Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

  • D. Collen
Chapter
Part of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP, volume 146)

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases, comprising acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and venous thromboembolism have, as their immediate underlying cause, thrombosis of critically situated blood vessels with loss of blood flow to vital organs. One approach to the treatment of thrombosis consists of the pharmacologic dissolution of the blood clot via the intravenous infusion of plasminogen activators, which activate the blood fibrinolytic system.

Keywords

Acute Myocardial Infarction Plasminogen Activator Acute Myocardial Infarc Anisoylated Plasminogen Streptokinase Activator Complex Coronary Thrombolysis 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aasted B (1980) Purification and characterization of human vascular plasminogen activator. Biochim Biophys Acta 621:241–254PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Allen RA, Pepper DS (1981) Isolation and properties of human vascular plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost 45:43–50PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Anderson JL (1997) Why does thrombolysis fail? Breaking through the reperfusion ceiling. Am J Cardiol 80:1588–1590PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Becker LC, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL, for the TEAM-3 Investigators (1993) TIMI perfusion grade 3 but not grade 2 results in improved outcome after thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Ventriculographic, enzymatic, and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-3 Study. Circulation 87:1829–1839PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Arakawa K, Mizuno K, Shibuya T, Etsuda H, Tabata H, Nagayoshi H, Satomura K, Isojima K, Kurita A, Nakamura H (1997) Angioscopic coronary macromorphology after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 79:197–202PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Astrup T, Permin PM (1947) Fibrinolysis in the animal organism. Nature 159:681–683PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Astrup T, Stage A (1952) Isolation of a soluble fibrinolytic activator from animal tissue. Nature 170:929–930PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Bachmann F, Kruithof EKO (1984) Tissue plasminogen activator: chemical and physiological aspects. Sem Thromb Hemost 10:6–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Barbagelata NA, Granger CB, Oqueli E, Suárez LD, Borruel M, Topol EJ, Califf RM (1997) TIMI grade 3 flow and reocclusion after intravenous thrombolytic therapy: a pooled analysis. Am Heart J 133:273–282PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Becker RC, Charlesworth A, Wilcox RG, Hampton J, Skene A, Gore JM, Topol EJ (1995) Cardiac rupture associated with thrombolytic therapy: impact of time to treatment in the late assessment of thrombolytic efficacy (LATE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:1063–1068PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Bergmann SR, Fox KAA, Ter-Pogossian MM, Sobel BE, Collen D (1983) Clot-selective coronary thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Science 220:1181–1183PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Binder BR, Spragg J, Austen KF (1979) Purification and characterization of human vascular plasminogen activator derived from blood vessel perfusates. J Biol Chem 254:1998–2003PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Braunwald E, Cannon CP (1996) Non-Q wave and ST segment depression myocardial infarction: is there a role for thrombolytic therapy? J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1333–1334PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Braunwald E, Knatterud GL, Passamani E, Robertson TL, Solomon R (1987a) Update from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 10:970PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Braunwald E, Knatterud GL, Passamani ER, Robertson TL (1987b) Announcement of protocol change in thrombolysis in myocardial infarction trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:467PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Camiolo SM, Thorsen S, Astrup T (1971) Fibrinogenolysis and fibrinolysis with tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, streptokinase-activated human globulin, and plasmin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138:277–280PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, Borer J, Cohen LS, Dalen J, Dodge HT, Francis CK, Hillis D, Ludbrook P, Markis JE, Mueller H, Passamani ER, Powers ER, Rao AK, Robertson T, Ross A, Ryan TJ, Sobel BE, Willerson J, Williams DO, Zaret BL, Braunwald E (1987) Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trial, phase I: a comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Clinical findings through hospital discharge. Circulation 76:142–154PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Cole ER, Bachmann F (1977) Purification and properties of a plasminogen activator from pig heart. J Biol Chem 252:3729–3737PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Collen D, Rijken DC, Van Damme J, Billiau A (1982) Purification of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in centigram quantities from human melanoma cell culture fluid and its conditioning for use in vivo. Thromb Haemost 48:294–296PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Collen D, Stassen JM, Marafino BJ Jr, Builder S, De Cock F, Ogez J, Tajiri D, Pennica D, Bennett WF, Salwa J, Hoyng CF (1984) Biological properties of human tissue-type plasminogen activator obtained by expression