Visually Evoked Potentials and Visual Perception in Man

  • Donald M. MacKay
  • D. Aled Jeffreys
Part of the Handbook of Sensory Physiology book series (SENSORY, volume 7 / 3 / 3 B)

Abstract

When a bright light is flashed into the eyes of a subject whose electroencephalogram (EEG) is being recorded, it is often possible to see, riding the normal EEG record after each flash, a transient polyphasic potential change of several microvolts in amplitude. Until the advent of electronic computing aids it was difficult to separate such “Visual Evoked Potentials” (VEP’s) from the ongoing EEG activity, and they remained little more than a curiosity. The past decade, however, has seen a proliferation of relatively inexpensive electronic devices for the extraction and purification of repetitive signals corrupted by an uncorrelated background. In their simplest forms such devices rely on the averaging of successive samples, in this case of the EEG, for a limited period after each presentation of the stimulus (Goldstein, 1960); but with the help of more powerful statistical techniques it becomes possible to ask increasingly sophisticated questions about the form of these potentials and their relation both to the parameters of stimulation and to the processes of perception.

Keywords

Visual Perception Binocular Rivalry Cortical Potential Calcarine Fissure Midline Electrode 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Armington, J.C.: The electroretinogram, the visual evoked potential and the area-luminance relation. Vision Res. 3, 263–276 (1968).Google Scholar
  2. Armington, J.C., Gaarder, K., Schick, A. M. L.: Variation of spontaneous ocular and occipital responses with stimulus parameters. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 57, 1534–1539 (1967).Google Scholar
  3. Balen, A.Th.M. van: The influence of suppression on the flicker ERG. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 440–446 (1964).Google Scholar
  4. Balen, A.Th.M. van, Denier, van der Gon, J. J., Hellendoorn, E.H.: The differentiation between responses of foveal and extrafoveal stimuli in the ERG and the EEG. In: Clinical Electroretinography, 255–262. Oxford — New York: Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
  5. Barlow, J. S., Ciganek, L.: Lambda responses in relation to visual evoked responses in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 183–192 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Bartlett, N.R., Eason, R.G., White, C.T.: Binocular summation in the evoked cortical potential. Percept. Psychophys. 3 (1B), 75–76 (1968).Google Scholar
  7. Bartlett, N.R., White, C.T.: Evoked potentials and correlated judgements of brightness as functions of interflash intervals. Science 148, 980–981 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Bartlett, N.R., White, C.T.: Cortical potentials evoked by the onset and the termination of foveal stimulation. Psychonom. Sci. 11, 357 (1968).Google Scholar
  9. Baumgartner, G., Brown, J. L., Schulz, A.: Responses of single units of the cat visual system to rectangular stimulus patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1–18 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Beatty, J.: Some further studies on the effect of grouping elements of a visual stimulus on the cortical evoked potential. Percept. Psychophys. 6, 373–378 (1969).Google Scholar
  11. Beatty, J., Uttal, W.R.: The effects of grouping visual stimuli on the cortical evoked potential. Percept. Psychophys. 4, 214–216 (1968).Google Scholar
  12. Bergamini, L., Bergamasco, B.: Cortical evoked potentials in man. Springfield, Ill.: C.C.Thomas, 1967.Google Scholar
  13. Bickford, R. G., Jacobson, J. L., Cody, D.T.R.: Nature of average evoked potential to sound and other stimuli in man. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 204–224 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Brazier, M.A.B.: Evoked responses recorded from the depths of the human brain. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 33–59 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Burkhardt, D.A., Riggs, L.A.: Modification of the human visual evoked potential by monochromatic backgrounds. Vision Res. 7, 453–459 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Campbell, F.W., Maffei, L.: Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of orientation and size detectors in the human visual system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 207, 635–652 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Canter, M.B., Fleming, D.E.: Cortical potentials evoked in man by brief photic stimulus trains: Perceptual-electrophysiological correlates, Vision Res. 6, 199–206 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Chapman, R.M.: Evoked responses to relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli while problem solving. Proc. 73rd Ann. Conv. Amer. Psychol. Ass. 177–178 (1965).Google Scholar
  19. Chapman, R.M., Bragdon, H.R.: Evoked responses to numerical and nonnumerical visual stimuli while problem solving. Nature (Lond.) 203, 1155–1157 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Chase, R., Kalil, R.: Visual evoked responses to flashes and pattern shifts during voluntary eye movements. Vision Res. 12, 215–220 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Chatrian, G.E., Bickford, R.G., Peterson, M.C., Dodge, H.W., Jr., Lazarte, J.A., Holman, C.B.: Lambda waves with depth electrodes in humans. In: Electrical Studies in the Unanesthetized Brain. New York: P. B. Hoeber 1960.Google Scholar
