Adaptive Immunity and Spaceflight

Chapter

Abstract

Spaceflight causes alterations in human immunity, a finding which has been well documented immediately following spaceflight. Limited in-flight studies have also confirmed that to some degree immunity is compromised during spaceflight. A comprehensive understanding of the nature of these immune changes is lacking. This chapter reviews the current evidence regarding spaceflight effects on the function of the adaptive immune system, and speculates on potential adverse clinical outcomes and likely countermeasures. Potential causes for these alterations are discussed elsewhere in this volume ( Chap. 9), as are spaceflight effects on the function of the innate immune system ( Chap. 10).

Keywords

Normal Gravity Phorbol Myristate Acetate Immune Dysregulation Simulated Microgravity Immune Cell Subset 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. Boonyaratanakornkit JB, Cogoli A, Li CF, Schopper T, Pippia P, Galleri G et al (2005) Key gravity-sensitive signaling pathways drive T cell activation. FASEB J 19(14):2020–2022PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Buravkova LB, Rykova MP, Grigorieva V, Antropova EN (2004) Cell interactions in microgravity: cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells in vitro. J Gravit Physiol 11(2):P177–P180PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Chapes SK, Morrison DR, Guikema JA, Lewis ML, Spooner BS (1994) Production and action of cytokines in space. Adv Space Res 14(8):5–9PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Chouker A, Morukov B, Sams C (2008) Clinical immunology in new frontiers. Scientific American Presents: looking up, Europe’s quiet revolution in microgravity research:24–31Google Scholar
  5. Cogoli A (1993) The effect of space flight on human cellular immunity. Environ Med 37(2):107–116PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Cogoli A (1997) Signal transduction in T lymphocytes in microgravity. Gravit Space Biol Bull 10(2):5–16PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Cogoli A, Tschopp A, Fuchs-Bislin P (1984) Cell sensitivity to gravity. Science 225(4658):228–230PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Cooper D, Pellis NR (1998) Suppressed PHA activation of T lymphocytes in simulated microgravity is restored by direct activation of protein kinase C. J Leukoc Biol 63(5):550–562PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Crucian B, Sams C (2009) Immune system dysregulation during spaceflight: clinical risk for exploration-class missions. J Leukoc Biol 86(5):1017–1018PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Crucian BE, Cubbage ML, Sams CF (2000) Altered cytokine production by specific human peripheral blood cell subsets immediately following space flight. J Interferon Cytokine Res 20(6):547–556PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Crucian BE, Stowe RP, Pierson DL, Sams CF (2008) Immune system dysregulation following short- vs long-duration spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med 79(9):835–843PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Fitzgerald W, Chen S, Walz C, Zimmerberg J, Margolis L, Grivel JC (2009) Immune suppression of human lymphoid tissues and cells in rotating suspension culture and onboard the International Space Station. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 45(10):622–632PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Fuchs BB, Medvedev AE (1993) Countermeasures for ameliorating in-flight immune dysfunction. J Leukoc Biol 54(3):245–252PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Gmunder FK, Konstantinova I, Cogoli A, Lesnyak A, Bogomolov W, Grachov AW (1994) Cellular immunity in cosmonauts during long duration spaceflight on board the orbital MIR station. Aviat Space Environ Med 65(5):419–423PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Gould CL, Lyte M, Williams J, Mandel AD, Sonnenfeld G (1987) Inhibited interferon-gamma but normal interleukin-3 production from rats flown on the space shuttle. Aviat Space Environ Med 58(10):983–986PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Gridley DS, Slater JM, Luo-Owen X, Rizvi A, Chapes SK, Stodieck LS et al (2009) Spaceflight effects on T lymphocyte distribution, function and gene expression. J Appl Physiol 106(1):194–202PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Grove DS, Pishak SA, Mastro AM (1995) The effect of a 10-day space flight on the function, phenotype, and adhesion molecule expression of splenocytes and lymph node lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 219(1):102–109PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Hashemi BB, Penkala JE, Vens C, Huls H, Cubbage M, Sams CF (1999) T cell activation responses are differentially regulated during clinorotation and in spaceflight. FASEB J 13(14):2071–2082PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Hatton JP, Gaubert F, Cazenave JP, Schmitt D (2002) Microgravity modifies protein kinase C isoform translocation in the human monocytic cell line U937 and human peripheral blood T-cells. J Cell Biochem 87(1):39–50PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Hughes-Fulford M (2003) Function of the cytoskeleton in gravisensing during spaceflight. Adv Space Res 