Visual Centers in the Brain pp 647-678 | Cite as
Visually Evoked Potentials and Visual Perception in Man
Abstract
When a bright light is flashed into the eyes of a subject whose electroencephalogram (EEG) is being recorded, it is often possible to see, riding the normal EEG record after each flash, a transient polyphasic potential change of several microvolts in amplitude. Until the advent of electronic computing aids it was difficult to separate such “Visual Evoked Potentials” (VEP’s) from the ongoing EEG activity, and they remained little more than a curiosity. The past decade, however, has seen a proliferation of relatively inexpensive electronic devices for the extraction and purification of repetitive signals corrupted by an uncorrelated background. In their simplest forms such devices rely on the averaging of successive samples, in this case of the EEG, for a limited period after each presentation of the stimulus (Goldstein, 1960); but with the help of more powerful statistical techniques it becomes possible to ask increasingly sophisticated questions about the form of these potentials and their relation both to the parameters of stimulation and to the processes of perception.
Keywords
Visual Perception Binocular Rivalry Cortical Potential Calcarine Fissure Midline ElectrodePreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Armington, J.C.: The electroretinogram, the visual evoked potential and the area-luminance relation. Vision Res. 3, 263–276 (1968).Google Scholar
- Armington, J.C., Gaarder, K., Schick, A. M. L.: Variation of spontaneous ocular and occipital responses with stimulus parameters. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 57, 1534–1539 (1967).Google Scholar
- Balen, A.Th.M. van: The influence of suppression on the flicker ERG. Docum. Ophthal. (Den Haag) 18, 440–446 (1964).Google Scholar
- Balen, A.Th.M. van, Denier, van der Gon, J. J., Hellendoorn, E.H.: The differentiation between responses of foveal and extrafoveal stimuli in the ERG and the EEG. In: Clinical Electroretinography, 255–262. Oxford — New York: Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
- Barlow, J. S., Ciganek, L.: Lambda responses in relation to visual evoked responses in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 183–192 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bartlett, N.R., Eason, R.G., White, C.T.: Binocular summation in the evoked cortical potential. Percept. Psychophys. 3 (1B), 75–76 (1968).Google Scholar
- Bartlett, N.R., White, C.T.: Evoked potentials and correlated judgements of brightness as functions of interflash intervals. Science 148, 980–981 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bartlett, N.R., White, C.T.: Cortical potentials evoked by the onset and the termination of foveal stimulation. Psychonom. Sci. 11, 357 (1968).Google Scholar
- Baumgartner, G., Brown, J. L., Schulz, A.: Responses of single units of the cat visual system to rectangular stimulus patterns. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1–18 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Beatty, J.: Some further studies on the effect of grouping elements of a visual stimulus on the cortical evoked potential. Percept. Psychophys. 6, 373–378 (1969).Google Scholar
- Beatty, J., Uttal, W.R.: The effects of grouping visual stimuli on the cortical evoked potential. Percept. Psychophys. 4, 214–216 (1968).Google Scholar
- Bergamini, L., Bergamasco, B.: Cortical evoked potentials in man. Springfield, Ill.: C.C.Thomas, 1967.Google Scholar
- Bickford, R. G., Jacobson, J. L., Cody, D.T.R.: Nature of average evoked potential to sound and other stimuli in man. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 204–224 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brazier, M.A.B.: Evoked responses recorded from the depths of the human brain. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 33–59 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Burkhardt, D.A., Riggs, L.A.: Modification of the human visual evoked potential by monochromatic backgrounds. Vision Res. 7, 453–459 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Campbell, F.W., Maffei, L.: Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of orientation and size detectors in the human visual system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 207, 635–652 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Canter, M.B., Fleming, D.E.: Cortical potentials evoked in man by brief photic stimulus trains: Perceptual-electrophysiological correlates, Vision Res. 6, 199–206 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chapman, R.M.: Evoked responses to relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli while problem solving. Proc. 73rd Ann. Conv. Amer. Psychol. Ass. 177–178 (1965).Google Scholar
- Chapman, R.M., Bragdon, H.R.: Evoked responses to numerical and nonnumerical visual stimuli while problem solving. Nature (Lond.) 203, 1155–1157 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chase, R., Kalil, R.: Visual evoked responses to flashes and pattern shifts during voluntary eye movements. Vision Res. 12, 215–220 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chatrian, G.E., Bickford, R.G., Peterson, M.C., Dodge, H.W., Jr., Lazarte, J.A., Holman, C.B.: Lambda waves with depth electrodes in humans. In: Electrical Studies in the Unanesthetized Brain. New York: P. B. Hoeber 1960.Google Scholar