  22. Ciganek, L.: Die elektroencephalographische Lichtreizantwort der menschlichen Hirnrinde. Bratislava: Slovak Acad. Sci. 1961.Google Scholar
  23. Ciganek, L.: Excitability cycle of the visual cortex in man. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 241–253 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Ciganek, L.: Variability of the human visual evoked potential: normative data. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 35–42 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Ciganek, L., Ingvar, D.H.: Color specific features of visual cortical responses in man evoked by monochromatic flashes. Acta physiol. scand. 76, 82–92 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Clarke, P. G. H.: Visual evoked potentials to sudden reversal of the motion of a pattern. Brain Res. 36, 453–458 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Clynes, M., Kohn, M.: Specific responses of the brain to color stimuli. Proc. 17th Ann. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. (1964).Google Scholar
  28. Clynes, M., Kohn, M.: Spatial visual evoked potentials as physiologic language elements for colour and field structure. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 82–96 (1967).Google Scholar
  29. Clynes, M., Kohn, M., Lifshitz, K.: Dynamics and spatial behaviour of light evoked potentials, their modification under hypnosis, and on-line correlation in relation to rhythmic components. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 468–509 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Cobb, W. A., Ettlinger, G., Morton, H.B.: Visual evoked potentials in binocular rivalry. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 100–107 (1967a).Google Scholar
  31. Cobb, W. A., Morton, H.B., Ettlinger, G.: Cerebral potentials evoked by pattern reversal and their suppression in visual rivalry. Nature (Lond.) 216, 1124–1125 (1967b).Google Scholar
  32. Cohen, J.: Very slow brain potentials relating to expectancy: the CNV. In: Averaged Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results and Evaluations, Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.), Washington D. C. NASA Sp-191, 143–198 (1969).Google Scholar
  33. Cohn, R.: Some characteristics of the cortical potential fields of the optic chiasm-sectioned cat. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 280–287 (1969a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Cohn, R.: Visual evoked responses in the brain injured monkey. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 21, 321– 329 (1969b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Cooper, R., Winter, A. L., Crow, H. J., Walter, W.G.: Comparison of subcortical and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 217–228 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Copenhaver, R.M., Perry, N.W., Jr.: Factors affecting visually evoked cortical potentials such as impaired vision of varying etiology. Invest. Ophthal. 3, 665–673 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Corletto, F., Gentilimo, A., Rosadini, G., Rossi, G.F., Attoni, J.Z.: Visual evoked potentials as recorded from the scalp and from the visual cortex before and after removal of the occipital pole in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 378–380 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Creutzfeldt, O. D., Kuhnt, U.: The visual evoked potential: Physiological, developmental and clinical aspects. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 29–41 (1967).Google Scholar
  39. Creutzfeldt, O. D., Rosina, A. Ito, M., Probst, W.: Visual evoked response of single cells and of the EEG in primary visual area of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 127–139 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Crighel, E., Botez, M.I.: Photic evoked potentials in man in lesions of the occipital lobes. Brain 89, 311–316 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Dawson, W.W., Perry, N.W., Jr., Childers, D.G.,: Flash and scan stimulation of retinal fields and evoked response production. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 467–473 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. De Voe, R.G., Ripps, H., Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: Cortical response to stimulation of the human fovea. Vision Res. 8, 135–147 (1968).Google Scholar
  43. Diamond, S.P.: Input-output relations. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 160–171 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Donchin, E.: Data analysis techniques in average evoked potential research. In: Averaged Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results, Evaluations. Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.): Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191, 199–236 (1969).Google Scholar
  45. Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Visually evoked response correlates of perceptual masking and enhancement. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 19, 325–335 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Averaged evoked potentials: Methods, results and evaluations. Washington, D.C.: NASA, Sp-191 (1969).Google Scholar
