Chemical Foundation of the Development of Resistance against Insecticides
Chapter
Abstract
Resistance against insecticides may develop in an insect population as a result of the selection pressure from chemical-control agents so changing its genetic composition that the bulk of the population comes to consist of resistant genotypes. Such developed resistance, to one or more insecticide types, has now been proven in more than 270 species of insects and acarines. It is the chemical and physiological basis of such gene-determined resistance that is the subject of this chapter.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature
Reviews
- Brooks, G. T.: Progress in metabolic studies of the cyclodiene insecticides and its relevance to structure-activity correlations. World Rev. Pest Control 5, 62–84 (1966).Google Scholar
- Brown, A. W. A.: Mechanisms of resistance against insecticides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 5, 301–326 (1960).Google Scholar
- Brown, A. W. A.: Animals in toxic environments: resistance of insects to insecticides. In: Handbook of Physiology—Environment, Am. Physiol. Soc. pp. 773–793 Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1964.Google Scholar
- Brown, A. W. A.: Pest resistance to pesticides. In: Pesticides in the Environment, Ed. R. White-Stevens. Vol. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 457–552. New York: Marcel Dekker 1971.Google Scholar
- Brown, A. W. A., Pal, R.: Insecticide resistance in arthropods. World Health Organization, Geneva, Monograph Series No 38, 491 pp. (1971).Google Scholar
- Chadwick, L. E.: Progress in physiological studies of insecticide resistance. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 16, 1203–1218 (1957).Google Scholar
- Dahm, P. A.: The mode of action of insecticides exclusive of organophosphorus compounds. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2, 247–260 (1957).Google Scholar
- Georghiou, G. P.: The evolution of resistance to pesticides. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Systematics 3, 133–168 (1972).Google Scholar
- Hoskins, W. M.: Resistance to insecticides. Internat. Rev. Trop. Med. 2, 119–174 (1963).Google Scholar
- Hoskins, W. M., Gordon, H. T.: Arthropod resistance to chemicals. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1, 89–122 (1956).Google Scholar
- Kearns, C. W.: The enzymatic detoxication of DDT. In: Origins of Resistance to Toxic Agents. Ed. M. G. Sevag, R. D. Reid, O. E. Reynolds, pp. 148–159. New York: Academic Press 1955.Google Scholar
- Lipke, H., Kearns, C. W.: DDT-Dehydrochlorinase. Adv. Pest Control Res. 3, 253–287 (1960).Google Scholar
- Metcalf, R. L.: Physiological basis for insect resistance to insecticides. Physiol. Rev. 35, 197–232 (1955).Google Scholar
- Metcalf, R. L.: Mode of action of insecticide synergists. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 12, 229–256 (1967).Google Scholar
- O’Brien, R. D.: Mode of action of insecticides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 11, 369–402 (1966).Google Scholar
- Oppenoorth, F. J.: Biochemical genetics of insecticide resistance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 10, 185–206 (1965).Google Scholar
- Perry, A. S.: Biochemical aspects of insect resistance to the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 2, 119–137 (1960).Google Scholar
- Perry, A. S.: The physiology of insecticide resistance by insects. In: The Physiology of Insecta. Ed. M. Rockstein. Vol. III, pp. 286–378. New York: Academic Press 1964.Google Scholar
- Plapp, F. W.: Biochemical genetics of insecticide resistance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21, 179–197 (1976).Google Scholar
- Smith, J. N.: Detoxication mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 7, 465–480 (1962).Google Scholar
- Wharton, R. H., Roulston, W. J.: Resistance of ticks to chemicals. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 15, 381–404 (1970).Google Scholar
- Winteringham, F. P. W.: Mechanisms of selective insecticidal action. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 14, 409–442 (1969).Google Scholar
- Winteringham, F. P. W., Barnes, J. M.: Comparative response of insects and mammals to certain halogenated hydrocarbons used as insecticides. Physiol. Rev. 35, 701–739 (1955).Google Scholar
References Cited
- 1).Abedi, Z. H., Duffy, J. R., Brown, A. W. A.: Dehydrochlorination and DDT-resistance in Aedes aegypti. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 511–517 (1963).Google Scholar
- 2).Agosin, M., Michaeli, D., Miskus, R., Nagasawa, S., Hoskins, W. M.: A new DDT-metabolizing enzyme in the German cockroach. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 340–342 (1961).Google Scholar
- 3).Anderson, A. D., March, R. B., Metcalf, R. L.: Inhibition of the succinoxidase system of susceptible and resistant houseflies by DDT and related compounds. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 47, 595–602 (1954).Google Scholar
- 3a).Apperson, C. S., Georghiou, G. P.: Mechanisms of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in Culex tarsalis. J. Econ. Entomol. 68, 153–157 (1975).Google Scholar
- 4).Asperen, K. van: Biochemistry and genetics of esterases in houseflies (Musca domestica). Ent. Exp. Applic. 7, 205–214 (1964).Google Scholar
- 5).Asperen, K. van, Oppenoorth, F. J.: Organophosphate resistance and esterase activity in houseflies. Ent. Exp. Applic. 2, 48–57 (1959).Google Scholar
- 6).Atallah, Y. H., Nettles, W. C: DDT-metabolism and excretion in Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 560–564 (1966).Google Scholar
