Gastroösophagealer Reflux und Erkrankungen des Magens

  • M. Höllwarth
Chapter
First Online:

Zusammenfassung

Gastroösophageale Refluxereignisse sind physiologische Vorkommnisse, die sich bei allen Altersgruppen ereignen, häufiger besonders nach flüssiger Nahrung (Suppe) oder sonstiger Flüssigkeitszufuhr (Softdrinks, Kaffee, Alkohol). Von einem pathologischen Reflux oder einer Refluxkrankheit spricht man erst, wenn die Zahl und/oder die Dauer der Refluxereignisse Normwerte überschreiten. Die Häufigkeit der Refluxkrankheit in der Bevölkerung ist jedoch schwer zu bestimmen, da die meisten Refluxe asymptomatisch ablaufen und die Erkrankung erst bei Auftreten von Komplikationen mit entsprechenden Symptomen klinisch manifest wird. Die Inzidenz wird bei Erwachsenen mit 4–30% und im Kindesalter mit 5–9% geschätzt. In einer italienischen Studie hatten 12% von über 2000 Säuglingen (bis zu einem Jahr) klinische Refluxsymptome, aber nur ein Kind von 210 Säuglingen älter als 24 Monate entwickelte eine Refluxkrankheit (Campanozzi et al. 2009). Die Bedeutung des gastroösophagealen Refluxes bzw. der Refluxkrankheit ist vor allem an der sehr großen Zahl einschlägiger Publikationen zu erkennen, die sich mit den diagnostischen und therapeutischen Fragestellungen befassen. Im Folgenden werden die normale Funktion der Speiseröhre, die Entwicklung der Speiseröhrenfunktion beim Neugeborenen und Säugling, die Symptome, Untersuchungsmethoden und Befunde beim pathologischen Reflux, die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten sowie die Komplikationen der Refluxkrankheit und ihre möglichen Spätfolgen dargestellt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Literatur

