Morphological and histochemical study. Gastroenterol. 52, 985–997 (1967).Google Scholar
  93. Monis, B., Mendeloff, A.I.: Studies in ulcerative colitis: TPN-linked dehydrogenases and nonspecific esterases in rectal biopsy specimens. Gastroenterol. 48, 173–184 (1965).Google Scholar
  94. Montreuil, J., Biserte, G.: Acide sialique et spécificité de la reaction a l’acide periodique- fuchsine de Schiff appliquée à l’électrophorèse sur papier. Exemple particulier de l’oroso- mucoldes. Bull. Soc. chim. Biol. 41, 959–973 (1959).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Morson, B.C.: Precancerous conditions of the large bowel. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 64. 959–962 (1971a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Morson, B.C.: Pathology of ulcerative colitis. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 64, 976 (1971b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. Morson, B.C.: The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 67, 451–457 (1974a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Morson, B.C.: Evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 34, 845–849 (1974b).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Morson, B.C.: The technique and interpretation of rectal biopsies in inflammatory bowel disease. In: Pathology Annual (ed. S.C. Sommers), Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 209–230 (1974c).Google Scholar
  100. Morson, B.C., Bussey, H.J.R.: Predisposing causes of intestinal cancer. In: Current Problems of Surgery. Chicago: Year Book Med. Publ. Inc. 1970.Google Scholar
  101. Morson, B.C., Dawson, I.M.P.: In: Gastrointestinal Pathology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ. 539 (1972).Google Scholar
  102. Morson, B.C., Pang, L.S.C.: Rectal biopsy as an aid to cancer control in ulcerative colitis. Gut 8, 423–434 (1967).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Mowry, R. W., Morard, J.C.:The distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in normal kidneys, as shown by the Alcian blue-Feulgen (AB-F) and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) stains. Amer. J. Path. 33, 620–621 (1957).Google Scholar
  104. Nachbar, M.S., Oppenheim, J.D., Aull, F.: Cell surface contributions to the malignant process. Review. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 268, 123–138 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Neutra, M., Leblond, C.P.: Synthesis of the carbohydrate of mucus in the Golgi complex as shown by electron microscope radioautography of goblet cells from rats injected with glucose-H3. J. Cell. Biol. 30, 119–136 (1966a).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Neutra, M., Leblond, C.P.: Radioautographic comparison of the uptake of galactose-3H and glucose 3H in the Golgi region of various cells secreting glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides. J. Cell Biol. 30, 137–150 (1966b).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Pasternak, C.A., Kent, P.W., Davies, R.E.: Biosynthesis of intestinal mucins. I. Survey of incorporation of 35S sulphate by isolated gastrointestinal tissues. Biochem. J. 68, 212–217 (1958).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. Pearse, A.G.E.: In: Histochemistry - Theoretical and Applied. Vol. 1, 3rd ed. London: Churchill 1968.Google Scholar
  109. Pearse, A.G.E.: The role of histochemistry in increasing objectivity in histopathology. Postgraduate Med. J. 51, 708–710 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. Peterson, M., Leblond, C.P.: Synthesis of complex carbohydrates in the Golgi region, as shown by radioautography, after injection of labeled glucose. J. Cell Biol. 21, 143–148 (1964).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. Pittman, F.E., Pittman, J.C.: An electron microscopic study of the epithelium of normal human sigmoid colonic mucosa. Gut 7, 644–661 (1966).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Rambourg, A.: Morphological and histochemical aspects of glycoproteins at the surface of animal cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 31, 57–114 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Rambourg, A.: Staining of intracellular glycoproteins. In: Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry (eds. E. Wisse, W.Th. Daems, I. Molenaar, P. van Duijn), pp. 245–253. Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. Co. 1973.Google Scholar