- 6a).Ayad, H., Georghiou, G. P.: Resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in Anopheles albimanus based on reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase. J. Econ. Entomol. 68, 295–297 (1975).Google Scholar
- 7).Bell, J. D., Busvine, J. R.: Synergism of organophosphates in Musca domestica and Chrysomya putoria. Ent. Exp. Applic. 10, 263–269 (1967).Google Scholar
- 8).Bettini, S., Boccacci, M.: Azione tosica degli acidi cloroacetico sugli insetti: inibizone della triosofosfate deidrogenasi. Riv. Parassit. 16, 13–29 (1955).Google Scholar
- 9).Bigley, W.S., Plapp, F. W.: Metabolism of malathion and malaoxon by the mosquito Culex tarsalis. J. Insect Physiol. 8, 545–548 (1962).Google Scholar
- 10).Blum, M. S., Earle, N. W., Roussel, J. S.: Absorption and metabolism of DDT in the boll weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 17–20 (1959).Google Scholar
- 11).Bradbury, F. R.: Absorption and metabolism of BHC in susceptible and resistant house flies. J. Sci. Food Agr. 8, 90–96 (1957).Google Scholar
- 12).Bradbury, F. R., Standen, H.: Benzene hexachloride metabolism in Anopheles gambiae. Nature 178, 1053–1054(1956).Google Scholar
- 13).Bradbury, F. R., Standen, H.: The fate of y-benzene hexachloride in resistant and susceptible houseflies III. J. Sci. Food Agr. 9, 203–212 (1958).Google Scholar
- 14).Bradbury, F.R., Standen, H.: Metabolism of benzene hexachloride by resistant houseflies. Nature 183, 983–984 (1959).Google Scholar
- 15).Bridges, R. G.: Pentachlorocyclohexene as a possible intermediate metabolite of benzene hexachloride in houseflies. Nature 184, 1537 (1959).Google Scholar
- 16).Bridges, R. G., Cox, J. T.: Resistance of houseflies toy-benzene hexachloride and dieldrin. Nature 184, 1740–1741 (1959).Google Scholar
- 17).Brooks, G. T.: Mechanisms of resistance of the adult housefly to cyclodiene insecticides. Nature 186, 96–98 (1960).Google Scholar
- 18).Brooks, G. T., Harrison, A.: The metabolism of some cyclodiene insecticides in relation to dieldrin-resistance in the adult housefly. J. Insect Physiol. 10, 633–641 (1964).Google Scholar
- 19).Brown, A. W.A., Perry, A. S.: Dehydrochlorination of DDT by resistant houseflies and mosquitoes. Nature 178, 368–369 (1956).Google Scholar
- 20).Bull, D. L., Adkisson, P. L.: Absorption and metabolism of C14-labelled DDT by DDT-susceptible and DDT-resistant pink bollworm adults. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 641–643 (1956).Google Scholar
- 21).Bull, D. L., Whitten, C. J.: Factors influencing organophosphorus insecticide resistance in tobacco budworms. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 561–564 (1972).Google Scholar
- 22).Campbell, W. R., Cochran, D. G.: Untitled abstract, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 11, 157 (1965).Google Scholar
- 23).Chattoraj, A. N., Kearns, C. W.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase activity in the Mexican bean beetle. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 4, 95 (1958).Google Scholar
- 24).Cole, M. M., Clark, P. H.: Development of resistance to synergized Pyrethrins in body lice, and cross resistance to DDT. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 649–651 (1961).Google Scholar
- 25).Collins, W. J., Forgash, A. J.: Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Musca domestica: carboxyl-esterase and degradative enzymes. J. Econ. Entomol. 63, 394–400 (1970).Google Scholar
- 26).Dahm, P. A.: Some aspects of the metabolism of parathion and diazinon. In: Biochemical Toxicology of Insecticides, Ed. R. D. O’Brien and I. Yamamoto, pp. 51–63. New York: Academic Press 1970.Google Scholar
- 27).Davies, M, Keiding, J., von Hofsten, C. G.: Resistance to Pyrethrins and to pyrethrins-piperonyl butoxide in a wild strain of Musca domestica L. Nature 182, 1816–1817 (1958).Google Scholar
- 28).Dinamarca, M. L., Agosin, M., Neghme, A.: The metabolic fate of C14-DDT in Triatoma infestans. Exp. Parasitol. 12, 61–72 (1962).Google Scholar
- 29).Dorval, C., Brown, A. W. A.: Inheritance of resistance to fenthion in Culex pipiens fatigans. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 43, 727–734 (1970).Google Scholar
- 30).Dyte, C. E., Rowlands, D. G.: The metabolism and synergism of malathion in resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum. J. Stored Products Res. 4, 157–173 (1968).Google Scholar
- 31).Earle, N. W.: The fate of cyclodiene insecticides administered to susceptible and resistant house flies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 281–285 (1963).Google Scholar
- 32).El-Basheir, S.: Cause of resistance to DDT in a diazinon-selected and a DDT-selected strain of houseflies. Ent. Exp. Appl. 10, 111–126 (1967).Google Scholar
- 33).El-Basheir, S., Oppenoorth, F. J.: Microsomal oxidations of some organophosphate insecticides in some resistant strains of houseflies. Nature 223, 210–211 (1969).Google Scholar
- 34).Eldefrawi, M. E., Hoskins, W. M.: Relation of the rate of penetration and metabolism to the toxicity of Sevin to three species. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 401–405 (1961).Google Scholar
- 35).Farnham, A. W.: Changes in cross-resistance patterns of houseflies selected with natural Pyrethrins or resmethrin. Pesticide Sci. 2, 138–143 (1971).Google Scholar
- 36).Farnham, A. W., Lord, K. A., Sawicki, R. M.: Study of some of the mechanisms connected with resistance to diazinon and diazoxon in a diazinon-resistant strain of houseflies. J. Insect Physiol. 11, 1475–1488 (1965).Google Scholar