- Ciganek, L.: Die elektroencephalographische Lichtreizantwort der menschlichen Hirnrinde. Bratislava: Slovak Acad. Sci. 1961.Google Scholar
- Ciganek, L.: Excitability cycle of the visual cortex in man. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 241–253 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ciganek, L.: Variability of the human visual evoked potential: normative data. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 35–42 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ciganek, L., Ingvar, D.H.: Color specific features of visual cortical responses in man evoked by monochromatic flashes. Acta physiol. scand. 76, 82–92 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Clarke, P. G. H.: Visual evoked potentials to sudden reversal of the motion of a pattern. Brain Res. 36, 453–458 (1972).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Clynes, M., Kohn, M.: Specific responses of the brain to color stimuli. Proc. 17th Ann. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. (1964).Google Scholar
- Clynes, M., Kohn, M.: Spatial visual evoked potentials as physiologic language elements for colour and field structure. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 82–96 (1967).Google Scholar
- Clynes, M., Kohn, M., Lifshitz, K.: Dynamics and spatial behaviour of light evoked potentials, their modification under hypnosis, and on-line correlation in relation to rhythmic components. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 468–509 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cobb, W. A., Ettlinger, G., Morton, H.B.: Visual evoked potentials in binocular rivalry. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 100–107 (1967a).Google Scholar
- Cobb, W. A., Morton, H.B., Ettlinger, G.: Cerebral potentials evoked by pattern reversal and their suppression in visual rivalry. Nature (Lond.) 216, 1124–1125 (1967b).Google Scholar
- Cohen, J.: Very slow brain potentials relating to expectancy: the CNV. In: Averaged Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results and Evaluations, Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.), Washington D. C. NASA Sp-191, 143–198 (1969).Google Scholar
- Cohn, R.: Some characteristics of the cortical potential fields of the optic chiasm-sectioned cat. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 280–287 (1969a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cohn, R.: Visual evoked responses in the brain injured monkey. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 21, 321– 329 (1969b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cooper, R., Winter, A. L., Crow, H. J., Walter, W.G.: Comparison of subcortical and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 217–228 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Copenhaver, R.M., Perry, N.W., Jr.: Factors affecting visually evoked cortical potentials such as impaired vision of varying etiology. Invest. Ophthal. 3, 665–673 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Corletto, F., Gentilimo, A., Rosadini, G., Rossi, G.F., Attoni, J.Z.: Visual evoked potentials as recorded from the scalp and from the visual cortex before and after removal of the occipital pole in man. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 378–380 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Creutzfeldt, O. D., Kuhnt, U.: The visual evoked potential: Physiological, developmental and clinical aspects. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 29–41 (1967).Google Scholar
- Creutzfeldt, O. D., Rosina, A. Ito, M., Probst, W.: Visual evoked response of single cells and of the EEG in primary visual area of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 127–139 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Crighel, E., Botez, M.I.: Photic evoked potentials in man in lesions of the occipital lobes. Brain 89, 311–316 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dawson, W.W., Perry, N.W., Jr., Childers, D.G.,: Flash and scan stimulation of retinal fields and evoked response production. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 467–473 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- De Voe, R.G., Ripps, H., Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: Cortical response to stimulation of the human fovea. Vision Res. 8, 135–147 (1968).Google Scholar
- Diamond, S.P.: Input-output relations. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 160–171 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Donchin, E.: Data analysis techniques in average evoked potential research. In: Averaged Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results, Evaluations. Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.): Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191, 199–236 (1969).Google Scholar
- Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Visually evoked response correlates of perceptual masking and enhancement. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 19, 325–335 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Averaged evoked potentials: Methods, results and evaluations. Washington, D.C.: NASA, Sp-191 (1969).Google Scholar