  114. Rambourg, A., Hernandez, W., Leblond, C.P.: Detection of complex carbohydrates in the Golgi apparatus of rat cells. J. Cell Biol. 40, 395–414 (1969).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. Rambourg, A., Leblond, C.P.: Electron microscope observations of the carbohydrate-rich cell coat present at the surface of cells in the rat. J. Cell Biol. 32, 27–53 (1967).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. Ravetto, C.: A histochemical identification of N-acetyl-O-diacetyl neuraminic acid resistant to neuraminidase. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 16, 663 (1968).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. Reid, P.E., Culling, C.F.A., Dunn, W.L.: Saponification-induced increase in the periodic acid-Schiff reaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Mechanism and distribution of the reactive substance. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 21, 473–482 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. Reid, P.E., Culling, C.F.A., Dunn, W.L.: The histochemical interpretation of the complex results of methylation upon gastrointestinal tract mucins with special reference to periodic acid-Schiff reactivity. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22, 986–991 (1974).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Revel, J.P.: In: Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix. Vol. 3 (ed. E.A. Balazs). London: Academic Press 1970.Google Scholar
  120. Rios, A., Simmons, R.L.: Immunospecific regression of various syngeneic mouse tumours in response to neuraminidase-treated tumour cells. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 51, 637–644 (1973).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. Schachter, H., Kirsner, J.B.: Definitions of inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Gastroenterol. 68, 591–600 (1975).Google Scholar
  122. Scott, J.E., Dorling, J.: Differential staining of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) by Alcian blue in salt solutions. Histochemie 5, 221–223 (1965).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Shenkein, I., Uhr, J.W.: Immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion. I. Biosynthetic studies of the addition of the carbohydrate moieties. J. Cell Biol. 46, 42–51 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Sherlock, P., Kirsner, J.B.: Newer techniques for the early detection of gastrointestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Amer. J. dig. Dis. 20, 649–654 (1975).Google Scholar
  125. Shora, W., Forstner, G.G., Forstner, J.F.: Stimulation of proteolytic digestion by intestinal goblet cell mucus. Gastroenterol. 68, 470–479 (1975).Google Scholar
  126. Smith, B., Butler, M.: The autonomic control of colonic mucin secretion in the mouse. Brit. J. exp. Path. 55, 615–621 (1974).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Sorvari, T.E.: Histochemical observations on the role of ferric chloride in the high-iron diamine technique for localizing sulphated mucosubstances. Histochem. J. 4, 193–204 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Sorvari, T.E., Arvilommi, H.S.: Some chemical, physical and histochemical properties of three diamine fractions obtained by gel chromatography from the high-iron diamine staining solution used for localizing sulphated mucosaccharides. Histochem. J. 5, 119–130 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. Sorvari, T.E., Lauren, P.A.: The effect of various fixation procedures on the digestability of sialomucins with neuraminidase. Histochem. J. 5, 405–412 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. Sorvari, T.E., Stoward, P.J.: Some investigations of the mechanism of the so-called methylation reactions used in mucosubstance histochemistry. I. Methylation with methyliodide solvents containing either hydrogen chloride or thionyl chloride. Histochemie 24, 106–113 (1970a).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Sorvari, T.E., Stoward, P.J.: Some investigations of the so-called methylation reactions used in mucosubstance histochemistry. II. Histochemical differentiation of lactone and ester groups in methylated mucosaccharides. Histochemie 24, 114–119 (1970b).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Spicer, S.S.: Diamine methods for differentiating mucosubstances histochemically. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 13, 211–234 (1965).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. Spicer, S.S., Leppi, T.J., Stoward, P.J.: Suggestions for a histochemical terminology of carbohydrate-rich tissue components. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 13, 599–603 (1965).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. Spicer, S.S., Lillie, R.D.: Saponification as a means of selectively reversing the methylation blockade of tissue basophilia. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 7, 123–125 (1959).