- 37).Ferguson, W. C., Kearns, C. W.: The metabolism of DDT in the large milkweed bug. J. Econ. Entomol. 42, 810–817 (1949).Google Scholar
- 38).Fine, B. C., Godin, P. J., Thain, E. M.: Penetration of Pyrethrin I labelled with carbon-14 into susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant houseflies. Nature 199, 927–928 (1963).Google Scholar
- 39).Forgash, A. J.: The effect of insecticides and other toxic substances upon the reduced glutathione of Periplaneta americana. J. Econ. Entomol. 44, 870–878 (1951).Google Scholar
- 40).Forgas, A.J., Cook, B.J., Riley, R.C: Mechanisms of resistance in diazinon-selected multiresistant Musca domestica. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 544–551 (1962).Google Scholar
- 41).Franco, M. G., Oppenoorth, F. J.: Genetical experiments on the gene for low aliesterase activity and organophosphate resistance in Musca domestica. L. Ent. Exp. Applic. 5, 119–123 (1962).Google Scholar
- 42).Gatterdam, P. E., De, R. K., Guthrie, F. E., Bowery, T. G.: The absorption, metabolism and excretion of C 14-labelled TDE in certain insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 258–264 (1964).Google Scholar
- 43).Georghiou, G. P.: Isolation, characterization and re-synthesis of insecticide resistance factors in the housefly, Musca domestica. Proc. 2nd Internat. Congr. Pesticide Chem. 2, 77–94 (1971).Google Scholar
- 44).Georghiou, G. P., Metcalf, R. L.: The absorption and metabolism of 3-isopropylphenyl N-methyl-carbamate by susceptible and carbamate-selected strains of houseflies. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 231–233 (1961).Google Scholar
- 45).Gerolt, P.: The fate of dieldrin in insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 849–857 (1965).Google Scholar
- 46).Gerolt, P.: Mechanism of resistance to dichlorvos in adult houseflies. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 4, 275–288 (1974).Google Scholar
- 47).Grigolo, A., Oppenoorth, F. J.: The importance of DDT-dehydrochlorinase for the effect of the resistance gene kdr in the housefly. Genetica 37, 159–170 (1966).Google Scholar
- 48).Hanna, M. A., Atallah, Y. H.: Penetration and biodegradation of carbaryl in susceptible and resistant strains of the Egyptian cotton leafworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 64, 1391–1394 (1971).Google Scholar
- 49).Harington, J. S.: Contents of cystine-cysteine, glutathione and total free sulphydryl in arsenic-resistant and sensitive strains of the blue tick. Nature 184, 1739–1740 (1959).Google Scholar
- 50).Harington, J. S.: A suggested role for copper in the arsenic-resistance of the blue tick. J. So. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 32, 373–379 (1961).Google Scholar
- 51).Hartgrove, R. W., Webb, R. E.: The development of benzpyrene hydroxylase activity in endrin susceptible and resistant pine mice. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 3, 61–65 (1973).Google Scholar
- 52).Haseman, L., Meffert, R. L.: Are we developing strains of codling moths resistant to arsenic? Missouri Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 202, 11 pp. (1933).Google Scholar
- 53).Herne, D. H. C., Brown, A. W. A.: Inheritance and biochemistry of OP-resistance in a New York strain of the two-spotted spider mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 205–209 (1969).Google Scholar
- 54).Hollingworth, R. M.: The dealkylation of organophosphorus triesters by liver enzymes. In: Biochemical Toxicology of Insecticides. Ed. R. D. O’Brien and I. Yamamoto, pp. 75–92. New York: Academic Press 1970.Google Scholar
- 55).Hollingworth, R. M., Metcalf, R. L., Fukuto, T. R.: The selectivity of Sumithion compared with methyl parathion: metabolism in resistant and susceptible houseflies. J. Agr. Food. Chem. 15, 250–255 (1967).Google Scholar
- 56).Hooper, G. H. S.: Metabolism of insecticides by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus: in vivo metabolism of DDT by larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 490–493 (1968).Google Scholar
- 57).Hooper, G. H. S.: Gas-liquid chromatography analysis of DDT metabolism in Aedes aegypti. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 858–859 (1968).Google Scholar
- 58).Hoskins, W. M., Witt, J. M.: Types of DDT metabolism as illustrated in several insect species. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Entomol. 2, 151–156 (1958).Google Scholar
- 59).Hough, W. S.: Colorado and Virginia strains of codling moth in relation to their ability to enter sprayed and unsprayed apples. J. Agric. Res. 48, 433–453 (1934).Google Scholar
- 60).Hoyer, R. F., Plapp, F. W.: Insecticidal resistance in the house fly: identification of a gene that confers resistance to organotin insecticides and acts as an intensifier of parathion-resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1269–1276 (1968).Google Scholar
- 61).Ishida, M., Dahm, P. A.: Metabolism of benzene hexachloride isomers and related compounds in vitro. I, II. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 383–391, 602–607 (1965).Google Scholar
- 62).Kalra, R. L., Perry, A. S., Miles, J. W.: Studies on the mechanism of DDT resistance in Culex pipiensfatigans. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 37, 651–656 (1967).Google Scholar
- 63).Kasai, T., Ogita, Z.: Studies on malathion-resistance and esterase activity in green rice leaf-hoppers. SABCO Journal 1, 130–140 (1965).Google Scholar
- 64).Keiding, J.: Annual Report of the Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory (Skadedyrlaboratorium), Lyngby, p. 46 (1970).Google Scholar