  47. Donchin, E., Cohen, L.: Evoked potentials to stimuli presented to the suppressed eye in a binocular rivalry experiment. Vision Res. 10, 103–106 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Duffy, F.H., Lombroso, C.T.: Electrophysiological evidence for visual suppression prior to the onset of a voluntary saccadic eye movement. Nature (Lond.) 218, 1074–1075 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Dustman, R.E., Beck, E.C.: Phase of alpha brain waves, reaction time and visually evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 433–440 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Dustman, R.E., Beck, E.C.: The effects of maturation and ageing on the waveform of visually evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 2–11 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Eason, R.G., Groves, P., White, C.T., Oden, D.: Evoked cortical potentials: Relation to visual field and handedness. Science 156, 1643–1646 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Efron, R.: Artificial synthesis of evoked responses to light flash. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 292–304 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. Emrich,H., Lohse-Streek, E.: Der Off-Effekt des optisch evozierten Potentials beim Menschen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 196, 217–235 (1969).Google Scholar
  54. Fehmi, L.G., Adkins, J.W., Lindsley, D. B.: Electrophysiological correlates of visual perceptual masking in monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 299–316 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Ferris, G.S., Davis, G.D., Dorsen, M. McF., Hackett, E.R.: Changes in latency and form of the photically induced average evoked responses in human infants. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 305–312 (1967).Google Scholar
  56. Fiorentini, A., Maffei, L.: Electrophysiological evidence for binocular disparity detectors in human visual system. Science 169, 208–209 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Floris, V., Morocutti, C., Amabile, G., Bernardi, G., Rizzo, P.A., Vasconetto, C: Recovery cycle of visual evoked potentials in normal and schizophrenic subjects. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 74–81 (1967).Google Scholar
  58. Fogarty, T.P., Reuben, R.N.: Light-evoked cortical and retinal responses in premature infants. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 81, 454–459 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Fox, S.S., O’Brien, J. H.: Duplication of evoked potential waveforms by curve of probability of firing of a single cell. Science 147, 888–890 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Freeman, W. J.: The electrical activity of a primary sensory cortex: Analysis of EEG waves. Internat. Rev. Neurobiol. 5, 53–119 (1963).Google Scholar
  61. Fromm, G.H., Bond, H. W.: The relationship between neuron activity and cortical steady potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 159–166 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Gaarder, K.: Interpretive study of evoked responses elicited by gross saccadic eye movements. Percept, mot. Skills 27, 683–703 (1968).Google Scholar
  63. Gaarder, K., Krauskopf, J., Graf, V., Kropfl, W., Armington, J.C.: Averaged brain activity following saccadic eye movement. Science 146, 1481–1483 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Galbraith, G.C.: The effect of prior EEG “coupling” upon the visual evoked response. Trans. I.E.E.E. BME-14, 223–229 (1967).Google Scholar
  65. Gastaut, H., Bostem, F., Waltregny, A., Poiré, R., Regis, H. (Eds.): Les activités électriques cérébrales spontanées et évoquées chez l’homme. Paris: Gauthier-Villars 1967.Google Scholar
  66. Glicksteint, M.: Organization of the visual pathways. Science 164, 917–926 (1969).Google Scholar
  67. Goldstein, M.H., Jr.: Averaging techniques applied to evoked responses. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 20, 59–63 (1960).Google Scholar
  68. Gross, E.G., Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Valenstein, E.: Inhibition of visual evoked responses to patterned stimuli during voluntary eye movements. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophys. 22, 204–209, (1967).Google Scholar
  69. Halliday, A.M., Michael, W.F.: Changes in pattern-evoked responses in man associated with the vertical and horizontal meridians of the visual field. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 208, 499–513 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Perceived number and evoked cortical potentials. Science 156, 406–408 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Effects of contour sharpness and check-size on visually evoked cortical potentials. Vision Res. 8, 701–711) (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Evoked cortical responses to checkerboard patterns: effects of check-size as a function of visual acuity. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 48–54 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. Heath, R.G., Galbraith, G. C.: Sensory evoked responses recorded simultaneously from human cortex and scalp. Nature (Lond.) 212, 1535–1537 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. Herz, A., Niedner, L. Fraling, F., Sommer-Smith, J.: Corticale und subcorticale Reaktionspotentiale nach sensorischer Reizung bei der wachen und schlafenden Katze. Exp. Brain Res. 1, 249–264 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Hirsch, J.F., Pertuiset, B., Calvet, J., Buisson-Ferey, J., Fischgold, H., Scherrer, J.: Etude des réponses électrocorticales obtenues chez l’homme par des stimulations somesthétiques et visuelles. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 13, 411–424 (1961).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Hrbek, A., Vitova, Z., Mares, P.: The development of cortical evoked responses to visual stimulation during childhood. Activitas Nervosa 8, 39–46 (1966).Google Scholar
