Cognitive Evaluations and Intuitive Appraisals: Can Emotion Models Handle Them Both?

  • Fiorella de Rosis†
  • Cristiano Castelfranchi
  • Peter Goldie
  • Valeria Carofiglio
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Cognitive Technologies book series (COGTECH)

Abstract

This chapter deals with the complex relationships between cognitive representations and processes (not reduced to “epistemic” representations but including the motivational ones: goals) and emotions. It adopts a belief–desire–intention paradigm (the explicit account of mental representations and of their “reading” in interaction), but psychologically and computationally sophisticated: for example, by a “dual-process” theory, distinguishing the “intuitive thinking” from the “deliberative thinking,” or by a probabilistic approach to the beliefs–goals network. This representation of the mental background of the emotion is also necessary for accounting for emotional interaction, which is based on mind reading, not just on emotional expressions.

Keywords

Personality Trait Bayesian Network Model Emotion Activation Somatic Marker Emotion Model 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was financed, in part, by HUMAINE, the European Human–Machine Interaction Network on Emotions (EC Contract 507422).

References

  1. Arnold MB (1960) Emotion and personality. Columbia University Press, New York, NYGoogle Scholar
  2. Ball G, Breese J (2000) Emotion and personality in a conversational agent. In: Prevost S, Cassell, J , Sullivan, J, Churchill, E (eds) Embodied conversational agents. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 89–219Google Scholar
  3. Brady M (2007) Recalcitrant emotions and visual illusions. Am Philos Q 44(3):273–284Google Scholar
  4. Cañamero L (Coordinator) (2005) Emotion in cognition and action. Deliverable D7d of the HUMAINE NoEGoogle Scholar
  5. Carofiglio V, de Rosis F (2005) In favour of cognitive models of emotions. In: Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Virtual Social Agents, 12–15 April 2005, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK, AISB’05: Social Intelligence and Interaction in Animals, Robots, and Agents, published by SSAISB (The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour) Press, Hove, East Sussex, UK, pp 171–176Google Scholar
  6. Carofiglio V, de Rosis F, Grassano R (2008) Dynamic models of mixed emotion activation. In: Canamero L, Aylett R (eds) Animating expressive characters for social interactions, vol 74, iss 8. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 123–141Google Scholar
  7. Castelfranchi C (2000) Affective appraisal vs cognitive evaluation in social emotions and interactions. In: Paiva A (ed) Affective interactions. Towards a new generation of computer interfaces, LNAI 1814. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 76–106Google Scholar
  8. Castelfranchi C, Lorini E (2003) Cognitive anatomy and functions of expectations. In: Proceedings of IJCAI’03 workshop on cognitive modeling of agents and multi-agent interactions, Acapulco, Mexico, 9–11 Aug 2003Google Scholar
  9. Castelfranchi C, Poggi I (1990) Blushing as a discourse: was Darwin wrong? In: Crozier R (ed) Shyness and embarrassment: perspective from social psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York, NYGoogle Scholar
  10. Conati C (2002) Probabilistic assessment of user’s emotions in educational games. Appl Artif Intell [Special Issue on ‘Merging Cognition and Affect in HCI’] 16:555–575Google Scholar
  11. Conati C, MacLaren H (2005) Data-driven refinement of a probabilistic model of user affect. In: Ardissono L, Brna P, Mitrovic A (eds) User modeling 2005, LNAI 3538. Springer, Berlin, pp 40–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Coupé VMH, Van der Gaag LC (2002) Properties of sensitivity analysis of Bayesian belief networks. Ann Math Artif Intell 36(4):323–356MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  13. Damasio A (1995) Descartes’ error. Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Penguin Books, East Rutherford, NJGoogle Scholar
  14. de Rosis F, Pelachaud C, Poggi I, De Carolis N, Carofiglio V (2003) From Greta’s mind to her face: modelling the dynamics of affective states in a conversational embodied agent. Int J Hum Comput Stud 59(1/2):81–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Elliott C, Siegle G (1993) Variables influencing the intensity of simulated affective states. In: Reasoning about mental states – formal theories and applications. Papers from the 1993 AAAI spring symposium [Technical report SS-93-05]. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp 58–67Google Scholar
  16. Feldman-Barrett L, Niedenthal PM, Winkielman P (eds) (2005) Emotion and consciousness. Guilford Publication, Boston, MAGoogle Scholar
  17. Festinger L (1957) A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CAGoogle Scholar
  18. Frijda NH, Mesquita B (2000) The influence of emotions on beliefs. In: Frijda NH, Manstead ASR, Bem S (eds) Emotions and beliefs: how feelings influence thoughts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Gigerenzer G, Goldstein DG (1996) Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality. Psychol Rev 103(4):650–669CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Goldie P (2004) On personality. Routledge, LondonGoogle Scholar
