Endogamy and Consanguineous Marriage in Arab Populations

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Arabs are a Semitic people basically defined as individuals speaking Arabic as their native tongue, although with many different dialects, who self-identify as being of Arab ancestry. The Arab world extends from Iraq and the Gulf States in the east to Morocco and Mauritania on the Atlantic coast of North Africa in the west, and through time it has incorporated many populations with ancestral origins outside the Arabian Peninsula. Large Arab communities are now permanent residents in Western Europe, North and South America, and Australia, and so the global Arab population is estimated to number 300–350 million (Hamamy and Bittles 2009).

Keywords

Intellectual Disability Arab Country Consanguineous Marriage Arab Population Maple Syrup Urine Disease 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Abdulrazzaq YM, Bener A, Al-Gazali LI, Al-Khayat AI, Micallef R, Gaber T (1997) A study of possible deleterious effects of consanguinity. Clin Genet 51:167–173PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Abolfotouh MA, Nofal LM, Safwat H (1990) Growth and nutritional status of preschool children attending the well-baby clinics. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 65:485–507PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Abu-Rabia S, Maroun L (2005) The effect of consanguineous marriage on reading disability in the Arab community. Dyslexia 11:1–21PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Ahmed AH (1979) Consanguinity and schizophrenia in Sudan. Brit J Psychiat 134:635–636PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Al Aqeel A (2007) Islamic ethical framework for research into and prevention of genetic diseases. Nat Gen 39:1293–1298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Al Arrayed S (1994) Consanguinity in the state of Bahrain. In: El-Hazmi MAF (ed) Medical genetics in the setting of Middle Eastern populations. King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, pp 97–101Google Scholar
  7. Al Arrayed S (2005) Campaign to control genetic blood diseases in Bahrain. Community Genet 8:52–55PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Al Hosani H, Salah M, Abu-Zeid H, Farag HM, Saade D (2005) The national congenital anomalies register in the United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J 11:690–699PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. al Husain M, al Bunyan M (1997) Consanguineous marriages in a Saudi population and the effect of inbreeding on prenatal and postnatal mortality. Ann Trop Paediatr 17:155–160PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Al-Aama JY, Al-Nabulsi BK, Alyousef MA, Asiri NA, Al-Blewi M (2008) Knowledge regarding the national premarital screening program among university students in western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 29:1649–1653PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. al-Abdulkareem AA, Ballal SG (1998) Consanguineous marriage in an urban area of Saudi Arabia: rates and adverse health effects on the offspring. J Commun Health 23:75–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. al-Ansari A (1993) Etiology of mild mental retardation among Bahraini children: a community-based case control study. Ment Retard 31:140–143PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Al-Awadi S, Moussa MA, Naguib KK, Farag TI, Teebi AS, el-Khalifa M, el-Dossary L (1985) Consanguinity among the Kuwaiti population. Clin Genet 27:483–486PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Al-Awadi SA, Naguib KK, Moussa MA, Farag TI, Teebi AS, el-Khalifa MY (1986) The effect of consanguineous marriages on reproductive wastage. Clin Genet 29:384–388PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Albar M (1999) Counselling about genetic disease: an Islamic perspective. East Mediterr Health J 5:1129–1133PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Albar M (2002) Ethical considerations in the prevention and management of genetic disorders with special emphasis on religious considerations. Saudi Med J 23:627–632PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. al-Bustan SA, el-Zawahri MM, al-Adsani AM, Bang RL, Ghunaim I, Maher BS, Weinberg S, Marazita ML (2002) Epidemiological and genetic study of 121 cases of oral clefts in Kuwait. Orthod Craniofac Res 5:154–160PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. al-Eissa YA (1995) Febrile seizures: rate and risk factors of recurrence. J Child Neurol 10:315–319PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. al-Eissa YA, Ba'Aqeel HS, Haque KN (1991) Low birthweight in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: incidence and risk factors. Ann Trop Paediatr 