of recombinant DNA in mammalian cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231:146–152PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Collen D, Stassen JM, Verstraete M (1983) Thrombolysis with human extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator in rabbits with experimental jugular vein thrombosis. J Clin Invest 71:368–376PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Collen D, Topol EJ, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Gold HK, Weisfeldt ML, Sobel BE, Leinbach RC, Ludbrook PA, Yasuda T, Bulkley BH, Robison AK, Hutter AM, Bell WR, Spadaro JJ, Khaw BA, Grossbard EB (1984) Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 70:1012–1017PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Dalen JE, Gore JM, Braunwald E, Borer J, Goldberg RJ, Passamani ER, Forman S, Knatterud G, and the TIMI Investigators (1988) Six-and twelve-month follow-up of the phase I Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Am J Cardiol 62:179–185PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. European Secondary Prevention Study Group (1996) Translation of clinical trials into practice: a European population-based study of the use of thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 347:1203–1207Google Scholar
  25. Fears R (1989) Binding of plasminogen activators to fibrin: characterization and pharmacological consequences. Biochem J 261:313–324PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group (1994) Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: Collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomized trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 343:311–322Google Scholar
  27. Flameng W, Van de Werf F, Vanhaecke J, Verstraete M, Collen D (1985) Coronary thrombolysis and infarct size reduction after intravenous infusion of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in nonhuman primates. J Clin Invest 75:84–90PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Francis CW, Markham RE Jr, Barlow GH, Florack TM, Dobrzynski DM, Marder VJ (1983) Thrombin activity of fibrin thrombi and soluble plasmic derivatives. J Lab Clin Med 102:220–230PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. French JK, Williams BF, Hart HH, Wyatt S, Poole JE, Ingram C, Ellis CJ, Williams MG, White HD (1996) Prospective evaluation of eligibility for thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 312:1637–1641PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Gemmill JD, Hogg KJ, MacIntyre PD, Booth N, Rae AP, Dunn FG, Hillis WS (1991) A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of bolus administration of alteplase in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 66:134–138PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Ryan KA, Mesley R, Marble SJ, McCabe CH, Van de Werf F, Braunwald E, for the TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myyocardial Infarction) Study Group (2000) Relationship of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade to mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs. Circulation 101:125–130PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Piana RN, Breall JA, Sharaf B, Flatley M, Alexander B, Diver DJ, McCabe CH, Flaker GC, Baim DS, Braunwald E (1995) Angiographic predictors of reocclusion after thrombolysis: results from the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 4 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:582–589PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Gold HK, Fallon JT, Yasuda T, Leinbach RC, Khaw BA, Newell JB, Guerrero JL, Vislosky FM, Hoyng CF, Grossbard E, Collen D (1984) Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 70:700–707PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Granger CB, White HD, Bates ER, Ohman EM, Califf RM (1994) A pooled analysis of coronary arterial patency and left ventricular function after intravenous thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 74:1220–1228PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) (1990) GISSI-2: A factorial randomised trial of alteplase versus streptokinase and heparin versus no heparin among 12490 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 336:65–71Google Scholar
  36. Guerci AD, Gerstenblith G, Brinker JA, Chandra NC, Gottlieb SO, Bahr RD, Weiss JL, Shapiro EP, Flaherty JT, Bush DE, Chew PH, Gottlieb SH, Halperin HR, Ouyang P, Walford GD, Bell WR, Fatterpaker AK, Llewellyn M, Topol EJ, Healy B, Siu CO, Becker LC, Weisfeldt ML (1987) A randomized trial of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction with subsequent randomization to elective coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 317:1613–1618PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Gulba DC, Tanswell P, Dechend R, Sosada M, Weis A, Waigand J, Uhlich F, Hauck S, Jost S, Rafflenbeul W, Lichtlen PR, Dietz R (1997) Sixty-minute alteplase protocol: a new accelerated recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator regimen for thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:1611–1617PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Gurbel PA, Serebruany VL, Shustov AR, Bahr RD, Carpo C, Ohman EM, Topol EJ, for the GUSTO-III Investigators (1998) Effects of reteplase and alteplase on platelet aggregation and major receptor expression during the first 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1466–1473PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Higgins D, Vehar GA (1987) Interaction of one-chain and two-chain tissue plasminogen activator with intact and plasmin-degraded fibrin. Biochemistry 26:7786–7791PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Hogg PJ, Jackson CM (1989) Fibrin monomer protects thrombin from inactivation by heparin-antithrombin III: Implications for heparin efficacy. Biochemistry 86:3619–3623Google Scholar