- 65).Khan, M. A. Q.: Some biochemical characteristics of the microsomal cyclodiene epoxidase system and its inheritance in the house fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 388–392 (1969).Google Scholar
- 66).Khan, M. A. Q., Brown, A. W. A.: Lipids and dieldrin resistance in Aedes aegypti. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 1512–1514 (1966).Google Scholar
- 67).Khan, M. A. Q., Terriere, L. C.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase activity in house fly strains resistant to various groups of insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 732–736 (1968).Google Scholar
- 68).Kimura, T., Brown, A. W. A.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase in Aedes aegypti. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 710–716 (1964).Google Scholar
- 69).Kimura, T., Duffy, J. R., Brown, A. W. A.: Dehydrochlorination and DDT-resistance in Culex mosquitoes. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 32, 557–561 (1965).Google Scholar
- 70).Kojima, K., Ishizuka, T., Kitakata, S.: Metabolic fate of parathion and paraoxon in parathion susceptible and resistant larvae of the rice stem borer. Botyu-Kagaku 28, 55–63 (1963).Google Scholar
- 71).Kojima, K., Ishizuka, T., Kitakata, S.: Mechanism of resistance to malathion in the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps. Botyu-Kagaku 28, 17–25 (1963).Google Scholar
- 72).Kojima, K., Ishizuka, T., Shiino, A., Kitakata, S.: Studies on metabolism of parathion in parathion susceptible and resistant larvae of the rice stem borer. Japan J. Appl. Ent. Zool. 7, 63–69 (1963).Google Scholar
- 73).Korte, F., Arent, H.: Isolation and identification of dieldrin metabolites from urine of rabbits after oral administration of dieldrin-14C. Life Sciences 4, 2017–2026 (1965).Google Scholar
- 74).Korte, F., Ludwig, G., Vogel, J.: Umwandlung von Aldrin-(14C) und Dieldrin-(14C) durch Mikroorganismen, Leberhomogenate und Moskito-larven. Justus Liebig’s Annal. Chem. 656, 135–140 (1962).Google Scholar
- 75).Krueger, H. R., O’Brien, R. D., Dauterman, W. C.: Relationship between metabolism and differential toxicity in insects and mice of diazinon, dimethoate, parathion and acethion. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 25–31 (1960).Google Scholar
- 76).Ku, T., Bishop, J. L.: Penetration, excretion and metabolism of carbaryl in susceptible and resistant German cockroaches. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 1328–1332 (1967).Google Scholar
- 77).Kuhr, R. J.: Possible role of tyrosinase and cytochrome P-450 in the metabolism of carbaryl and phenyl methyl carbamate by houseflies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 112–115 (1969).Google Scholar
- 78).Kuhr, R. J.: Comparative metabolism of carbaryl by resistant and susceptible strains of the cabbage looper. J. Econ. Entomol. 64, 1377–1378 (1971).Google Scholar
- 79).Kuhr, R. J., Schohn, J. L., Tashiro, H., Fiori, B. J.: Dieldrin-resistance in the European chafer grub. J. Econ. Entomol. 65, 1555–1560 (1972).Google Scholar
- 80).Lee, R. M., Batham, P.: The activity and organophosphate inhibition of cholinesterases from susceptible and resistant ticks. Ent. Exp. Applic. 9, 13–24 (1966).Google Scholar
- 81).Lewis, J. B.: Detoxification of diazinon by subcellular fractions of diazinon-resistant and susceptible houseflies. Nature 224, 917–918 (1969).Google Scholar
- 82).Lewis, J. B., Sawicki, R. M.: Characterization of the resistance mechanisms to diazinon, parathion and diazoxon in the organophosphorus-resistant SKA strain of house flies. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 1, 275–285 (1971).Google Scholar
- 83).Lipke, H., Chalkley, J.: The conversion of DDT to DDE by some anophelines. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 30, 57–64 (1964).Google Scholar
- 84).Lipke, H., Keams, C. W.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase. I. Isolation, chemical properties, and spectro-photometric assay. J. Biol. Chem. 234, 2123–2125 (1959).Google Scholar
- 85).Lipke, H., Kearns, C. W.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase. II. Substrate and co-factor specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 234, 2129–2132 (1959).Google Scholar
- 86).Lord, K. A., Molloy, F. M., Potter, C.: Penetration of diazoxon and acetylcholine into the thoracic ganglia in susceptible and resistant houseflies. Bull. Ent. Res. 54, 189–197 (1963).Google Scholar
- 87).Lovell, J. B., Kearns, C. W.: Inheritance of DDT-dehydrochlorinase in the house fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 931–935 (1959).Google Scholar
- 88).March, R. B.: Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1, 13–19 (1959).Google Scholar
- 89).Matsumura, F., Brown, A. W. A.: Biochemistry of malathion resistance in Culex tarsalis. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 1176–1185 (1961).Google Scholar
- 90).Matsumura, F., Brown, A. W. A.: Studies on carboxyesterase in malathion-resistant Culex tarsalis. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 381–388 (1963).Google Scholar
- 91).Matsumura, F., Hayashi, M.: Interaction of dieldrin with the subcellular components of both resistant and susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News 26, 190–194 (1966).Google Scholar
- 92).Matsumura, F., Hayashi, M.: Dieldrin: interaction with nerve components of cockroaches. Science 153, 757–759 (1966).Google Scholar
- 93).Matsumura, F., Hayashi, M.: Dieldrin resistance: biochemical mechanisms in the German cockroach. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 231–235 (1969).Google Scholar