  77. Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N.: Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 160, 106–154 (1962).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1041–1059 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 195, 215–243 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Hughes, J. R.: Responses from the visual cortex of unanaesthetized monkeys. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 7, 99–152 (1964).Google Scholar
  81. Jacobson, J.H., Hirose, T., Suzuki, T.A.: Simultaneous ERG and VER in lesions of the optic pathway. Invest. Ophthal. 7, 279–292 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Jami, L., Fourment, A., Calvet, J., Thieffry, M.: Etude sur modele des méthodes de detection EEG. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 130–145 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. Jeffreys, D. A.: Separable components of human evoked responses to spatially patterned visual fields. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 596 p. (1968a).Google Scholar
  84. Jeffreys, D. A.: A Magnetic Recording Method of Averaging Evoked Biological Potentials, Ph. D. Thesis, University of London, 1968 b.Google Scholar
  85. Jeffreys, D. A.: In: MacKay 1969, p. 208.Google Scholar
  86. Jeffreys, D. A.: Polarity and distribution of human visual evoked potential components as clues to cortical topography. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 29, 328 p. (1970).Google Scholar
  87. Jeffreys, D. A.: Source locations of pattern-related visual evoked potential components. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 30, 367 p. (1971a).Google Scholar
  88. Jeffreys, D. A.: Cortical source locations of pattern-related VEP’s (visual evoked potentials) recorded from the human scalp. Nature (Lond.) 229, 502–504 (1971b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Jeffreys, D.A., Axford, J. G.: Source locations of pattern-specific components of human visual evoked potentials. I. Component of striate cortical origin. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 1–21 (1972).Google Scholar
  90. Jeffreys, D.A., Axford, J. G.: Source locations of pattern-specific components of human visual evoked potentials. II. Component of extrastriate cortical origin. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 22–40 (1972 b).Google Scholar
  91. John, E.R., Herrington, R.N., Sutton, S.: Effects of visual form on the evoked response. Science 155, 1439–1442 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Kooi, K. A., Bacghi, B.K.: Visual evoked responses in Man: Normative data. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 254–269 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Kooi, K. A., Güvener, A.M., Bagchi, B.K.: Visual evoked responses in lesions of the higher optic pathways. Neurology 15, 841–854 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. Kornhuber, H.H., Deecke, L.: Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 284, 1–17 (1965).Google Scholar
  95. Kuhnt, U.: Visuelle Reaktionspotentiale an Menschen und Katzen in Abhängigkeit von der Intensität. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 298, 82–104 (1967).Google Scholar
  96. Lansing, R.W.: Electroencephalographs correlates of binocular rivalry in man. Science 146, 1325–1327 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. Lawwill, T., Biersdorf, W.R.: Binocular rivalry and visual evoked responses. Invest. Ophthal. 7, 378–385 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Lehmann, D., Pender, D.H.: Monocularly evoked electroencephalogram potentials: Influence of target structure presented to the other eye. Nature (Lond.) 215, 204–205 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Lehmann, D., Pender, D.H.: Component analysis of human averaged evoked potentials: Dichoptic stimuli using different target structure. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 542–553 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Lehmann, D., Pender, D.H.: Averaged visual evoked potentials in humans: mechanism of dichoptic interaction studied in a subject with a split chiasm. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 142–145 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. Lehmann, D., Kavanagh, R.N., Fender, D.H.: Field studies of averaged visually evoked EEG potentials in a patient with a split chiasm. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 193–199 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Lesèvre, N., Rémond, A.: Study of the visual field by average evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 25, 521 p. (1968a).Google Scholar
  103. Lesèvre, N., Rémond, A.: Etude du champs visuel par les potentiels évoqués moyens. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 118, 419–430 (1968b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. MacKay, D.M.: Evoked potentials reflecting interocular and monocular suppression. Nature (Lond.) 217, 81–83 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. MacKay, D.M.: Evoked brain potentials as indicators of sensory information processing. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 7, (3), 276p. (1969).Google Scholar