32(8):1585–1593PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Jager A, Kuchroo VK (2010) Effector and regulatory T-cell subsets in autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. Scand J Immunol 72(3):173–184PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Kaur I, Simons ER, Kapadia AS, Ott CM, Pierson DL (2008) Effect of spaceflight on ability of monocytes to respond to endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15(10):1523–1528PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Kimzey SL, Ritzmann SE, Mengel CE, Fischer CL (1975) Skylab experiment results: hematology studies. Acta Astronaut 2(1–2):141–154PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Konstantinova IV, Antropova EN, Legen’kov VI, Zazhirei VD (1973) Reactivity of lymphoid blood cells in the crew of “Soiuz-6”, “Soiuz-7” and “Soiuz-8” spacecraft before and after flight. Kosm Biol Med 7(6):35–40PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Konstantinova IV, Rykova M, Meshkov D, Peres C, Husson D, Schmitt DA (1995) Natural killer cells after ALTAIR mission. Acta Astronaut 36(8–12):713–718PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Lewis ML, Reynolds JL, Cubano LA, Hatton JP, Lawless BD, Piepmeier EH (1998) Spaceflight alters microtubules and increases apoptosis in human lymphocytes (Jurkat). FASEB J 12(11):1007–1018PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Meehan RT, Neale LS, Kraus ET, Stuart CA, Smith ML, Cintron NM et al (1992) Alteration in human mononuclear leucocytes following space flight. Immunology 76(3):491–497PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Meshkov D, Rykova M (1995) The natural cytotoxicity in cosmonauts on board space stations. Acta Astronaut 36(8–12):719–726PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Miller ES, Koebel DA, Sonnenfeld G (1995) Influence of spaceflight on the production of interleukin-3 and interleukin-6 by rat spleen and thymus cells. J Appl Physiol 78(3):810–813PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Mills PJ, Meck JV, Waters WW, D’Aunno D, Ziegler MG (2001) Peripheral leukocyte subpopulations and catecholamine levels in astronauts as a function of mission duration. Psychosom Med 63(6):886–890PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Morukov VB, Rykova M, Antropova EN, Berendeeva TA, Ponomarev SA, Larina IM (2010) Indicators of innate and adaptive immunity of cosmonauts after long-term space flight to international space station. Fiziol Cheloveka 36(3):19–30PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Nash PV, Mastro AM (1992) Variable lymphocyte responses in rats after space flight. Exp Cell Res 202(1):125–131PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Pippia P, Sciola L, Cogoli-Greuter M, Meloni MA, Spano A, Cogoli A (1996) Activation signals of T lymphocytes in microgravity. J Biotechnol 47(2–3):215–222PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Rykova MP, Gertsik Iu G, Antropova EN, Buravkova LB (2006) Immunoglobulin e and allergen-specific IgE antibodies in cosmonauts before and after long-duration missions on the International Space Station. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 40(2):19–22PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Rykova MP, Antropova EN, Larina IM, Morukov BV (2008) Humoral and cellular immunity in cosmonauts after the ISS missions. Acta Astronaut 63(7–10):697–705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Sonnenfeld G, Miller ES (1993) The role of cytokines in immune changes induced by spaceflight. J Leukoc Biol 54(3):253–258PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Sonnenfeld G, Gould CL, Williams J, Mandel AD (1988) Inhibited interferon production after space flight. Acta Microbiol Hung 35(4):411–416PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Sonnenfeld G, Davis S, Taylor GR, Mandel AD, Konstantinova IV, Lesnyak A et al (1996) Effect of space flight on cytokine production and other immunologic parameters of rhesus monkeys. J Interferon Cytokine Res 16(5):409–415PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Sonnenfeld G, Foster M, Morton D, Bailliard F, Fowler NA, Hakenewerth AM et al (1998) Spaceflight and development of immune responses. J Appl Physiol 85(4):1429–1433PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Stowe RP (2003) Impaired effector function in virus-specific T cells in astronauts. NASA Investigators Workshop, Houston, 2003Google Scholar
  41. Stowe RP (2009) Validation of procedures for monitoring crewmember immune function. NASA Investigators Workshop, Houston, 2009Google Scholar
  42. Stowe RP, Sams CF, Mehta SK, Kaur I, Jones ML, Feeback DL et al (1999) Leukocyte subsets and neutrophil function after short-term spaceflight. J Leukoc Biol 65(2):179–186PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Stowe RP, Sams CF, Pierson DL (2003) Effects of mission duration on neuroimmune responses in astronauts. Aviat Space Environ Med 74(12):1281–1284PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Taylor GR, Janney RP (1992) In vivo testing confirms a blunting of the human cell-mediated immune mechanism during space flight. J Leukoc Biol 51(2):129–132PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.NASA-Johnson Space CenterHoustonUSA

Personalised recommendations