- 94).Matsumura, F., Hogendijk, C. J.: The enzymatic degradation of parathion in organophosphate-susceptible and -resistant houseflies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12, 447–453 (1964).Google Scholar
- 95).Matsumura, F., Hogendijk, C. J.: The enzymatic degradation of malathion in organophosphate resistant and susceptible strains of Musca domestica. Ent. Exp. Applic. 7, 179–193 (1964).Google Scholar
- 96).Matsumura, F., Telford, J. N., Hayashi, M.: Effect of sesamex upon dieldrin resistance in the German cockroach. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 942–944 (1967).Google Scholar
- 97).Matsumura, F., Voss, G.: Mechanism of malathion and parathion resistance in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 911–917 (1964).Google Scholar
- 98).Matsumura, F., Voss, G.: Properties of partially purified malathion carboxyesterase of the two-spotted spider mite. J. Insect Physiol. 11, 147–160 (1965).Google Scholar
- 99).Mengle, D. C., Casida, J. E.: Biochemical factors in the acquired resistance of houseflies to organo-phosphate insecticides. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 431–437 (1960).Google Scholar
- 100).Mengle, D. C., Lewallen, L. L.: Metabolism of malathion by a resistant and a susceptible strain of Culex tarsalis. Mosquito News 23, 226–233 (1963).Google Scholar
- 101).Menale, D. C., Lewallen, L. L.: Biochemical-radiological determinations of parathion resistance in Aedes nigromaculis. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 743–744 (1966).Google Scholar
- 102).Metcalf, R. L., Fukuto, T. R., Winton, M. Y.: Chemical and biological behaviour of fenthion residues. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 29, 219–236 (1963).Google Scholar
- 103).Micks, D. W., Singh, K. R. P.: Infra-red spectra of acetone extracts of susceptible and insecticide resistant strains of houseflies. Texas Repts. Biol. Med. 16, 355–362 (1958).Google Scholar
- 104).Milani, R., Travaglino, A.: Concatenazione dei gene kdr (knockdown resistance) con due mutanti morphologici. Riv. Parassit. 18, 199–202 (1957).Google Scholar
- 105).Miller, S., Perry, A. S.: Separation and purification of DDT-degrading enzymes from the human body louse. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12, 167–169 (1964).Google Scholar
- 106).Miyake, S. S., Kearns, C. W., Lipke, H.: Distribution of DDT-dehydrochlorinase in various tissues of DDT-resistant house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 50, 359–360 (1957).Google Scholar
- 107).Moorefleld, H. H., Kearns, C. W.: Mechanism of action of certain synergists for DDT against resistant house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 403–406 (1955).Google Scholar
- 108).Moss, J. A., Hathaway, D. E.: Partition of dieldrin and telodrin between the cellular components and soluble proteins of blood. Biochem. J. 91, 384–393 (1964).Google Scholar
- 109).Motoyama, N., Dauterman, W. C.: In vitro metabolism of azinphosmethyl in susceptible and resistant houseflies. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2, 113–122 (1972).Google Scholar
- 110).Motoyama, N., Rock, G. C., Dauterman, W. C.: Studies on the mechanism of azinphosmethyl resistance in the predaceous mite, Neoseiulus fallacis. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 1, 205–215 (1972).Google Scholar
- 111).Nakatsugawa, T., Tolman, N. M., Dahm, P. A.: Degradation and activation of parathion analogs by microsomal enzymes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17, 1517–1528 (1968).Google Scholar
- 112).Nakatsugawa, T., Tolman, N. M., Dahm, P. A.: Metabolism of S35-parathion in the house fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 408–411 (1969).Google Scholar
- 113).Nolan, J., Schnitzerling, H. J., Schuntner, C. A.: Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase from resistant and susceptible strains of the cattle tick. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2, 85–94 (1972).Google Scholar
- 114).Oonnithan, E. S., Miskus, R.: Metabolism of C14-dieldrin by dieldrin-resistant Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 425–426 (1964).Google Scholar
- 115).Oppenoorth, F. J.: Metabolism of gamma-benzene hexachloride in susceptible and resistant houseflies. Nature 173, 1000–1001 (1954).Google Scholar
- 116).Oppenoorth, F. J.: Resistance to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in Musca domestica L. Arch. Neerl. Zool. 12, 1–62 (1956).Google Scholar
- 117).Oppenoorth, F. J.: A mechanism of resistance to parathion in Musca domestica (L.) Nature 181, 425–426 (1958).Google Scholar
- 118).Oppenoorth, F. J.: Two types of sesamex-suppressible resistance in the housefly. Ent. Exp. Applic. 10, 75–86 (1967).Google Scholar
- 119).Oppenoorth, F. J.: Resistance in insects: the role of metabolism and the possible use of synergists. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 44, 195–202 (1971).Google Scholar
- 120).Oppenoorth, F. J., van Asperen, K.: The detoxication enzymes causing organophosphate resistance in the housefly. Ent. Exp. Applic. 4, 311–333 (1961).Google Scholar
- 121).Oppenoorth, F. J., Houx, N. W. H.: DDT resistance in the housefly caused by microsomal degradation. Ent. Exp. Applic. 11, 81–93 (1968).Google Scholar
- 122).Oppenoorth, F. J., Rupes, V., El-Basheir, S., Houx, N. W. H., Voerman, S.: Glutathione-dependent degradation of parathion and its significance for resistance in the housefly. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2, 262–269 (1972).Google Scholar
- 123).Pate, T. L., Vinson, S. B.: Evidence of a non-specific type resistance to insecticides by a resistant strain of the tobacco budworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1135–1137 (1968).Google Scholar