  106. MacKay, D.M., Rietveld, W. J.: Electroencephalogram potentials evoked by accelerated visual motion. Nature (Lond.) 217, 677–678 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Maffei, L., Campbell, F.W.: Neurophysiological localization of the vertical and horizontal visual coordinates in man. Science 167, 386–387 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. Marg, E., Adams, J. E., Rutkin, B.: Receptive fields of cells in human visual cortex. Experientia (Basel) 24, 348–350 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. Michael, J. A., Stark, L.: Electrophysiological correlates of saccadic suppression. Exp. Neurol. 17, 233–246 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. Michael, W.F., Halliday, A.M.: Visual evoked responses to patterned stimuli in different octants of the visual field. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 29, 106 p. (1970).Google Scholar
  111. Michael, W.F., Halliday, A.M.: Differences between the occipital distribution of upper and lower field pattern-evoked responses. Brain Res. 32, 311–324 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Näätänen, R.: Selective attention and evoked potentials. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae, Ser. B, 151, 1–226 (1967),Google Scholar
  113. Nagata, M., Jacobson, J.: Combined ERG and occipital response recording. In: Clinical Electroretinography, 253–248, Oxford and New York. Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
  114. Nash, M.D., Fleming, D.E.: The dimensions of stimulus complexity and the visually evoked potential. Neuropsychologia 8, 171–179 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. Ohba, N.: Visual evoked responses in man by localized retinal stimulation. Jap. J. Ophthal. 11, 221–226 (1967).Google Scholar
  116. Oosterhuis, H. J. G. H., Ponsen, L., Jonkman, E. J., Magnus, O.: The average visual response in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 23–34 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. Perez-Borja, C., Chatrian, G.E., Tyce, F.A., Rivers, M.H.: Electrographic patterns of the occipital lobe in man: A topographic study based on use of implanted electrodes. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 14, 171–182 (1962).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. Perry, N.W., Jr., Childers, D.G., McCoy, J. G.: Binocular addition of the visual evoked response at different cortical locations. Vision Res. 8, 567–573 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. Perry, N.W., Jr., Childers, D.G.: The human visual evoked response: method and theory. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas (1969).Google Scholar
  120. Perry, N.W., Jr., Copenhaver, R. M.: Evoked retinal and occipital potentials during dark adaptation in man. In: Clinical Electroretinography 249–254. Oxford — New York: Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
  121. Regan, D.: Some characteristics of average steady-state and transient responses evoked by modulated light. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 238–248 (1966).Google Scholar
  122. Regan, D.: Evoked potentials and sensation. Percept. and Psychophys. 4, 347–350 (1968 a).Google Scholar
  123. Regan, D.: Chromatic adaption and steady-state evoked potentials. Vision Res. 8, 149–158 (1968b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. Regan, D.: A high frequency mechanism which underlies visual evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 25, 231–237 (1968c).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Regan, D.: Evoked potential and psychophysical correlates of changes in colour and intensity. Vision Res. 10, 163–178 (1970a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. Regan, D.: Objective method of measuring the relative spectral luminosity curve in man. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 856–859 (1970b).Google Scholar
  127. Regan, D.: Evoked potentials and colour vision. Proc. 7th Int. Symp. I.S.C.E.R.G., Istanbul, 1969, 37–50 (1971a).Google Scholar
  128. Regan, D.: Evoked potentials in psychology, sensory physiology and clinical medicine. London: Chapman and Hall, 1971b.Google Scholar
  129. Regan, D., Heron, J. R.: Simultaneous recording of visual evoked potentials from the left and right hemispheres in migraine. Proc. 3rd Internat. Migraine Symp., April 1969. London: Heine-mann, 66–79 (1970).Google Scholar
  130. Regan, D., Heron, J. R.: Clinical investigation of lesions of the visual pathway: A new objective technique. J. Neurol. Psychiat. 32, 479–483 (1969).Google Scholar
  131. Regan, D., Richards, W.: Independence of evoked potentials and apparent size. Vision Res. 11, 679–684 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. Regan, D., Spekreijse, H.: An electrophysiological correlate of binocular depth perception in man. Nature (Lond.) 225, 92–94 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Rémond, A., Lesèvre, N.: Distribution topographique et potentials évoqués visuels occipitaux chez l’homme normal. Rev. Neurol. 112, 317–330 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. Rémond, A., Lesèvre, N.: Variations in average visual evoked potential as a function of the alpha rhythm phase. (“Autostimulation”). Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 42–52 (1967).Google Scholar