  41. Honan MB, Harrell FE Jr, Reimer KA, Califf RM, Mark DB, Pryor DB, Hlatky MA (1990) Cardiac rupture, mortality and a timing of thrombolytic therapy: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:359–367PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Hoylaerts M, Rijken DC, Lijnen HR, Collen D (1982) Kinetics of the activation of plasminogen by human tissue plasminogen activator. Role of fibrin. J Biol Chem 257:2912–2919PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. ISIS-3 (Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1992) ISIS-3: a randomised comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 339:753–770CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Jha P, Deboer D, Sykora K, Naylor CD (1996) Characteristics and mortality outcomes of thrombolysis trial participants and nonparticipants: a population-based comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1335–1342PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Juliard J-M, Himbert D, Golmard J-L, Aubry P, Karrillon GJ, Boccara A, Steg PG (1997) Can we provide reperfusion therapy to all unselected patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction? J Am Coll Cardiol 30:157–164PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Karagounis L, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL, Moreno F, Anderson JL, for the TEAM-2 Investigators (1992) Does thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly patent artery or a mostly occluded artery? Enzymatic and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-2 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 19:1–10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Kruithof EKO, Bachmann F (1982) Studies on the binding of tissue plasminogen activator to fibrinogen and fibrin. In: Henschen A, Graeff H, Lottspeich A (eds) Fibrinogen — recent biomedical and medical aspects. W. de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 377–387Google Scholar
  48. Krumholz HM, Murillo JE, Chen J, Vaccarino V, Radford MJ, Ellerbeck EF, Wang Y (1997) Thrombolytic therapy for eligible elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 277:1683–1688PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Langer A, Goodman SG, Topol EJ, Charlesworth A, Skene AM, Wilcox RG, Armstrong PW, for the LATE Study Investigators (1996) Late assessment of thrombolytic efficacy (LATE) study: prognosis in patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1327–1332PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. LATE Study Group (1993) Late assessment of thrombolytic efficacy (LATE) study with alteplase 6–24 hours after onset of acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 342:759–766CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Sigmon KN, Lee KL, Ohman EM, Rosenschein U, Ellis SG (1995) Significance of a coronary artery with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 2 flow “patency” (outcome in the thrombolysis and angioplasty in myocardial infarction trials). Am J Cardiol 75:871–876PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Mahaffey KW, Granger CB, Collins R, O’Connor CM, Ohman EM, Bleich SD, Col JJ, Califf RM (1996) Overview of randomized trials of intravenous heparin in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 77:551–556PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Marmur JD, Thiruvikraman SV, Fyfe BS, Guha A, Sharma SK, Ambrose JA, Fallon JT, Nemerson Y, Taubman MB (1996) Identification of active tissue factor in human coronary atheroma. Circulation 94:1226–1232PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. National Heart Foundation of Australia Coronary Thrombolysis Group (1988) Coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage by tissue plasminogen activator given up to 4 hours after onset of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1:203–208Google Scholar
  55. Neuhaus KL, Feuerer W, Jeep-Tebbe S, Niederer W, Vogt A, Tebbe U (1989) Improved thrombolysis with a modified dose regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:1566–1569PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. O’Rourke M, Baron D, Keogh A, Kelly R, Nelson G, Barnes C, Raftos J, Graham K, Hillman K, Newman H, Healey J, Woolridge J, Rivers J, White H, Whitlock R, Norris R (1988) Limitation of myocardial infarction by early infusion of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 77:1311–1315PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Passamani E, Hodges M, Herman M, Grose R, Chaitman B, Rogers W, Forman S, Terrin M, Knatterud G, Robertson T, Braunwald E (1987) The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II pilot study: tissue plasminogen activator followed by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 10:51B–564PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Pennica D, Holmes WE, Kohr WJ, Harkins RN, Vehar GA, Ward CA, Bennett WF, Yelverton E, Seeburg PH, Heynecker HL, Goeddel DV, Collen D (1983) Cloning and expression of human tissue-type plasminogen activator cDNA in E. coli. Nature 301:214–221PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Purvis JA, McNeill AJ, Siddiqui RA, Roberts MJD, McClements BM, McEneaney D, Campbell NPS, Khan MM, Webb SW, Wilson CM, Adgey AAJ (1994) Efficacy of 100 mg of double-bolus alteplase in achieving complete perfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:6–10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Radcliffe R, Heinze T (1981) Stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator by denatured proteins and fibrin clots: A possible additional role for plasminogen activator? Arch Biochem Biophys 211:750–761PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Rijken DC, Collen D (1981) Purification and characterization of the plasminogen activator secreted by human melanoma cells in culture. J Biol Chem 256:7035–7041PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Rijken DC, Hoylaerts M, Collen D (1982) Fibrinolytic properties of one-chain and two-chain human extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 257:2920–2925PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Rijken DC, Wijngaards G, Zaal De Jong M, Welbergen J (1979) Purification and partial characterization of plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta 580:140–153PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Braniff BA, Brooks NH, Califf RM, Hillis LD, Hiratzka LF, Rapaport E, Riegel BJ, Russell RO, Smith EE III, Weaver WD (1996) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 28:1328–1419PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, Califf RM, Hillis LD, Hiratzka LF, Rapaport E, Riegel B, Russell RO, Smith EE, Weaver WD, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Eagle KA, Gardner TJ, Garson A, Jr., Gregoratos G, Smith SC, Jr. (1999) 1999 update: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary and Recommendations: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 100:1016–1030PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Rånby M (1982) Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Isolation, Enzymatic Properties and Assay Procedure, Thesis. Umea, Sweden, Umea University Medical Dissertations. New Series No. 90Google Scholar
  67. Schlant RC (1994) Reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 90:2091–2102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Simoons ML, Arnold AER, Betriu A, de Bono DP, Col J, Dougherty FC, von Essen R, Lambertz H, Lubsen J, Meier B, Michel PL, Raynaud P, Rutsch W, Sanz GA, Schmidt W, Serruys PW, Thery C, Uebis R, Vahanian A, Van de Werf F, Willems GM, Wood D, Verstraete M, for the European Cooperative Study Group for Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (rTPA) (1988) Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Lancet i:197–203Google Scholar
  69. Sobel BE (1997) Heparin and streptokinase. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 11:97–100PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Stadius ML (1993) Angiographic monitoring of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. TIMI grade 3 perfusion is the goal. Circulation 87:2055–2057PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Tanswell P, Tebbe U, Neuhaus KL, Gläsle-Schwarz L, Wojcik J, Seifried E (1992) Pharmacokinetics and fibrin specificity of alteplase during accelerated infusions in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 19:1071–1075PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators (1993) The effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or both on coronary-artery patency, ventricular function, and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 329:1615–1622CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. The GUSTO Investigators (1993) An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 329:673–682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. The International Study Group (1990) In-hospital mortality and clinical course of 20891 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction randomised between alteplase and streptokinase with or without heparin. Lancet 336:71–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. The ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988) Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 2:349–360Google Scholar
  76. The TIMI Research Group (1988) Immediate vs delayed catheterization and angioplasty following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. TIMI II A results. JAMA 260:2849–2858CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. The TIMI Study Group (1985) The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trial: phase 1 findings. N Engl J Med 312:932–936Google Scholar
  78. Thorsen S, Glas-Greenwalt P, Astrup T (1972) Differences in the binding to fibrin of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 28:65–74PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. TIMI IIIB Investigators (1994) Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: Results of the TIMI IIIB trial. Circulation 89:1545–1556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Topol EJ, Califf RM, George BS, Kereiakes DJ, Abbottsmith CW, Candela RJ, Lee KL, Pitt B, Stack RS, O’Neill WW, for the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group (1987) A randomized trial of immediate versus delayed elective angioplasty after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 317:581–588PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Topol EJ, George BS, Kereiakes DJ, Candela RJ, Abbottsmith CW, Stump DC, Boswick JM, Stack RS, Califf RM, and the TAMI Study Group (1988) Comparison of two dose regimens of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 61:723–728PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Topol EJ, Morris DC, Smalling RW, Schumacher RR, Taylor CR, Nishikawa A, Liberman HA, Collen D, Tufte ME, Grossbard EB, O’Neill WW (1987) A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a new form of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (activase) in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:1205–1213PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Toschi V, Gallo R, Lettino M, Fallon JT, Gertz SD, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Chesebro JH, Badimon L, Nemerson