- 124).Perry, A. S.: Investigations on the mechanism of DDT-resistance in certain anopheline mosquitoes. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 22, 743–756 (1960).Google Scholar
- 125).Perry, A. S., Buckner, A. J.: Biochemical investigations on DDT-resistance in the human body louse. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 7, 620–626 (1958).Google Scholar
- 126).Perry, A. S., Dale, W. E., Buckner, A. J.: Induction and repression of microsomal mixed-function oxidases and cytochrome P-450 in resistant and susceptible houseflies. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 1, 131–142 (1972).Google Scholar
- 127).Perry, A. S., Hoskins, W. M.: The detoxification of DDT by resistant house flies and inhibition of this process by piperonyl cyclonene. Science 111, 600–601 (1950).Google Scholar
- 128).Perry, A. S., Jensen, J. A., Pearce, G. W.: Colorimetric and radiometric determinations of DDT and its metabolites in resistant houseflies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 1008–1010 (1955).Google Scholar
- 129).Perry, A. S., Mattson, A. M., Buckner, A. J.: The metabolism of heptachlor by resistant and susceptible houseflies. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 346–351 (1958).Google Scholar
- 130).Perry, A. S., Miller, S., Buckner, A. J.: The enzymatic in vitro degradation of DDT by susceptible and DDT-resistant body lice. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 457–462 (1963).Google Scholar
- 131).Perry, A. S., Pearce, G. W., Buckner, A. J.: The absorption, distribution, and fate of C14-aldrin and C14-dieldrin by susceptible and resistant house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 867–872 (1964).Google Scholar
- 132).Perry, A. S., Sacktor, B.: Detoxification of DDT in relation to cytochrome oxidase activity in resistant and susceptible house flies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 48, 329–333 (1955).Google Scholar
- 133).Plapp, F. W.: On the molecular biology of insecticide resistance. In: Biochemical Toxicology of Insecticides, Ed. R. D. O’Brien and J. Yamamoto, pp. 179–192. New York: Academic Press 1970.Google Scholar
- 134).Plapp, F. W.: Insecticide resistance in Heliothis: tolerance in larvae of H. virescens as compared with H. zea to organophosphate insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 64, 999–1002 (1971).Google Scholar
- 135).Plapp, F. W.: Comparison of insecticide absorption and detoxification in larvae of the bollworm Heliothis zea and the tobacco budworm H. virescens. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2, 447–455 (1973).Google Scholar
- 136).Plapp, F. W., Bigley, W. S., Darrow, D. I., Eddy, G. W.: Studies on parathion metabolism in normal and parathion-resistant house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 389–392 (1961).Google Scholar
- 137).Plapp, F. W., Casida, J. E.: Genetic control of house fly NADPH-dependent oxidases: relation to insecticide chemical metabolism and resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 1174–1179 (1969).Google Scholar
- 138).Plapp, F. W., Chapman, G. A., Bigley, W. S.: A mechanism of resistance to Isolan in the house fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 692–695 (1964).Google Scholar
- 139).Plapp, F. W., Chapman, G. A., Morgan, J. W.: DDT resistance in Culex tarsalis: cross resistance to related compounds and metabolic fate of a C14-labeled DDT analog. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 1064–1069 (1965).Google Scholar
- 140).Plapp, F. W., Hoyer, R. F.: Possible pleiotropism of a gene conferring resistance to DDT, DDT analogs and Pyrethrins in the house fly and Culex tarsalis. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 761–765 (1968).Google Scholar
- 141).Plapp, F. W., Hoyer, R. F.: Insecticide resistance in the house fly: decreased rate of absorption as the mechanism of action of a gene that acts as an intensifier of resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1298–1303 (1968).Google Scholar
- 142).Polles, S. G., Vinson, S. B.: Penetration, distribution and metabolism of 14C-endrin in resistant and susceptible tobacco budworm larvae. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 38–41 (1972).Google Scholar
- 143).Pratt, J. J., Babers, F. H.: The resistance of insects to insecticides: some differences between strains of house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 864–869 (1953).Google Scholar
- 144).Ray, J. W.: Insecticide absorbed by the central nervous system of susceptible and resistant cockroaches exposed to dieldrin. Nature 197, 1226–1227 (1963).Google Scholar
- 145).Reiff, M.: Einige Befunde über die Selektionsprozesse bei der Entwicklung der Insektizid-resistenz. Rev. Suisse Zool. 63, 317–329 (1956).Google Scholar
- 146).Roulston, W. J., Schuntner, C. A.: Sulphydryl content of the embryos of the Australian cattle tick. Nature 186, 1069–1070 (1960).Google Scholar
- 147).Roulston, W. J., Schunter, C. A., Schnitzerling, H. J., Wilson, J. T.: Detoxification as a mechanism of resistance in a strain of the cattle tick resistant to organophosphorus and carbamate compounds. Austral. J. Biol. Sci. 22, 1585–1589 (1969).Google Scholar
- 148).Saito, T., Kojima, K., Morikawa, O.: 11th Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo Symposium 44 (1966).Google Scholar
- 149).Sawicki, R. M.: Interaction between the factor delaying penetration of insecticides and the desethylation mechanism of resistance in organophosphorus-resistant houseflies. Pesticide Sci. 1, 84–87 (1970).Google Scholar
- 150).Sawicki, R. M., Farnham, A. W.: Genetics of resistance to insecticides of the SKA strain of Musca domestica. II. Isolation of the dominant factors of resistance to diazinon. Ent. Exp. Applic. 10, 253–262 (1967).Google Scholar
- 151).Sawicki, R. M., Farnham, A. W.: Ibid. III. Location and isolation of the factors of resistance to dieldrin. Ent. Exp. Applic. 11, 132–142 (1968).Google Scholar
- 152).Sceicz, F. M., Plapp, F. W., Vinson, S. B.: Tobacco budworm: penetration of several insecticides into the larva. J. Econ. Entomol. 66, 9–15 (1973).Google Scholar
- 153).Schaeffer, C. H., Sun, Y. P.: A study of dieldrin in the house fly central nervous system in relation to dieldrin resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 1580–1583 (1967).Google Scholar
- 154).Schnitzerling, H. J., Roulston, W. J., Schuntner, C. A.: The absorption and metabolism of 14C-DDT in DDT-resistant and susceptible strains of the cattle tick. Austral. J. Biol. Sci. 23, 219–230 (1970).Google Scholar
- 155).Schonbrod, R. D., Khan, M. A. Q., Terriere, L. C., Plapp, F. W.: Microsomal oxidases in the housefly: a survey of fourteen strains. Life Sci. 7, 681–688 (1968).Google Scholar
- 156).Schunter, C. A., Roulston, W. J.: A resistance mechanism in organophosphorus-resistant strains of sheep blowfly (Lucilia caprina). Austral. J. Biol. Sci. 21, 173–176 (1968).Google Scholar
- 157).Schuntner, C. A., Roulston, W. J., Schneitzerling, J. H.: A mechanism of resistance to organophos-phorus insecticides in a strain of the cattle tick. Austral. J. Biol. Sci. 21, 97–109 (1968).Google Scholar
- 158).Schuntner, C. A., Schnitzerling, H. J., Roulston, W. J.: Carbaryl metabolism in larvae of organo-phosphorus and carbamate-susceptible and -resistant strains of cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 2, 424–433 (1971).Google Scholar
- 159).Shono, T.: Studies on the mechanism of resistance in diazinon resistant Hokota strain of houseflies: in vitro degradation of diazoxon. Botyu-Kagaku, 39, 54–59 (1974).Google Scholar
- 160).Shrivastava, S. P., Georghiou, G. P., Fukuto, T. R.: Metabolism of N-methylcarbamate insecticides by mosquito larval enzyme system requiring NADPH2. Ent. Exp. Applic. 14, 333–348 (1971).Google Scholar
- 161).Shrivastava, S. P., Georghiou, G. P., Metcalf, R. L., Fukuto, T. R.: The metabolism of propoxur by susceptible and resistant larvae of Culex pipiens fatigans. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 42, 931–942 (1970).Google Scholar
- 162).Shrivastava, S. P., Tsukamoto, M., Casida, J. E.: Oxidative metabolism of C14-labelled Baygon by living house flies and by housefly enzymes. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 483–498 (1969).Google Scholar
- 163).Smissaert, H. R.: Cholinesterase inhibition in spider mites susceptible and resistant to organo-phosphate. Science 143, 129–131 (1964).Google Scholar
- 164).Sternburg, J., Kearns, C. W.: Degradation of DDT by resistant and susceptible strains of house flies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 43, 444–458 (1950).Google Scholar
- 165).Sternburg, J., Kearns, C. W.: Metabolic fate of DDT when applied to certain naturally tolerant insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 45, 497–505 (1952).Google Scholar
- 166).Sternburg, J., Kearns, C. W.: Pentachlorocyclohexene, intermediate in the metabolism of lindane by house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 49, 548–552 (1956).Google Scholar
- 167).Sternburg, J., Kearns, C. W., Moorefield, H. H.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase, an enzyme found in DDT-resistant flies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2, 1125–1130 (1954).Google Scholar
- 168).Sternburg, J., Vinson, E. B., Kearns, C. W.: Enzymatic dehydrochlorination of DDT-resistant house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 513–515 (1953).Google Scholar
- 169).Stone, B. F., Brown, A. W. A.: Mechanisms of resistance to fenthion in Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 40, 401–408 (1969).Google Scholar
- 170).Sun, Y. P., Johnson, E. R.: Synergistic and antagonistic action of insecticide-synergist combinations and their mode of action. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 261–266 (1960).Google Scholar
- 171).Suplicy, N., Guthrie, F. E., Dauterman, W. C.: Toxicity of a series of dimethoate analogues to resistant and susceptible house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 65, 1585–1587 (1972).Google Scholar
- 172).Tahori, A. S., Hoskins, W. M.: The absorption, distribution, and metabolism of DDT in DDT-resistant house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 302–306 (1953).Google Scholar
- 173).Terriere, L. C., Schonbrod, R. D.: The excretion of a radioactive metabolite by house flies treated with carbon 14 labeled DDT. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 736–739 (1955).Google Scholar
- 174).Thompson, M. E., Johnston, A. M.: Total sulfhydryl content of embryos of arsenic-resistant and sensitive strains of the blue tick. Nature 181, 647–648 (1958).Google Scholar
- 175).Tombes, A. S., Forgash, A. J.: DDT-dehydrochlorinase in the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Muls. J. Insect Physiol. 7, 216–223 (1961).Google Scholar
- 176).Tomlin, A. D.: Trans-aldrin glycol as a metabolite of dieldrin in larvae of the southern house mosquito. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 855–857 (1968).Google Scholar
- 177).Townsend, M. G., Busvine, J. R.: The mechanism of malathion-resistance in the blowfly Chrysomya putoria. Ent. Exp. Applic. 12, 243–267 (1969).Google Scholar