  1. Abrams JA, Kapel RC, Lindberg GM et al. (2009) Adherence to biopsy guidelines for Barrett’s esophagus surveillance in the community setting in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:736–742PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Al-Salem AH (2007) Congenital pyloric atresia and associated anomalies. Pediatr Surg Int 23:559–563PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Andriessen MJ, Matthyssens LE, Heij HA (2010) Pyloric atresia. J Pediatr Surg 45: 2470–2472PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Bartels RJ (1976) Duplication of the stomach: case report and review of the literature. Ann Surg 33:747–752Google Scholar
  5. Bautista-Casanovas A, Varela-Cives R, Fernandez-Bustillo JM, et al. (2002) Chronic gastric volvulus: is it so rare? Eur J Pediatr Surg 12:111–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Berni Canani RB, Terrin G (2010) Gastric acidity inhibitors and the risk of intestinal infection. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 26:31–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bianchi A (1997) Total esophagogastric dissociation: an alternative approach. J Pediatr Surg 32:1291–1294PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Cribbs RK, Gow KW, Wulkan ML (2008) Gastric volvulus in infants and children. Pediatrics 122: e752–762CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Campanozzi A, Boccia G, Pensabene L et al. (2009) Prevalence and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux:Pediatric prospective study. Pediatrics 123:779–783PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Gaffney J et al. (2006) Gastro-esophageal reflux treatment of prolonged nonspecific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:1–46Google Scholar
  11. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW, et al. (1997) Reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in children with gastroesophageal reflux. Ann Surg 226:315–323PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Dank JP, Kim S, Parisi MA et al. (1999) Outcome after surgical repair of junctional epidermiolysis bullosa-pyloric atresia syndrome: A report of three cases and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 135:1243–1247PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Dessanti A, Di Benedetto V, Iannuccelli M (2004) Pyloric atresia: a new operation to reconstruct the pyloric sphincter. J Pediatr Surg 39: 297–301PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Diaz DM, Gibbson TE, Heiss K, et al. (2005) Antireflux surgery outcomes in pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gasroenterol 100:1844–1852CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. El-Serag HB, Richardson P, Pilgrim P, et al. (2007) Determinants of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults with a history of childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:696–701PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Esposito C, Montupet P, Amici G, et al. (2000) Complications of laparoscopic antireflux surgery in childhood. Surg Endosc 14:622–624PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Field St K, Gary CM, Gelfand AJ, et al. (1999) The effects of antireflux surgery on asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux. Chest 116:766–774CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. (2007) Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommandations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 133:1342–1363PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Fonkalsrud EW, Ashcraft KW, Coran AG, et al. (1998) Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in children: a combined hospital study of 7467 patients. Pediatrics 101:419–422PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. (2007) Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommandations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 133:1342–1363PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Georgeson KE (2006) Gastro-esophageal reflux and hiatal hernia in Puri P, Höllwarth ME (eds) Pediatric surgery. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg New York, pp S 49–60Google Scholar
  22. Gilger MA, Yeh C, Chiang J, et al. (2004) Outcomes of surgical fundoplication in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:978–984PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Goessler A, Huber-Zeyringer A, Hoellwarth ME (2006) Does epilepsy influence the outcome of antireflux procedures in neurologically impaired children? Pediatr Surg Int 22:485–490PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Goessler A, Huber-Zeyringer A, Hoellwarth ME (2007) Recurrent gastroesophageal reflux in neurologically impaired patients after fundoplication. Acta Paediatrica 96:87–93PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Granata C, Dell’Acqua A, Lituania M et al. (2003) Gastric duplication cyst: appearance on prenatal US and MRI. Pediatr Radiol 33: 148–149PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Hassall E (1993) Barrett’s esophagus: new definitions and approaches in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 16:345–364PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Hassall E, Kerr W, El Serag H (2007) Characteristics of children receiving proton pump inhibitors continuously for up to 11 years duration. J Pediatr 150:262–267PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Höllwarth ME (1979) Die Entwicklung der Speiseröhrenfunktion bei Neugeborenen – eine manometrische Studie. Z Kinderchir 3:201–215Google Scholar
  29. Höllwarth ME, Uray E, Pesendorfer P, et al. (1986) Esophageal manometry. Ped Surg Int 1:177–183Google Scholar
  30. Holschneider P, Dübbers M, Engelskirchen R, et al. (2007) Results of operative treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux in childhood with particular focus on patients with esophageal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 17:163–175PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Holzinger F, Banz M, Tscharner GG, et al. (2001) Laparoscopic Toupet partial fundoplication as general surgical therapy of gastroesophageal reflux. 1-year results of a 5-year prospective long-term study. Chirurg 72:6–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H (2008) The effect of thickened-feed interventions on gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatrics 112:e1268–e1277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Ilce Z, Erdogan E, Kara C et al. (2003) Pyloric atresia: 15-year review from a single institution, J Pediatr Surg 2003:38 1581–1584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Johnson DA, Ganz R, Aisenberg J, et al. (2003) Endoscopic deep mural implantation of Enteryx for treatment of GERD: 6-month follow-up of a multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol 98:250–258PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Katz PO (2002) Gastroesophageal reflux disease: new treatments. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2:66–74PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Kimber C, Kiely EM, Spitz L (1998) The failure rate of surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Surg 33:64–66PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Kume K, Ikeda K, Hayashida Y, et al. (1980) Congenital pyloric atresia: a report of three cases and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 16:259–268Google Scholar