  135. Rémond, A., Lesèvre, N., Torres, P.: Étude chronotopographiques de l’activité occipitale moyenne recueillie sur le scalp chez l’homme en relation avec les déplacements de regard. (Complexe lambda). Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 113, 193–226 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. Rietveld, W. J.: The occipitocortical response to light flashes in man. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 12, 373–407 (1963).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. Rietveld, W. J., Tordoir, W.E.M., Hagenouw, J.R.B., van Dongen, W.K.J.: Contribution of foveoparafoveal quadrants to the visual evoked response. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 13, 340–347 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  138. Rietveld, W. J., Tordoir, W.E.M., Hagenouw, J.R.B., Lubbers, J. A., Spoor, Th. A.C.: Visual evoked responses to blank and to checkerboard patterned flashes. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 14, 259–285 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  139. Rietveld, W. J., Mackay, D.M.: Evoked responses to acceleration and to tachistoscopic presentation of patterned visual stimuli. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 537 p. (1969).Google Scholar
  140. Riggs, L.A.: Progress in the recording of human retinal and occipital potentials. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1558–1566 (1969).Google Scholar
  141. Riggs, L.A., Sternheim, C.E.: Human retinal and occipital potentials evoked by changes in wavelength of the stimulating light. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 638–648 (1969).Google Scholar
  142. Riggs, L.A., Whittle, P.: Human occipital and retinal potentials evoked by subjectively faded visual stimuli. Vision Res. 7, 441–451 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Riggs, L.A., Wooten, B. R.: Electrical measures and psychophysical data. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. VII/4 Visual Psychophysics. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1972.Google Scholar
  144. Rose, G.H., Lindsley, D.B.: Development of visually evoked potentials in kittens: Specific and non-specific responses. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 607–623 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Rosenfeld, J.P., Rudell, A.P., Fox, S.S.: Operant control of neural events in humans. Science 165, 821–823 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. Rouher, F., Plane, C., Sole, P.: Intéret des potentiels évoqués visuels dans les affectations du nerf optique. Arch. Ophthal. (Paris) 29, 555–564 (1969).Google Scholar
  147. Ruchkin, D.S.: An analysis of averaged response computations based upon aperiodic stimuli. Trans. IEEE, BME-12, 87–94 (1965).Google Scholar
  148. Ruchkin, D.S., Villegas, K., John, E.R.: An analysis of average evoked potentials making use of least mean square techniques; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 115, 799–826 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. Schneider, G. E.: Two visual systems. Science 163, 895–902 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  150. Schreinemachers, H.P., Henkes, H.E.: Relation between localized retinal stimuli and the visual evoked response in man. Ophthalmologica (Basel) 155, 17–27 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. Schwartz, M., Shagass, C.: Recovery functions of human somatosensory and visual evoked potentials. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 510–525 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  152. Scott, D. F., Bickford, R. G.: Electrophysiologic studies during scanning and passive eye movements in humans. Science 155, 101–102 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. Scott, D. F., Bickford, R. G.: Stimulus indicators of summated human lambda responses. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 21, 277–284 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  154. Scott, D. F., Groethuysen, U. C., Bickford, R. G.: Lambda responses in the human electroencephalogram. Neurology 17, 770–778 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  155. Scott, D. F., Lichtenheld, F. R., Bickford, R. G.: Lambda wave studies on the EEG of animals. Arch. Neurol. 18, 574–582 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. Shipley, T., Jones, R. W., Fry, A.: Evoked visual potentials and human colour vision. Science 150, 1162–1164 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  157. Shipley, T., Jones, R. W., Fry, A.: Intensity and the evoked occipitogram in man. Vision Res. 6, 657–667 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  158. Shipley, T., Jones, R. W., Fry, A.: Spectral analysis of the visually evoked occipitogram in man. Vision Res. 8, 409–431 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  159. Spehlmann, R.: The averaged electrical responses to diffuse and to patterned light in the human. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 19, 560–569 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. Spekreijse, H.: Analysis of Responses to Sine Wave Modulated Light. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1966. (also published by Junk, The Hague).Google Scholar
  161. Spekreijse, H., van der Tweel, L.H.: In MacKay, D.M. (1969).Google Scholar
  162. Spinelli, D.N.: Evoked responses to visual patterns in area 17 of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 5, 511–514 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  163. Steriade, M.: The flash-evoked afterdischarge. Brain Res. 9, 169–212 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. Sutton, S.: The specification of psychological variables in an average evoked potential experiment. In: Average Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results and Evaluations. Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.): Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191, 237–298 (1969).Google Scholar
