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Mechanistic Aspects of COX-2 Expression in Colorectal Neoplasia

  • Dan A. DixonEmail author
  • Fernando F. Blanco
  • Annalisa Bruno
  • Paola PatrignaniEmail author
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Recent Results in Cancer Research book series (RECENTCANCER, volume 191)

Abstract

The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin formation in pathogenic states and a large amount of evidence has demonstrated constitutive COX-2 expression to be a contributing factor promoting colorectal cancer (CRC). Various genetic, epigenetic, and inflammatory pathways have been identified to be involved in the etiology and development of CRC. Alteration in these pathways can influence COX-2 expression at multiple stages of colon carcinogenesis allowing for elevated prostanoid biosynthesis to occur in the tumor microenvironment. In normal cells, COX-2 expression levels are potently regulated at the post-transcriptional level through various RNA sequence elements present within the mRNA 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). A conserved AU-rich element (ARE) functions to target COX-2 mRNA for rapid decay and translational inhibition through association with various RNA-binding proteins to influence the fate of COX-2 mRNA. Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) bind regions within the COX-2 3′UTR and control COX-2 expression. In this chapter, we discuss novel insights in the mechanisms of altered post-transcriptional regulation of COX-2 in CRC and how this knowledge may be used to develop novel strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.

Keywords

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Lynch Syndrome Colon Tumorigenesis T8473C Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Cytoplasmic Stress Granule 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Abbreviations

CRC

Colorectal cancer

CV

Cardiovascular

CIN

Chromosomal instability

APC

Adenomatous polyposis coli

FAP

Familial adenomatous polyposis

EGF

Epidermal growth factor

TGF

Transforming growth factor

COX

Cyclooxygenase

PG

Prostaglandin

(TX)A2

Thromboxane

PGI2

Prostacyclin

GI

Gastrointestinal

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

mPGES

Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase

15-PGDH

15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase

PPAR

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

AU

Rich elements (AREs)

miRNAs

MicroRNAs

HuR

Hu antigen R

TIA-1

T cell intracellular antigen 1

RBM3

RNA-binding motif protein 3

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Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA134609 to D.A. Dixon) and American Cancer Society (RSG-06-122-01-CNE to D.A. Dixon). We apologize to our colleagues for not being able to reference all primary work due to space limitations.

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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
  2. 2.Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI) and Department of Medicine and AgingG. d’Annunzio University, School of MedicineChietiItaly
  3. 3.Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI) and Department of Neuroscience and ImagingG. d’Annunzio University, School of MedicineChietiItaly

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