- 177a).Tripathi, R. K.: Relation of acetylcholinesterase sensitivity to cross-resistance of a resistant housefly strain. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 6, 30–34 (1976).Google Scholar
- 178).Tsukamoto, M.: Metabolic fate of DDT in Drosophila melanogaster, I, II, III. Botyu-Kagaku 24, 141–151 (1959)Google Scholar
- 178a).Tsukamoto, M.: Metabolic fate of DDT in Drosophila melanogaster, I, II, III. Botyu-Kagaku 25, 156–162 (1960)Google Scholar
- 178b).Tsukamoto, M.: Metabolic fate of DDT in Drosophila melanogaster, I, II, III. Botyu-Kagaku 26, 74–87 (1961).Google Scholar
- 179).Tsukamoto, M., Narahashi, T., Yamasaki, T.: Genetic control of low nerve sensitivity to DDT in insecticide-resistant houseflies. Botyu-Kagaku 30, 128–132 (1965).Google Scholar
- 180).Tsukamoto, M., Shrivastava, S. P., Casida, J. E.: Biochemical genetics of house fly resistance to carbamate insecticide chemicals. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 50–55 (1968).Google Scholar
- 181).Tsukamoto, M., Suzuki, R.: Genetic analysis of DDT-resistance in two strains of the housefly, Musca domestica. Botyu-Kagaku 29, 76–89 (1964).Google Scholar
- 182).Vinson, S. B., Brazzel, J. R.: The penetration and metabolism of C14-labeled DDT in resistant and susceptible tobacco budworm larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 600–604 (1966).Google Scholar
- 183).Voss, G., Matsumura, F.: Resistance to organophosphorus compounds in the two-spotted spider mite: Two different mechanisms of resistance. Nature 202, 319–320 (1964).Google Scholar
- 184).Voss, G., Matsumura, F.: Biochemical studies on a modified and normal Cholinesterase found in the Leverkusen strains of the two-spotted spider mite. Canad. J. Biochem. 43, 63–72 (1965).Google Scholar
- 185).Weiant, E. A.: Electrophysiological and behavioral studies on DDT-sensitive and DDT-resistant house flies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 48, 489–492 (1955).Google Scholar
- 186).Welling, W., Blaakmeer, P. T.: Metabolism of malathion in a resistant and a susceptible strain of houseflies. Proc. 2nd. Internat. IUPAC Congr. Pest. Chem. (A.S.Tahori, Ed. Gordon & Breach, N. Y.) 2, 61 (1971).Google Scholar
- 187).Welling, W., Blaakmeer, P., Vink, G. J., Voerman, S.: In vitro hydrolysis of paraoxon by parathion-resistant houseflies. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 1, 61–70 (1971).Google Scholar
- 188).Welling, W., de Vries, A. W., Voerman, S.: Oxidative cleavage of a carboxyester bond as a mechanism of resistance to malaoxon in houseflies. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 4, 31–43 (1974).Google Scholar
- 189).Wells, M. R., Ludke, J. L., Yarbrough, J. D.: Epoxidation and fate of [14C] aldrin in insecticide resistant and susceptible populations of mosquito fish (Gambusia affìnis). J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 428–429 (1973).Google Scholar
- 190).Wharton, R. H., Roulston, W. J.: Resistance of ticks to chemicals. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 15, 381–404 (1970).Google Scholar
- 191).Whitehead, G. B.: Pyrethrum resistance conferred by resistance to DDT in the blue tick. Nature 284, 378–379 (1959).Google Scholar
- 192).Whitehead, G. B.: Investigation of the mechanism of resistance to sodium arsenite in the blue tick. J. Insect Physiol. 7, 177–185 (1961).Google Scholar
- 193).Whitten, C. J., Bull, D. L.: Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in tobacco budworms. J. Econ. Entomol. 63, 1492–1495 (1970).Google Scholar
- 194).Whitte, C. J., Bull, D. L.: Comparative toxicity, absorption and metabolism of chlorpyrifos and its dimethyl homologue in methyl parathion-resistant and -susceptible tobacco budworms. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 4, 266–214 (1974).Google Scholar
- 195).Wiesmann, R.: Untersuchungen über das physiologische Verhalten von Musca domestica verschiedener Provenienzen. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 20, 484–504 (1947).Google Scholar
- 196).Wiesmann, R.: Vergleichende histologische Untersuchungen an normalsensiblen und gegen DDT resistenten Stammen von Musca domestica. J. Insect Physiol. 1, 187–197 (1957).Google Scholar
- 197).Wilkinson, C. F.: Effects of synergists on the metabolism and toxicity of anticholinesterases. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 44, 171–190 (1971).Google Scholar
- 198).Winteringham, F. P. W., Harrison, A.: Mechanisms of resistance of adult houseflies to the insecticide dieldrin. Nature 184, 608–610 (1959).Google Scholar
- 199).Yamamoto, I., Casida, J. E.: O-Demethyl pyrethrin II analogs from oxidation of pyrethrin I, allethrin, dimethrin and phthalthrin by a house fly enzyme system. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 1542–1544 (1966).Google Scholar
- 200).Yamamoto, I., Kimmel, E. C., Casida, J. E.: Oxidative metabolism of pyrethroids in house flies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 1227–1236 (1969).Google Scholar
- 201).Yamasaki, T., Narahashi, T.: Resistance of houseflies to insecticides and the susceptibility of nerve to insecticides. Botyu-Kagaku 23, 146–157 (1958).Google Scholar
- 202).Yamasaki, T., Narahashi, T.: Nerve sensitivity and resistance to DDT in houseflies. Japan J. Appl. Ent. Zool. 6, 293–297 (1962).Google Scholar
- 203).Yang, R. S. H., Hodgson, E., Dauterman, W. C.: Metabolism in vitro of diazinon and diazoxon in susceptible and resistant houseflies. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 14–19 (1971).Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1976