  165. Tepas, D.I., Armington, J.C.: Properties of evoked visual potentials. Vision Res. 2, 449–461 (1962).Google Scholar
  166. van der Tweel, L. H., Spekreijse, H.: Signal transport and rectification in the human evoked response system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 156, 678–695 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  167. van der Tweel, L. H., Verduyn Lunel, H.F.E.: Human visual responses to sinusoidally modulated light. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 587–598 (1965).Google Scholar
  168. van der Tweel, L. H., Regan, D., Spekreijse, H.: Some aspects of potentials evoked by changes in spatial brightness contrast. Proc. 7th Int. Symp. I.S.C.E.R.G. Istanbul (1969), 1–12 (1971).Google Scholar
  169. van der Tweel, L. H., Spekreijse, H., Regan, D.: A correlation between evoked potentials and point-to-point interocular suppression. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 210 p. (1970).Google Scholar
  170. Umezaki, H., Morrell, F.: Developmental study of photic evoked responses in premature infants. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 55–63 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  171. Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: The perceptual and physiologic significance of visual evoked responses recorded from the scalp in man. In: Clinical Electroretinography, 203–223. Oxford-New York: Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
  172. Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: The relationship of brain activity to scalp recordings. In: Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.): Averaged Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results, Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191 45–75 (1969a).Google Scholar
  173. Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: In: MacKay, D.M.: (1969) p. 201 (1969b).Google Scholar
  174. Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Costa, L.D., Gilden, L.: The functional relation of visual evoked response and reaction time to stimulus intensity. Vision Res. 6, 645–656 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  175. Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Gross, C. G.: Cortical responses to light in unanesthetized monkeys and their alteration by visual system lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 19–36 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  176. Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Katzman, R.: Evoked response in visual disorders. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 305–319 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  177. Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Taylor, J.: Alterations of visual evoked response in the presence of homonymous visual defects. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 15, 737–746 (1963).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  178. Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Ritter, W.: The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from the human scalp. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 360–367 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  179. Walter, D.O., Kado, R.T., Rhodes, J.M., Adey, W.R.: Electroencephalographic baselines in astronaut candidates estimated by computation and pattern recognition techniques. Aerospace Med. 38, 371–379 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  180. Walter, W.G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V.J., McCallum, W.C., Winter, A. L.: Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature (Lond.) 203, 380–384 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  181. Weinmann, H., Creutzfeldt, O.D., Heyde, G.: Die Entwicklung der visuellen Reizantwort bei Kindern. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 207, 323–341 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  182. White, C.T.: Evoked cortical responses and patterned stimuli. Amer. Psychol. 24, 211–214 (1969).Google Scholar
  183. White, C.T., Eason, R. G.: Evoked cortical potentials in relation to certain aspects of visual perception. Psychol. Monogr. 80 (No. 24), 1–14 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  184. Wicke, J. D., Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Visual evoked potentials as a function of flash luminance and duration. Science 146, 83–85 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  185. Wurtz, R.H.: Visual cortex neurones: Response to stimuli during rapid eye movements. Science 162, 1148–1150 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  186. Wurtz, R.H.: Comparison of the effects of eye movements and stimulus movements on striate cortex neurons of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 975–986 (1969a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
  187. Wurtz, R.H.: Responses of striate cortex neurones of the monkey to stimuli during rapid eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 987–994 (1969b).PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg 1973

Authors and Affiliations

  • Donald M. MacKay
    • 1
  • D. Aled Jeffreys
    • 1
  1. 1.Keele, StaffordshireGreat Britain

Personalised recommendations