Surface Treatments for Moisture Resistance

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advanced Structured Materials book series (STRUCTMAT, volume 25)

Abstract

With metallic adherends it is recognised that some form of surface treatment is required to provide a combination of high performance and long-lasting, or durable, adhesion. This is most evident when bonded structures are exposed to environmental and/or mechanical loads for a significant part of their service life. A range of treatments exists which provide enhanced durability, to one extent or another; usually qualitative intercomparisons are made between treatments with the same alloy and adhesive combination under well-defined environmental and mechanical loading conditions. For a specific adherend, the efficacy of a particular treatment is dependent upon a large number of factors. In this section, specific examples of surface treatments are discussed for aluminium and titanium alloys and carbon steels in terms of how they modify the metal surfaces and how they perform in comparative adhesion studies. Importantly, the most high performance and optimised surface treatments when applied to an appropriate alloy, and using an appropriate adhesive-primer combination, are capable of providing the levels of structural adhesion and durability required in the highly-demanding aerospace, defence and automotive sectors.

Keywords

Hexavalent Chromium Conversion Coating Anodic Oxide Film Bond Durability Mechanical Loading Condition 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Minford, J.D.: Handbook of Aluminum Bonding Technology and Data. Marcel Dekker, New York USA (1993)Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Mahoon, A.: Durability of Structural Adhesives. In: Kinloch, A.J (ed.) Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, p. 255 (1983)Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Thrall, E.W., Shannon, R.W. (eds.): Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum Alloys. Marcel Dekker, New York USA (1985)Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Sykes, J.M.: Surface Analysis and Pretreatment of Plastics and Metals. In: Brewism, D.M. (ed.) Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, p. 153 (1982)Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Ashcroft, I.A., Comyn, J.: Handbook of Adhesion Technology vol. 2, p. 789. In: da Silva, L.F.M., Ochsner, A., Adams, R.D. (eds.) Springer, Berlin, Germany (2011)Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Bowditch, M.R., Hiscock, D., Moth, D.A.: The role of the substrate in the hydrolytic stability of adhesive joints. Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 76(6), 209–212 (1998)Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Bowditch, M.R.: The durability of adhesive joints in the presence of water. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 16, 73–79 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Schweitzer, P.A. (ed.): Corrosion Engineering Handbook. Marcel Dekker, New York USA (1996)Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Baboian, R. (ed.): Corrosion Tests and Standards: Applications and Interpretation. ASTM International, Baltimore, USA (2005)Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Burchardt, B.: Handbook of Adhesion Technology (vol. 2, p. 1185). In: da Silva, L.F.M., Ochsner, A., Adams, R.D. (eds.) Springer, Berlin, Germany Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Watts, J.F.: Handbook of Adhesion: Second Edition. In: Packham, D.E. (ed.) Wiley, Chichester, UK, p. 101 (2005)Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Briggs, D.: Handbook of Adhesion 2nd edn. In: Packham, D.E. (ed.) Wiley, Chichester, UK, p. 89, 235 (2005)Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Critchlow, G.W., Bedwell, K.H., Cottam, C.A.: The effectiveness of TEA CO2-laser ablation for the treatment of hot dipped galvanized mild steel prior to adhesive bonding. Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 76(5), 203–206 (1998)Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Critchlow, G.W., Litchfield, R., Curtis, C., Owen, M.: Hot and cold cleaning methods: CO2 and Nd:YAG laser ablation, sodium hydride immersion and CO2 cryoblasting. Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 87(6), 284–286 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Critchlow, G.W., Brewis, D.M., Emmony, D.C., Cottam, C.A.: Initial investigation into the effectiveness of CO2-laser treatment of aluminium for adhesive bonding. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 15(4), 233–237 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Rance, D.G.: Surface Analysis and Pretreatment of Plastics and Metals. In: Brewis, D.M. (ed.) Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, p. 121 (1982)Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Hart-Smith, L.J.: Handbook of Adhesion Technology (vol. 2, p. 1104). In: da Silva, L.F.M., Ochsner, A., Adams, R.D. (eds.) Springer, Berlin, Germany (2011)Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Desagulier, C.: Handbook of Adhesion Technology (vol. 2, P. 1150). In: da Silva, L.F.M., Ochsner, A., Adams, R.D. (eds.) Springer, Berlin, Germany (2011)Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Pleuddemann, E.P.: Silane Coupling Agents. Plenum Press, New York, USA (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Gledhill, R.A., Shaw, S.J., Tod, D.A.: Durability of adhesively-bonded joints employing organosilane coupling agents. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 10(3), 192–198 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Digby, R.P., Shaw, S.J.: The international collaborative programme on organosilane coupling agents: an introduction. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 18, 261–264 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Abel, M.-L., Allington, R.D., Digby, R.P., Porritt, N., Shaw, S.J., Watts, J.F.: Understanding the relationship between silane application conditions, bond durability and locus of failure. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 26, 2–15 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Abel, M.-L., Adams, A.N.N., Kinloch, A.J., Shaw, S.J., Watts, J.F.: The effects of surface treatment on the cyclic-fatigue characteristics of bonded aluminium-alloy joints. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 26, 50–61 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Rattana, A., Abel, M.