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MDMA

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Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen

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Zusammenfassung

3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamin (MDMA) ist ein Phenylethylamin mit primärer Serotonin-freisetzender Wirkung. In den 1980er-Jahren beschrieben A. Shulgin und D. Nichols die einzigartige Wirkung mit gehobener Stimmung, gesteigerter Empathie und Selbstsicherheit sowie verstärkter interpersoneller Kommunikationsfähigkeit, welche von Nichols 1986 mit dem Begriff Entactogen (das Innere berührend) bezeichnet wurde. Der zunehmende Missbrauch als Freizeitdroge führte ab 1985 ausgehend von den USA zu einem weltweiten Verbot von MDMA. Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen bei Ratten und Primaten ergaben seit 1985 Hinweise, dass MDMA nach wiederholten hohen Dosen neurotoxische Effekte auf zentrale sertonerge Neurone haben kann. Inwiefern diese präklinischen Effekte auf den Menschen übertragbar sind, ist ungeklärt. Die Wirkung von MDMA gegenüber psychotraumatischer Erfahrungen führt dazu, dass Patienten lernen, sich von maladaptiven Einstellungen durch selbstwirksame Neuerfahrung zu lösen.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Mit der aus harm reduction-Perspektive wünschenswerten Verbesserung der Reinheit und Verringerung des Anteils psychoaktiver Streckmittel auf dem Schwarzmarkt geht aber auch ein erhöhtes Risiko für Überdosierungen einher, da Konsumenten im Rahmen dieser ‚Qualitätsverbesserung‘ in den letzten Jahren mit unerwartet starken Zubereitungen konfrontiert werden. So waren ab 2014 Ecstasy-Tabletten mit 300 mg MDMA und mehr im Umlauf.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Christophsbad GmbH & Co. Fachkrankenhaus KG, Göppingen, Deutschland

    Leopold Hermle

  2. Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland

    Felix Schuldt

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  1. Leopold Hermle
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  2. Felix Schuldt
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Correspondence to Leopold Hermle or Felix Schuldt .

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  1. FINDER Institut für Präventionsforschung & Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Maximilian von Heyden

  2. FINDER Institut für Präventionsforschung, Berlin, Germany

    Henrik Jungaberle

  3. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Tomislav Majić

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Hermle, L., Schuldt, F. (2018). MDMA. In: von Heyden, M., Jungaberle, H., Majić, T. (eds) Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen. Springer Reference Psychologie . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55125-3_25

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