Y, Fuster V, Badimon JJ (1997) Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 95:594–599PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Van Belle E, Lablanche JM, Bauters C, Renaud N, McFadden EP, Bertrand ME (1998) Coronary angioscopic findings in the infarct-related vessel within 1 month of acute myocardial infarction: natural history and the effect of thrombolysis. Circulation 97:26–33PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Van de Werf F, Arnold AER, for the European Cooperative Study Group for recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (1988) Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and size of infarct, left ventricular function, and survival in acute myocardial infarction. BMJ 297:1374–1379PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Van de Werf F, Bergmann SR, Fox KAA, De Geest H, Hoyng CF, Sobel BE, Collen D (1984) Coronary thrombolysis with intravenously administered human tissue-type plasminogen activator produced by recombinant DNA technology. Circulation 69:605–610PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Van de Werf F, for the Continuous Infusion versus Double-Bolus Administration of Alteplase (COBALT) Investigators (1997) A comparison of continuous infusion of alteplase with double-bolus administration for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 337:1124–1130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Van de Werf F, Ludbrook PA, Bergmann SR, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Fox KAA, De Geest H, Verstraete M, Collen D, Sobel BE (1984) Coronary thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 310:609–613PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Verstraete M, Arnold AER, Brower RW, Collen D, de Bono DP, de Zwaan C, Erbel R, Hillis WS, Lennane RJ, Lubsen J, Mathey D, Reid DS, Rutsch W, Schartl M, Schofer J, Serruys PW, Simoons ML, Uebis R, Vahanian A, Verheugt F, von Essen R (1987) Acute coronary thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator: initial patency and influence of maintained infusion on reocclusion rate. Am J Cardiol 60:231–237PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Verstraete M, Bernard R, Bory M, Brower RW, Collen D, de Bono DP, Erbel R, Huhmann W, Lennane RJ, Lubsen J et al. (1985a) Randomised trial of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator versus intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Report from the European Cooperative Study Group for Recombinant Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator. Lancet 1:842–847PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Verstraete M, Bleifeld W, Brower RW, Charbonnier B, Collen D, de Bono DP, Dunning AJ, Lennane RJ, Lubsen J, Mathey DG, Michel PL, Raynaud P, Schofer J, Vahanian A, Vanhaecke J, Van de Kley GA, Van de Werf F, von Essen R (1985b) Double-blind randomised trial of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator versus placebo in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2:965–969PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Vogt A, von Essen R, Tebbe U, Feuerer W, Appel K-F, Neuhaus K-L (1993) Impact of early perfusion status in the infarct-related artery on short-term mortality after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: retrospective analysis of four German multicenter studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:1391–1395PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. von dem Borne PAK, Meijers JCM, Bouma BN (1996) Effect of heparin on the activation of factor XI by fibrin-bound thrombin. Thromb Haemost 76:347–353Google Scholar
  94. Wallén P, Bergsdorf N, Rånby M (1982) Purification and identification of two structural variants of porcine tissue plasminogen activator by affinity adsorption on fibrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 719:318–328PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Weimar W, van Seyen AJ, Stibbe J, Billiau A, de Somer D, Collen D (1981) Specific lysis of an iliofemoral thrombus by administration of extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator. Lancet ii:1018–1020Google Scholar
  96. White HD (1997) Is heparin of value in the management of acute myocardial infarction? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 11:111–119PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwartz SM, Gordon D (1989) Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2839–2843PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Wilcox RG, von der Lippe G, Olsson CG, Jensen G, Skene AM, Hampton JR, for the ASSET Study Group (1988) Trial of tissue plasminogen activator for mortality reduction in acute myocardial infarction. Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET). Lancet 2:525–530PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Wilson EL, Becker MLB, Hoal EG, Dowdle EG (1980) Molecular species of plasminogen activators secreted by normal and neoplastic human cells. Cancer Res 40:933–938PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Wiman B, Collen D (1978) Molecular mechanism of physiological fibrinolysis. Nature 272:549–550PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Zamarron C, Lijnen HR, Collen D (1984) Kinetics of the activation of plasminogen by natural and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 259:2080–283PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Zhu Y, Carmeliet P, Fay WP (1999) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a major determinant of arterial thrombolysis resistance. Circulation 99:3050–3055PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001

Authors and Affiliations

  • D. Collen

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations