Abstract
The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009 is generally believed not to have had a large impact on the Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy. In fact, most commentators would argue that the ‘second pillar’ remained in place. The place of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) as the only policy area in a separate treaty (the Treaty on European Union (TEU)), even distinct from all other rules on external relations (in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)), indeed supports this view. In addition, the treaty itself makes quite clear that “The common foreign and security policy is subject to specific rules and procedures” (Art. 24.1 TEU).
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
At the time of the formation of the European Union it was quite common to view the non-Community parts of the Union as “a legal framework based on international law”. See Denza (2002), p. 5.
- 3.
Obviously, the development of Europe’s foreign and security policy goes back to the years of the European Political Cooperation before the CFSP, which meant that CFSP did not have to start from scratch. See for instance Smith (2004).
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
See (Director of the Legal Service of the Council) Gosalbo Bono (2006), p. 349.
- 7.
This is not to deny that other elements may be of equal importance, in particular the role of the European Court of Justice and the involvement of the European Parliament in the decision-making process.
- 8.
See references in supra, note 4.
- 9.
It goes beyond the scope of this paper to further define ‘intergovernmentalism’ and ‘supranationalism’. The bottom line, however, is that we hope to reveal a move from a ‘Member States driven’ policy to a policy that is defined and implemented at EU level.
- 10.
See Spence (2006), p. 360.
- 11.
Final report of Working Group VII on External Action, CONV 459/02 (16.12.2002), footnote 1.
- 12.
Draft sections of Part Three with comments, CONV 727/03 (28.05.2003), p. 51.
- 13.
Amendments No. 2 (de Villepin) and No. 6 (Hain), Summary sheet of proposals for amendments concerning external action, including defence policy: Draft Articles for Part One, Title V (Arts. 29, 30 and X), Part Two, Title B (Arts. 1–36) and Chapter X (Art. X) of the Constitution, CONV 707/03 (09.05.2003), p. 56.
- 14.
As argued by the Presidium of the convention; CONV 727/03 (27.05.2003), p. 51.
- 15.
More extensively: Kaddous (2008), p. 206.
- 16.
- 17.
See European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Rome, 1990.
- 18.
A similar provision was already included in the Single European Act, Art. 30, paragraph 3(c). It is striking that this provision was ‘reduced’ to a Declaration.
- 19.
Amendments No. 6 (de Villepin) and No. 10 (Fischer), CONV 707/03 (09.05.2003), p. 60.
- 20.
Keukeleire (1998), p. 291.
- 21.
Council Decision 95/170/CFSP concerning the joint action adopted by the Council on the basis of Article J.3 of the Treaty on European Union on anti-personnel mines, O.J. L 115/1 (1995) Art. 6, paragraph 3.
- 22.
CONV 459/02 (16.12.2002), point 8.
- 23.
Council Decision 2009/937/EU adopting the Council’s Rules of Procedure, O.J. L 325/35 (2009).
- 24.
See also the contribution by Hrbek in this volume.
- 25.
Piris (2010), p. 262.
- 26.
Amendment No. 11 (Hain), CONV 707/03 (09.05.2003).
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Wessel, R.A. (2012). Initiative and Voting in Common Foreign and Security Policy: The New Lisbon Rules in Historical Perspective. In: Blanke, HJ., Mangiameli, S. (eds) The European Union after Lisbon. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19507-5_20
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