Abstract
The term 4D seismic reflects that calendar time represents the fourth dimension. A more precise term is repeated seismic, because that is actually what is done: a seismic survey over a given area (oil/gas field) is repeated in order to monitor production changes. Time-lapse seismic is another term used for this. For some reason, the term 4D seismic is most common, and we will therefore use it here. It is important to note that if we repeat 2D surveys, it is still denoted 4D seismic according to this definition. Recent examples of such surveys are repeated 2D lines acquired over the Troll gas province.
Keywords
Seismic Data Receiver Position Geomechanical Modelling Vertical Seismic Profile Pore Pressure ChangeNotes
Acknowledgments
Statoil is acknowledged for permission to use and present their data. The Research Council of Norway is acknowledged for financial support to the ROSE (Rock Seismic) project at NTNU. Lasse Amundsen, Lars Pedersen, Lars Kristian Strønen, Per Digranes, Eilert Hilde, Odd Arve Solheim, Ivar Brevik, Paul Hatchell, Peter Wills, Jan Stammeijer, Thomas Røste, Rodney Calvert, Alexey Stovas, Lyubov Skopintseva, Andreas Evensen, Amir Ghaderi, Dag O. Larsen, Kenneth Duffaut, Jens Olav Paulsen, Jerome Guilbot, Olav Barkved, Jan Kommedal, Per Gunnar Folstad, Helene Veire, Erling Fjær, Pamela Tempone, Rune Martin Holt, Ola Eiken, Torkjell Stenvold, Fredrik Hansteen and Alberto Marsala are all thanked for co-operation and discussions.