- Donchin, E., Cohen, L.: Evoked potentials to stimuli presented to the suppressed eye in a binocular rivalry experiment. Vision Res. 10, 103–106 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Duffy, F.H., Lombroso, C.T.: Electrophysiological evidence for visual suppression prior to the onset of a voluntary saccadic eye movement. Nature (Lond.) 218, 1074–1075 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dustman, R.E., Beck, E.C.: Phase of alpha brain waves, reaction time and visually evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 433–440 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dustman, R.E., Beck, E.C.: The effects of maturation and ageing on the waveform of visually evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 2–11 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Eason, R.G., Groves, P., White, C.T., Oden, D.: Evoked cortical potentials: Relation to visual field and handedness. Science 156, 1643–1646 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Efron, R.: Artificial synthesis of evoked responses to light flash. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 292–304 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Emrich,H., Lohse-Streek, E.: Der Off-Effekt des optisch evozierten Potentials beim Menschen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 196, 217–235 (1969).Google Scholar
- Fehmi, L.G., Adkins, J.W., Lindsley, D. B.: Electrophysiological correlates of visual perceptual masking in monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 299–316 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ferris, G.S., Davis, G.D., Dorsen, M. McF., Hackett, E.R.: Changes in latency and form of the photically induced average evoked responses in human infants. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 305–312 (1967).Google Scholar
- Fiorentini, A., Maffei, L.: Electrophysiological evidence for binocular disparity detectors in human visual system. Science 169, 208–209 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Floris, V., Morocutti, C., Amabile, G., Bernardi, G., Rizzo, P.A., Vasconetto, C: Recovery cycle of visual evoked potentials in normal and schizophrenic subjects. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 74–81 (1967).Google Scholar
- Fogarty, T.P., Reuben, R.N.: Light-evoked cortical and retinal responses in premature infants. Arch. Ophthal. (Chic.) 81, 454–459 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fox, S.S., O’Brien, J. H.: Duplication of evoked potential waveforms by curve of probability of firing of a single cell. Science 147, 888–890 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Freeman, W. J.: The electrical activity of a primary sensory cortex: Analysis of EEG waves. Internat. Rev. Neurobiol. 5, 53–119 (1963).Google Scholar
- Fromm, G.H., Bond, H. W.: The relationship between neuron activity and cortical steady potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 159–166 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gaarder, K.: Interpretive study of evoked responses elicited by gross saccadic eye movements. Percept, mot. Skills 27, 683–703 (1968).Google Scholar
- Gaarder, K., Krauskopf, J., Graf, V., Kropfl, W., Armington, J.C.: Averaged brain activity following saccadic eye movement. Science 146, 1481–1483 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Galbraith, G.C.: The effect of prior EEG “coupling” upon the visual evoked response. Trans. I.E.E.E. BME-14, 223–229 (1967).Google Scholar
- Gastaut, H., Bostem, F., Waltregny, A., Poiré, R., Regis, H. (Eds.): Les activités électriques cérébrales spontanées et évoquées chez l’homme. Paris: Gauthier-Villars 1967.Google Scholar
- Goldstein, M.H., Jr.: Averaging techniques applied to evoked responses. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 20, 59–63 (1960).Google Scholar
- Gross, E.G., Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Valenstein, E.: Inhibition of visual evoked responses to patterned stimuli during voluntary eye movements. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophys. 22, 204–209, (1967).Google Scholar
- Halliday, A.M., Michael, W.F.: Changes in pattern-evoked responses in man associated with the vertical and horizontal meridians of the visual field. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 208, 499–513 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Perceived number and evoked cortical potentials. Science 156, 406–408 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Effects of contour sharpness and check-size on visually evoked cortical potentials. Vision Res. 8, 701–711) (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harter, M.R., White, C.T.: Evoked cortical responses to checkerboard patterns: effects of check-size as a function of visual acuity. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 48–54 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Heath, R.G., Galbraith, G. C.: Sensory evoked responses recorded simultaneously from human cortex and scalp. Nature (Lond.) 212, 1535–1537 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Herz, A., Niedner, L. Fraling, F., Sommer-Smith, J.: Corticale und subcorticale Reaktionspotentiale nach sensorischer Reizung bei der wachen und schlafenden Katze. Exp. Brain Res. 1, 249–264 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hirsch, J.F., Pertuiset, B., Calvet, J., Buisson-Ferey, J., Fischgold, H., Scherrer, J.: Etude des réponses électrocorticales obtenues chez l’homme par des stimulations somesthétiques et visuelles. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 13, 411–424 (1961).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hrbek, A., Vitova, Z., Mares, P.: The development of cortical evoked responses to visual stimulation during childhood. Activitas Nervosa 8, 39–46 (1966).Google Scholar
- Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N.: Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 160, 106–154 (1962).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1041–1059 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hubel, D. H., Wiesel, T. N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 195, 215–243 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hughes, J. R.: Responses from the visual cortex of unanaesthetized monkeys. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 7, 99–152 (1964).Google Scholar
- Jacobson, J.H., Hirose, T., Suzuki, T.A.: Simultaneous ERG and VER in lesions of the optic pathway. Invest. Ophthal. 7, 279–292 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jami, L., Fourment, A., Calvet, J., Thieffry, M.: Etude sur modele des méthodes de detection EEG. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 130–145 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jeffreys, D. A.: Separable components of human evoked responses to spatially patterned visual fields. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 596 p. (1968a).Google Scholar
- Jeffreys, D. A.: A Magnetic Recording Method of Averaging Evoked Biological Potentials, Ph. D. Thesis, University of London, 1968 b.Google Scholar
- Jeffreys, D. A.: Polarity and distribution of human visual evoked potential components as clues to cortical topography. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 29, 328 p. (1970).Google Scholar
- Jeffreys, D. A.: Source locations of pattern-related visual evoked potential components. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 30, 367 p. (1971a).Google Scholar
- Jeffreys, D. A.: Cortical source locations of pattern-related VEP’s (visual evoked potentials) recorded from the human scalp. Nature (Lond.) 229, 502–504 (1971b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jeffreys, D.A., Axford, J. G.: Source locations of pattern-specific components of human visual evoked potentials. I. Component of striate cortical origin. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 1–21 (1972).Google Scholar
- Jeffreys, D.A., Axford, J. G.: Source locations of pattern-specific components of human visual evoked potentials. II. Component of extrastriate cortical origin. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 22–40 (1972 b).Google Scholar
- John, E.R., Herrington, R.N., Sutton, S.: Effects of visual form on the evoked response. Science 155, 1439–1442 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kooi, K. A., Bacghi, B.K.: Visual evoked responses in Man: Normative data. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 254–269 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kooi, K. A., Güvener, A.M., Bagchi, B.K.: Visual evoked responses in lesions of the higher optic pathways. Neurology 15, 841–854 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kornhuber, H.H., Deecke, L.: Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 284, 1–17 (1965).Google Scholar
- Kuhnt, U.: Visuelle Reaktionspotentiale an Menschen und Katzen in Abhängigkeit von der Intensität. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 298, 82–104 (1967).Google Scholar
- Lansing, R.W.: Electroencephalographs correlates of binocular rivalry in man. Science 146, 1325–1327 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lawwill, T., Biersdorf, W.R.: Binocular rivalry and visual evoked responses. Invest. Ophthal. 7, 378–385 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lehmann, D., Pender, D.H.: Monocularly evoked electroencephalogram potentials: Influence of target structure presented to the other eye. Nature (Lond.) 215, 204–205 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lehmann, D., Pender, D.H.: Component analysis of human averaged evoked potentials: Dichoptic stimuli using different target structure. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 542–553 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lehmann, D., Pender, D.H.: Averaged visual evoked potentials in humans: mechanism of dichoptic interaction studied in a subject with a split chiasm. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 142–145 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lehmann, D., Kavanagh, R.N., Fender, D.H.: Field studies of averaged visually evoked EEG potentials in a patient with a split chiasm. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 193–199 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lesèvre, N., Rémond, A.: Study of the visual field by average evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 25, 521 p. (1968a).Google Scholar