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Spicer, S.S., Sun, D.C.H.: Gastric pepsin, mucus and clinical secretory studies. II. The role of the mucous barrier in the defense of the stomach vs. peptic ulceration. Carbohydrate histochemistry of gastric epithelial secretions in dog. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 140, 762–783 (1967).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. Spiro, R.G.: Glycoproteins: their biochemistry, biology and role in human disease. I. New Engl. J. Med. 281, 991–1001 (1969a).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Spiro, R.G.: Glycoproteins; their biochemistry, biology and role in human disease. II. New Engl. J. Med. 281, 1043–1056 (1969b).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Spiro, R.G.: Glycoproteins. Adv. Protein Chem. 27, 350–467 (1973).Google Scholar
  139. Spiro, R.G., Spiro, M.J.: Glycoprotein biosynthesis: studies on thyroglobulin. Characterisation of a particulate precursor and radioisotope incorporation by thyroid slices and particle systems. J. biol. Chem. 241, 1271–1282 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. Stonehill, E.H., Bendich, A.: Retrogenetic expression: the reappearance of embryonal antigens in cancer cells. Nature 228, 370–372 (1970).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Stoward, P.J.: The histochemical properties of some periodate-reactive mucosubstances of the pregnant Syrian hamster before and after methylation with methanolic thionyl chloride. J. roy. Micr. Soc. 87, 77–103 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  142. Stoward, P.J.: The histochemical reactions of methanolic thionyl chloride with the anionic groups and basic protein component of sulphated mucosubstances. J. roy. Micr. Soc. 88, 119–131 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Takeuchi, T., Ensrud, E.R., Steggerda, F.R.: The effects of large doses of aspirin and cortisone on the goblet cells and the mucosal membranes in the small and large intestine. Amer. J. dig. Dis. 17, 49–53 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Teague, R.H., Fraser, D., Clamp, J.R.: Changes in monosaccharide content of mucous glycoproteins in ulcerative colitis. Brit. Med. J. 1973 II, 645–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Thiéry, J.P.: Ultrastructure, cytochimie et biogenèse des mucines digestives. Ann. Anat. Path. 17, 307–326 (1972).Google Scholar
  146. Troncale, F., Hertz, R., Lipkin, M.: Nucleic acid metabolism in proliferating and differentiating colonic cells of man and in neoplastic lesions of the colon. Cancer Res. 31, 463–467 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  147. Warren, L.: In: Glycoproteins: Their Composition, Structure and Function (ed. A. Gottschalk). London: Elsevier 1966.Google Scholar
  148. Wattenberg, L. W.: A histochemical study of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in proliferative lesions of the large intestine. Cancer Res. 19, 1118–1123 (1959).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. Weiser, M.M.: Intestinal epithelial cell surface membrane glycoprotein synthesis. I. An indicator of cellular differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2536–2541 (1973a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. Weiser, M.M.: Intestinal epithelial cell surface membrane glycoprotein synthesis. II. Glycosyltransferases and endogenous acceptors of the undifferentiated cell surface membrane. J. biol. Chem. 248, 2542–2548 (1973b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. Weiss, L.: Neuraminidase, sialic acids, and cell interactions. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 50, 3–19 (1973).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. Willighagen, R.G.J., Planteydt, H.T.: Aminopeptidase activity in cancer cells. Nature 183, 263–264 (1959).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. Winzler, R.J.: Carbohydrates in cell surfaces. Int. Rev. Cytol. 29, 77–125 (1970).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  154. Winzler, R.J., Bekesi, J. G. : Glycoproteins in relation to cancer. In: Methods in Cancer Research, Vol. 2, pp. 159–202 (ed. H. Busch). London: Academic Press 1967.Google Scholar
  155. Wolfe, H.J., Vickery, A.L.: The use of S3 5 labeled sulphate in studies on human normal and neoplastic cartilage tissues. Lab. Invest. 13, 743–751 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. Yardley, J.H., Keren, D.F.: Precancer lesions in ulcerative colitis. Cancer (Philad.) 34, 835–844 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Young, R. W.: The role of the golgi complex in sulfate metabolism. J. Cell Biol. 57, 175–189 (1973).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg 1976

Authors and Affiliations

  • M. I. Filipe
  • A. C. Branfoot

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations