ADHOC-NOW 2013: Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Network pp 257-268 | Cite as
Strong Connectivity of Wireless Sensor Networks with Double Directional Antennae in 3D
Abstract
Using directional antennae in forming a wireless sensor network has many advantages over omnidirectional, including improved energy efficiency, reduced interference, increased security, and improved routing efficiency. We propose using double (Yagi) directional antennae in 3D space: for a given spherical angle such antennae transmit from their apex simultaneously directionally along two diametrically opposing cones in 3D. We study the resulting network formed by such directional sensors. We design a new algorithm to address strong connectivity of the resulting network and compare its hop-stretch factor with the three-dimensional omnidirectional model. We also obtain a lower bound on the minimum range required to ensure strong connectivity for sensors with double antennae. Further, we present simulation results comparing the diameter of a traditional sensor network using omnidirectional and one using directional antennae.
Keywords
Antennae Diameter Directional Range Sensor Network Stretch Factor Strong Connectivity Yagi AntennaPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Capsalis, P.K.: Electronic beam steering using switched parasitic smart antenna arrays. Progress in Electromagnetics Research 36, 101–119 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Caragiannis, I., Kaklamanis, C., Kranakis, E., Krizanc, D., Wiese, A.: Communication in wireless networks with directional antennas. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, pp. 344–351. ACM (2008)Google Scholar
- 3.Eftekhari Hesari, M., Kranakis, E., MacQuarie, F., Morales-Ponce, O., Narayanan, L.: Strong Connectivity of Sensor Networks with Double Antennae. In: Even, G., Halldórsson, M.M. (eds.) SIROCCO 2012. LNCS, vol. 7355, pp. 99–110. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Kranakis, E., Krizanc, D., Modi, A., Morales-Ponce, O.: Connectivity Trade-offs in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks Using Directional Antennae. In: IPDPS, pp. 345–351 (2011)Google Scholar
- 5.Kranakis, E., Krizanc, D., Morales-Ponce, O.: Maintaining Connectivity in Sensor Networks Using Directional Antennae. In: Nikoletseas, S., Rolim, J. (eds.) Theoretical Aspects of Distributed Computing in Sensor Networks. Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series, pp. 59–84. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Kranakis, E., MacQuarrie, F., Morales-Ponce, O.: Stretch Factor in Wireless Sensor Networks with Directional Antennae. In: Lin, G. (ed.) COCOA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7402, pp. 25–36. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Pfender, F., Ziegler, G.: Kissing numbers, sphere packings and some unexpected proofs. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 51, 873–883 (2004)MathSciNetMATHGoogle Scholar
- 8.Sievenpiper, D., Schaffner, J., Loo, B., Tangonan, G., Harold, R., Pikulski, J., Garcia, R.: Electronic beam steering using a varactor-tuned impedance surface. In: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 1, pp. 174–177 (2001)Google Scholar
- 9.Sloane, N.J.: Spherical Codes: Nice arrangements of points on a sphere in various dimensions, http://www2.research.att.com/~njas/packings/index.html#I
- 10.Tammes, P.M.L.: On the origin of number and arrangement of the places of exit on the surface of pollen-grains. Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 27, 1–84 (1930)Google Scholar