- Lesèvre, N., Rémond, A.: Etude du champs visuel par les potentiels évoqués moyens. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 118, 419–430 (1968b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- MacKay, D.M.: Evoked potentials reflecting interocular and monocular suppression. Nature (Lond.) 217, 81–83 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- MacKay, D.M.: Evoked brain potentials as indicators of sensory information processing. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 7, (3), 276p. (1969).Google Scholar
- MacKay, D.M., Rietveld, W. J.: Electroencephalogram potentials evoked by accelerated visual motion. Nature (Lond.) 217, 677–678 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Maffei, L., Campbell, F.W.: Neurophysiological localization of the vertical and horizontal visual coordinates in man. Science 167, 386–387 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Marg, E., Adams, J. E., Rutkin, B.: Receptive fields of cells in human visual cortex. Experientia (Basel) 24, 348–350 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, J. A., Stark, L.: Electrophysiological correlates of saccadic suppression. Exp. Neurol. 17, 233–246 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, W.F., Halliday, A.M.: Visual evoked responses to patterned stimuli in different octants of the visual field. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 29, 106 p. (1970).Google Scholar
- Michael, W.F., Halliday, A.M.: Differences between the occipital distribution of upper and lower field pattern-evoked responses. Brain Res. 32, 311–324 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Näätänen, R.: Selective attention and evoked potentials. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae, Ser. B, 151, 1–226 (1967),Google Scholar
- Nagata, M., Jacobson, J.: Combined ERG and occipital response recording. In: Clinical Electroretinography, 253–248, Oxford and New York. Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
- Nash, M.D., Fleming, D.E.: The dimensions of stimulus complexity and the visually evoked potential. Neuropsychologia 8, 171–179 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ohba, N.: Visual evoked responses in man by localized retinal stimulation. Jap. J. Ophthal. 11, 221–226 (1967).Google Scholar
- Oosterhuis, H. J. G. H., Ponsen, L., Jonkman, E. J., Magnus, O.: The average visual response in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 23–34 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perez-Borja, C., Chatrian, G.E., Tyce, F.A., Rivers, M.H.: Electrographic patterns of the occipital lobe in man: A topographic study based on use of implanted electrodes. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 14, 171–182 (1962).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perry, N.W., Jr., Childers, D.G., McCoy, J. G.: Binocular addition of the visual evoked response at different cortical locations. Vision Res. 8, 567–573 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perry, N.W., Jr., Childers, D.G.: The human visual evoked response: method and theory. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas (1969).Google Scholar
- Perry, N.W., Jr., Copenhaver, R. M.: Evoked retinal and occipital potentials during dark adaptation in man. In: Clinical Electroretinography 249–254. Oxford — New York: Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
- Regan, D.: Some characteristics of average steady-state and transient responses evoked by modulated light. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 238–248 (1966).Google Scholar
- Regan, D.: Evoked potentials and sensation. Percept. and Psychophys. 4, 347–350 (1968 a).Google Scholar
- Regan, D.: Chromatic adaption and steady-state evoked potentials. Vision Res. 8, 149–158 (1968b).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Regan, D.: A high frequency mechanism which underlies visual evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 25, 231–237 (1968c).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Regan, D.: Evoked potential and psychophysical correlates of changes in colour and intensity. Vision Res. 10, 163–178 (1970a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Regan, D.: Objective method of measuring the relative spectral luminosity curve in man. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 60, 856–859 (1970b).Google Scholar
- Regan, D.: Evoked potentials and colour vision. Proc. 7th Int. Symp. I.S.C.E.R.G., Istanbul, 1969, 37–50 (1971a).Google Scholar
- Regan, D.: Evoked potentials in psychology, sensory physiology and clinical medicine. London: Chapman and Hall, 1971b.Google Scholar
- Regan, D., Heron, J. R.: Simultaneous recording of visual evoked potentials from the left and right hemispheres in migraine. Proc. 3rd Internat. Migraine Symp., April 1969. London: Heine-mann, 66–79 (1970).Google Scholar
- Regan, D., Heron, J. R.: Clinical investigation of lesions of the visual pathway: A new objective technique. J. Neurol. Psychiat. 32, 479–483 (1969).Google Scholar