  38. Landler U, Höllwarth ME, Uray E, et al. (1990) Speiseröhrenfunktion von Säuglingen mit Sudden Infant Death Risiko. Klin Pädiatr 202:37–42PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Lafullarde T, Watson DI, Jamieson GG, et al. (2001) Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: five year results and beyond. Arch Surg 136:180–184PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Lagergren J, Weimin Y, Lagergren P et al. (2010) The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma after antireflux surgery. Gastroenterology 138:1297–1301PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Lee WS, Bailey NR, Gilger M, et al. (1999) Gasroesophageal reflux: clinical profiles and outcome. J Pediatr Child Health 35: 568–571CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Lin CM, Lee HC, Kao HA et al. (2008) Neonatal gastric perforation: report of 15 cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Neonatol 49: 65–70PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Liu DC, Somme S, Mavrelis PG, et al. (2005) Stretta as the initial antireflux procedure in children. J Pediatr Surg 40:148–152PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Menon P, Raou KL, Coutinha HP et al. (2003) Gastric augmentation in isolated congenital microgastria. J Pediatr Surg 38:E4–E6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Moore CM (1989) Congenital gastric outlet obstruction. J Pediatr Surg 24:1242–1246Google Scholar
  46. Morabito A, Lall A, Lo Piccolo R, et al. (2006) Total esophagastric dissociation: 10 years review. J Pediatr Surg 41:919–922PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Ngerncham M, Barnhart DC, Harichara RN, et al. (2007) Risk factors for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease after fundoplication in pediatric patients: a case control study. J Pediatr Surg 42: 1478–14865PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Okazaki T, Ohata R, Miyano G et al. (2010) Laparoscopic splenopexy and gastropexy for wandering spleen associated with gastric volvulus. Pediatr Surg Int 2010: 1053–1055Google Scholar
  49. Orenstein SR, Shalaby TM, Kelsey SF et al. (2006) Natural history of infant reflux esophagitis: Symptoms and morphometric histology during one year without pharmacotherapy. Am J Gastroenterol 101:628–640PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Pessaux P, Arnaud JP, Ghavami B et al. (2000) Laparoscopic antireflux surgery: comparative study of Nissen, Nissen-Rosetti, and Toupet fundoplication. Société Française de Chirurgie Laparoscopique. Surg Endosc 14:1024–1027PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Rees JRE, Lao-Sirieix P, Wong A et al. (2010) Treatment for Barrett oesophagus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 :1–59Google Scholar
  52. Sampliner RE (1998) Practice guidelines on the diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterol. Am J Gastroenterol 93: 1028–1032PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Scherer LR (2006) Peptic ulcers and other conditions of the stomach. In: Grosfeld J, O’Neill Jr. JA, Fonkalsrud EW, Coran AG (eds) Pediatric surgery, 6th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 1225–1241Google Scholar
  54. Shah A, Shah AV (2003) Laparoscopic gastropexy in a neonate for acute gastric volvulus. Pediatr Surg Int 19: 217–219PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Sherman PM, Hassal E, Fagundes-Neto U et al. (2009) A global, evidence based consensus on the definition of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the pediatric population. Am J Gastroenterol 104:1278–1295PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Semeniuk J, Kasczamarski M (2007) 24-hour esophageal pH-monitoring in children suspected of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Analysis of intraesophageal pH-monotoring values recorded in the distal and proximal channel at diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 13: 5108–5115PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Sikkema M, De Jonge PJF, Steyerberg EW et al. (2010) Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and mortality in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:235–244PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Slocum C, Hibbs AM, Martin RJ et al. (2007) Infant apnea and gastroesophageal reflux: A critical review and framework for further investigation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9: 219–224PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Subramaniam R, Dickson AP (2000) Long-term outcome of Boix-Ochoa and Nissen fundoplication in normal and neurologically impaired children. J Pediatr Surg 35:1214–1216PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Taylor AC, Breen KJ, Auldist A et al. (2007) Gastroesophageal reflux and related pathology in adults who were born with esophageal atresia. A long-term follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:702–706PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Tolia V, Boyer K (2008) Long-term proton pump inhibitor use in children: a retrospective review of safety. Dig Dis Sci 53:385–393PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Torma MJ (1974) Of double stomachs. Arch Surg 109:155–157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Tovar JA, Luis AL, Encinas JL et al. (2007) Pediatric surgeons and gastroesophageal reflux J Pediatr Surg 42:277–283PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Vaezi MF (2007) Sore throat and a red hypopharynx: is it reflux ? Clin Gastroenterolo Hepatol 5:1379–1382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Vandenplas Y, Salvatore S, Devreker T et al. (2007) Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Oesophageal impedance versus pH-monitoring. Acta Paediatr 96:956–962PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Vandenplas Y, Rudolph CD, Lorenzo C et al. (2009) Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: Joint recommendation of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 49:498–547PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Van der Zee DC, Bax KN, Ure BM, et al. (2002) Long-term results after laparoscopic Thal procedure in children. Semin Laparosc Surg 9:168–171PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Weber TR (1995) A prospective analysis of factors influencing outcome after fundoplication. J Pediatr Surg 30:1061–1063PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Wieczorek RL, Seidman I, Ranson JH, et al. (1984) Congenital duplication of the stomach: case report and review of the English literature. Am J Gastroenterol 79:597–602PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Zaninotto G, Molena D, Ancona E (2000) A prospective multicenter study on laparoscopic treatment of gastroesphageal reflux disease in Italy: type of surgery, conversions, complications, and early results. Study Group for the laaroscopic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease of the Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery (SICE). Surg Endosc 14:282–288PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • M. Höllwarth
    • 1
  1. 1.Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und JugendchirurgieMedizinische Universität GrazGrazÖsterreich

Personalised recommendations