-L., Watts, J.F.: ToF-SIMS studies of the adsorption of epoxy resin molecules on organosilane treated aluminium: adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 26, 28–39 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Underhill, P.R., Duquesnay, D.L.: Silanes and Other Coupling Agents (vol. 2, p. 149). In: Mittal, K.L. (ed.) VSP, Utrecht, The Netherlands (2000)Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Zhu, D., van Ooij, W.J.: Corrosion protection of metals by water-based silane mixtures of bis[trimethoxysilylpropyl]amine and vinyltriacetoxysilane. Prog. Org. Coat. 49, 42–53 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Wang, D., Bierwagen, G.P.: Sol-gel coatings on metals for corrosion protection. Prog. Org. Coat. 64, 327–338 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    May, M., Wang, H., Akid, R.: Bond strength of hybrid sol-gel coatings with different additives. J. Coat. Technol. Res. (published online 26 Oct 2012)Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Osborne, J.H., Blohowiak, K.Y., Sekits, D.F.: Environmentally benign sol-gel surface treatments for aluminum bonding applications. Wright Laboratory report WL-TR-95-4060, issued April 1996Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Voevodin, N.N., Balbyshev, V.N., Donley, M.S.: Investigation of corrosion protection performance of sol-gel coatings on AA2024-T3. Prog. Org. Coat. 52, 28–33 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Metroke, T.L., Parkhill, R.L., Knobbe, E.T.: Passivation of metal alloys using sol-gel-derived materials—a review. Prog. Org. Coat. 41, 233–238 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Critchlow, G.W., Brewis, D.M.: Review of surface pretreatments for aluminium alloys. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 16, 255–275 (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Minford, J.D.: Comparison of aluminium adhesive joint durability as influenced by etching and anodizing pretreatments of bonded surfaces. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.: Appl. Polym. Symp. 32, 91–103 (1997)Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Critchlow, G.W., Brewis, D.M.: A comparison of chromate-phosphate and chromate-free conversion coatings for adhesive bonding. J. Adhes. 61, 213–230 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Bockmair, G.: Non-chromate surface protection for aircraft maintenance. Adv. Mater. Res. 38, 7–13 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Cree, A.M., Devlin, M., Critchlow, G., Hirst, T.: Fatigue and fracture assessment of toxic metal replacement coatings for aerospace applications. Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 88(6), 303–310 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Sheasby, P.G., Pinner, R.: The Surface Treatment and Finishing of Aluminum and its Alloys, 6th edn. Finishing Publications Ltd, Stevenage UK (2001)Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Critchlow, G.W., Yendall, K.A., Bahrani, D., Quinn, A., Andrews, F.: Strategies for the replacement of chromic acid anodising for the structural bonding of aluminium alloys. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes 26, 419–453 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Tarr, L.E., Holmquist, H.H.: In: Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 2102–2111 (1990)Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Davis, G.D., Sun, T.S., Ahearn, J.S., Venables, J.D.: Application of surface behaviour diagrams to the study of hydration of phosphoric acid-anodized aluminium. J. Mater. Sci. 17, 1807–1818 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Wong, C., Moji, Y.: US Patent No. 4,894,127 (1990)Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    MIL-A-8626.: Anodic Coatings for Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Yendall, K.A., Critchlow, G.W.: Novel methods, incorporating pre- and post-anodising steps, for the replacement of the Bengough-Stuart chromic acid anodising process in structural bonding applications. Int. J. Ades. Adhes. 29, 503–508 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Cartwright, T.: PhD Thesis, Loughborough University (2005)Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Critchlow, G.W., Brewis, D.M.: Review of surface treatment for titanium alloys. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 15, 161–172 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Molitor, P., Barron, V., Young, T.: Surface treatment of titanium for adhesive bonding to polymer composites: a review. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 21, 129–136 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Wegman, R.F., Levi, D.W.: Evaluation of titanium prebond treatments by stress durability testing. In: Proceedings of the 27th National SAMPE Symposium (1982)Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Blohowiak, K.Y., Osborne, J.H., Krienke, K.A.: US Patent No. 5,939,197 (1999)Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Patsi, M.E., Hautaniemi, J.A., Rahiala, H.M., Peltola, T.O., Kangasniemi, I.M.O.: Bonding strengths of titania sol-gel derived coatings on titanium. J. Sol-gel Sci. Technol. 11, 55–66 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Osborne, J.H., Blohowiak, K.Y., Taylor, S.R., Hunter, C., Bierwagon, G., Carlson, B., Bernard, D., Donley, M.S.: Testing and evaluation of nonchromated coating systems for aerospace applications. Prog. Org. Coat. 41, 217–225 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Kennedy, A.C., Kohler, R., Poole, P.: A sodium hydroxide anodize surface pretreatment for the adhesive bonding of titanium alloys. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 3(2), 133–139 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Pike, R.A., Patarini, V.M., Zatorski, R., Lamm, F.P.: Plasma-sprayed coatings as adherend surface pretreatments. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 12(4), 227–231 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Critchlow, G.W., Bedwell, K.H., Chamberlain, M.E.: Pretreaments to improve the bondability of hot dipped galvanised mild steel. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 76(6), 209–213 (1998)Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Freeman, D.B.: Phosphating and Metal Pre-treatment. Woodhead-Faulkner, Cambridge, UK (1986)Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Tod, D.A., Atkins, R.W., Shaw, S.J.: Use of primers to enhance adhesive bonds. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 12(3), 159–163 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Cunliffe, A.V., Evans, S., Tod, D.A., Torry, S.A., Wylie, P.: Optimum preparation of silanes for steel pre-treatment. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 21, 287–296 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Fay, P.A., Maddison, A.: Durability of adhesively bonded steel under salt spray and hydrothermal stress conditions. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 10(3), 179–186 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Davis, R.E., Fay, P.A.: The durability of bonded coated steel joints. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 13(2), 97–104 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Bistac, S., Vallat, M.F., Schultz, J.: Durability of steel-polymeradhesion in an aqueous environment. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 18, 365–369 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Critchlow, G.W., Webb, P.W., Tremlett, C.J., Brown, K.: Chemical conversion coatings for structural adhesive bonding of plain carbon steels. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 20, 113–122 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of MaterialsLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK

Personalised recommendations