- Regan, D., Richards, W.: Independence of evoked potentials and apparent size. Vision Res. 11, 679–684 (1971).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Regan, D., Spekreijse, H.: An electrophysiological correlate of binocular depth perception in man. Nature (Lond.) 225, 92–94 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rémond, A., Lesèvre, N.: Distribution topographique et potentials évoqués visuels occipitaux chez l’homme normal. Rev. Neurol. 112, 317–330 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rémond, A., Lesèvre, N.: Variations in average visual evoked potential as a function of the alpha rhythm phase. (“Autostimulation”). Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 26, 42–52 (1967).Google Scholar
- Rémond, A., Lesèvre, N., Torres, P.: Étude chronotopographiques de l’activité occipitale moyenne recueillie sur le scalp chez l’homme en relation avec les déplacements de regard. (Complexe lambda). Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 113, 193–226 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rietveld, W. J.: The occipitocortical response to light flashes in man. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 12, 373–407 (1963).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rietveld, W. J., Tordoir, W.E.M., Hagenouw, J.R.B., van Dongen, W.K.J.: Contribution of foveoparafoveal quadrants to the visual evoked response. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 13, 340–347 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rietveld, W. J., Tordoir, W.E.M., Hagenouw, J.R.B., Lubbers, J. A., Spoor, Th. A.C.: Visual evoked responses to blank and to checkerboard patterned flashes. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 14, 259–285 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rietveld, W. J., Mackay, D.M.: Evoked responses to acceleration and to tachistoscopic presentation of patterned visual stimuli. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 537 p. (1969).Google Scholar
- Riggs, L.A.: Progress in the recording of human retinal and occipital potentials. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 59, 1558–1566 (1969).Google Scholar
- Riggs, L.A., Sternheim, C.E.: Human retinal and occipital potentials evoked by changes in wavelength of the stimulating light. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 638–648 (1969).Google Scholar
- Riggs, L.A., Whittle, P.: Human occipital and retinal potentials evoked by subjectively faded visual stimuli. Vision Res. 7, 441–451 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Riggs, L.A., Wooten, B. R.: Electrical measures and psychophysical data. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. VII/4 Visual Psychophysics. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1972.Google Scholar
- Rose, G.H., Lindsley, D.B.: Development of visually evoked potentials in kittens: Specific and non-specific responses. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 607–623 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rosenfeld, J.P., Rudell, A.P., Fox, S.S.: Operant control of neural events in humans. Science 165, 821–823 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rouher, F., Plane, C., Sole, P.: Intéret des potentiels évoqués visuels dans les affectations du nerf optique. Arch. Ophthal. (Paris) 29, 555–564 (1969).Google Scholar
- Ruchkin, D.S.: An analysis of averaged response computations based upon aperiodic stimuli. Trans. IEEE, BME-12, 87–94 (1965).Google Scholar
- Ruchkin, D.S., Villegas, K., John, E.R.: An analysis of average evoked potentials making use of least mean square techniques; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 115, 799–826 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schreinemachers, H.P., Henkes, H.E.: Relation between localized retinal stimuli and the visual evoked response in man. Ophthalmologica (Basel) 155, 17–27 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schwartz, M., Shagass, C.: Recovery functions of human somatosensory and visual evoked potentials. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 510–525 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Scott, D. F., Bickford, R. G.: Electrophysiologic studies during scanning and passive eye movements in humans. Science 155, 101–102 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Scott, D. F., Bickford, R. G.: Stimulus indicators of summated human lambda responses. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 21, 277–284 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Scott, D. F., Groethuysen, U. C., Bickford, R. G.: Lambda responses in the human electroencephalogram. Neurology 17, 770–778 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Scott, D. F., Lichtenheld, F. R., Bickford, R. G.: Lambda wave studies on the EEG of animals. Arch. Neurol. 18, 574–582 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shipley, T., Jones, R. W., Fry, A.: Evoked visual potentials and human colour vision. Science 150, 1162–1164 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shipley, T., Jones, R. W., Fry, A.: Intensity and the evoked occipitogram in man. Vision Res. 6, 657–667 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shipley, T., Jones, R. W., Fry, A.: Spectral analysis of the visually evoked occipitogram in man. Vision Res. 8, 409–431 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Spehlmann, R.: The averaged electrical responses to diffuse and to patterned light in the human. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 19, 560–569 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Spekreijse, H.: Analysis of Responses to Sine Wave Modulated Light. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1966. (also published by Junk, The Hague).Google Scholar
- Spinelli, D.N.: Evoked responses to visual patterns in area 17 of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 5, 511–514 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sutton, S.: The specification of psychological variables in an average evoked potential experiment. In: Average Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results and Evaluations. Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.): Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191, 237–298 (1969).Google Scholar
- Tepas, D.I., Armington, J.C.: Properties of evoked visual potentials. Vision Res. 2, 449–461 (1962).Google Scholar
- van der Tweel, L. H., Spekreijse, H.: Signal transport and rectification in the human evoked response system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 156, 678–695 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- van der Tweel, L. H., Verduyn Lunel, H.F.E.: Human visual responses to sinusoidally modulated light. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 587–598 (1965).Google Scholar
- van der Tweel, L. H., Regan, D., Spekreijse, H.: Some aspects of potentials evoked by changes in spatial brightness contrast. Proc. 7th Int. Symp. I.S.C.E.R.G. Istanbul (1969), 1–12 (1971).Google Scholar
- van der Tweel, L. H., Spekreijse, H., Regan, D.: A correlation between evoked potentials and point-to-point interocular suppression. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 210 p. (1970).Google Scholar
- Umezaki, H., Morrell, F.: Developmental study of photic evoked responses in premature infants. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 55–63 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: The perceptual and physiologic significance of visual evoked responses recorded from the scalp in man. In: Clinical Electroretinography, 203–223. Oxford-New York: Pergamon Press 1966.Google Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr.: The relationship of brain activity to scalp recordings. In: Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B. (Eds.): Averaged Evoked Potentials: Methods, Results, Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191 45–75 (1969a).Google Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Costa, L.D., Gilden, L.: The functional relation of visual evoked response and reaction time to stimulus intensity. Vision Res. 6, 645–656 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Gross, C. G.: Cortical responses to light in unanesthetized monkeys and their alteration by visual system lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 19–36 (1969).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Katzman, R.: Evoked response in visual disorders. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 305–319 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Taylor, J.: Alterations of visual evoked response in the presence of homonymous visual defects. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 15, 737–746 (1963).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vaughan, H.G., Jr., Ritter, W.: The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from the human scalp. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 28, 360–367 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Walter, D.O., Kado, R.T., Rhodes, J.M., Adey, W.R.: Electroencephalographic baselines in astronaut candidates estimated by computation and pattern recognition techniques. Aerospace Med. 38, 371–379 (1967).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Walter, W.G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V.J., McCallum, W.C., Winter, A. L.: Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature (Lond.) 203, 380–384 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Weinmann, H., Creutzfeldt, O.D., Heyde, G.: Die Entwicklung der visuellen Reizantwort bei Kindern. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 207, 323–341 (1965).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- White, C.T.: Evoked cortical responses and patterned stimuli. Amer. Psychol. 24, 211–214 (1969).Google Scholar
- White, C.T., Eason, R. G.: Evoked cortical potentials in relation to certain aspects of visual perception. Psychol. Monogr. 80 (No. 24), 1–14 (1966).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wicke, J. D., Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Visual evoked potentials as a function of flash luminance and duration. Science 146, 83–85 (1964).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wurtz, R.H.: Visual cortex neurones: Response to stimuli during rapid eye movements. Science 162, 1148–1150 (1968).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wurtz, R.H.: Comparison of the effects of eye movements and stimulus movements on striate cortex neurons of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 975–986 (1969a).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wurtz, R.H.: Responses of striate cortex neurones of the monkey to stimuli during rapid eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 987–994 (1969b).PubMedGoogle Scholar