  21. Goldie P (2009) Misleading emotions. In: Brun DG, Doguolu U, Kuenzle D (eds) Epistemology and emotions. Ashgate Publishing, AldershotGoogle Scholar
  22. Gratch J, Marsella S (2001) Tears and fears: modelling emotions and emotional behaviors in synthetic agents. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on autonomous agents. ACM Press, New York, NY, pp 278–285Google Scholar
  23. Harmon Jones E (2000) A cognitive dissonance theory perspective on the role of emotion in the maintenance and change of beliefs and attitudes. In: Frijda NH, Manstead ASR, Bem S (eds) Emotions and beliefs, how feelings influence thoughts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 185, 211Google Scholar
  24. Helm B (2001) Emotional reason: deliberation, motivation, and the nature of value. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. James W (1884) What is an emotion? Mind 9:188–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Jensen FV (2001) Bayesian networks and decision graph. Springer, New York, NYGoogle Scholar
  27. Kahneman D, Slovic P, Tversky A (1982) Judgment under uncertainty, heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
  28. Izard CE (1993) Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and non cognitive processes. Psychol Rev 100(1):68–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Lazarus RS (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York, NYGoogle Scholar
  30. Mc Crae R, John OP (1992) An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. J Pers 60:175–215CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Miceli M, Castelfranchi C (1997) Basic principles of psychic suffering: a preliminary account. Theory Psychol 7:769–798CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Miceli M, Castelfranchi C (2007) The envious mind. Cogn Emot 21:449–479CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Miceli M, de Rosis F, Poggi I(2006) Emotional and non emotional persuasion. Appl Artif Intell Int J 20(10):849–879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Nicholson AE, Brady JM (1994) Dynamic belief networks for discrete monitoring. IEEE Trans Syst Men Cybern 24(11):1593–1610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Oatley K, Johnson-Laird PN (1987) Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cogn Emot 13:29–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1988) The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
  37. Picard RW (1997) Affective computing. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
  38. Plutchik R (1980) A general psycho-evolutionary theory of emotion. In: Plutchik R, Kellerman H (eds) Emotion: theory, research, and experiences, vol 1: Theories of emotion. Academic, New York, NY, pp 3–33Google Scholar
  39. Poggi I (2005) The goals of persuasion. Pragmat Cogn 13(2):297–336CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  40. Poggi I, Pelachaud C (1998) Performative faces. Speech Commun 26:5–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Prendinger H, Descamps S, Ishizuka M (2002) Scripting affective communication with life-like characters. Appl Artif Intell [Special Issue on ‘Merging Cognition and Affect in HCI’] 16(7–8):519–553Google Scholar
  42. Prendinger H, Ishizuka M (2005) The empathic companion. A character-based interface that addresses users’ affective states. AAI 19:267–285Google Scholar
  43. Reilly N (1996) Believable social and emotional agents. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PAGoogle Scholar
  44. Sabini J, Silver M (1982) Moralities of everyday life. Oxford University Press, New York, NYGoogle Scholar
  45. Scherer KR, Wranik T, Sangsue J, Tran V, Scherer U (2004) Emotions in everyday life: probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction pattern. Soc Sci Inf 43(4):499–570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Sloman SA (1996) The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychol Bull 119(1):3–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Turrini P, Meyer J, Castelfranchi C (2007) Controlling emotions by changing friends. In: Dastani MM, Bordini R (eds) Proceedings of the 5th European workshop on multi-agent systems (EUMAS-2007), Hammamet, Tunisia, pp 482–496Google Scholar
  48. van Reekum CM, Scherer KR (1997) Levels of processing in emotion-antecedent appraisal. In: Matthews G (ed) Cognitive science perspectives on personality and emotion. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 259–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

Authors and Affiliations

  • Fiorella de Rosis†
  • Cristiano Castelfranchi
    • 1
    • 2
  • Peter Goldie
    • 3
  • Valeria Carofiglio
    • 4
  1. 1.Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research CouncilRomeItaly
  2. 2.Department of Communication SciencesUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
  3. 3.Department of PhilosophyUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
  4. 4.Department of InformaticsUniversity of BariBariItaly

Personalised recommendations