11:75–82PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Alfi O, Chang R, Azen S (1980) Evidence for genetic control of nondisjunction in man. Am J Hum Genet 32:477–483PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Al-Gazali LI (1998) A genetic aetiological survey of severe childhood deafness in the United Arab Emirates. J Trop Ped 44:157–160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Al-Gazali LI, Dawodu AH, Sabarinathan K, Varghese M (1995) The profile of major congenital abnormalities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population. J Med Genet 32:7–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Al-Gazali LI, Bener A, Abdulrazzaq YM, Micaleff R, Al-Khayat GT (1997) Consanguineous marriages in the United Arab Emirates. J Biosoc Sci 29:491–497PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Al-Gazali LI, Sztriha L, Dawodu A, Bakir M, Varghese M, Varady E, Scorer J, Abdulrazzaq YM, Bener A, Padmanabhan R (1999) Pattern of central nervous system anomalies in a population with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. Clin Genet 55:95–102PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Al-Gazali LI, Alwash R, Abdulrazzaq YM (2005) United Arab Emirates: communities and community genetics. Community Genet 8:186–196PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Al-Gazali L, Hamamy H, Al-Arrayad S (2006) Genetic disorders in the Arab world. Brit Med J 333:831–834PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Al-Idrissi I, Al-Kaff AS, Senft SH (1992) Cumulative incidence of retinoblastoma in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ophthal Paediat Genet 13:9–12PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Aljohar A, Ravichandran K, Subhani S (2008) Pattern of cleft lip and palate in hospital-based population in Saudi Arabia: retrospective study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45:592–596PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Alkuraya FS, Kilani RA (2001) Attitude of Saudi families affected with hemoglobinopathies towards prenatal screening and abortion and the influence of religious ruling (Fatwa). Prenat Diagn 21:448–461PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Al-Salem M, Rawashdeh N (1993) Consanguinity in North Jordan: prevalence and pattern. J Biosoc Sci 25:553–556PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Al-sharbati MM, Al-Hussaini AA, Anthony SX (2003) Profile of child and adolescent psychiatry in Oman. Saudi Med J 24:391–395PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Al-Thakeb FT (1985) The Arab family and modernity: evidence from Kuwait. Curr Anthropol 26:575–580CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Alwan A, Modell B (1997) Community control of genetic and congenital disorders, EMRO Technical Publications 24. World Health Organization, AlexandraGoogle Scholar
  34. Alwan A, Modell B (2003) Recommendations for introducing genetics services in developing countries. Nat Rev Genet 4:61–68PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Asindi A, Shehri A (2001) Neural tube defects in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 21:26–29PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Assaf S, Khawaja M (2009) Consanguinity trends and correlates in the Palestinian Territories. J Biosoc Sci 41:107–124PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Assaf S, Khawaja M, DeJong J, Mahfoud Z, Yunis K (2009) Consanguinity and reproductive wastage in the Palestinian territories. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 23:107–115PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Attias J, Al-Masri M, Abukader L, Cohen G, Merlov P, Pratt H, Othman-Jebara R, Aber P, Raad F, Noyek A (2006) The prevalence of congenital and early-onset hearing loss in Jordanian and Israeli infants. Int J Audiol 45:528–536PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Basel-Vanagaite L, Taub E, Halpern GJ, Drasinover V, Magal N, Davodov B, Zlotogora J, Shohat M (2007) Genetic screening for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation in an isolated population in Israel. Eur J Hum Genet 15:250–253PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Bashi J (1977) Effects of inbreeding on cognitive performance. Nature 266:440–442PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Bassili A, Mokhtar SA, Dabous NI, Zaher SR, Mokhtar MM, Zaki A (2000) Risk factors for congenital heart diseases in Alexandria, Egypt. Eur J Epidemiol 16:805–814PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Becker SM, Al Halees Z, Molina C, Paterson RM (2001) Consanguinity and congenital heart disease in Saudi Arabia. Am J Med Genet 99:8–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Benallègue A, Kedji F (1984) Consanguinité et santé publique: Etude algérienne. Arch Fr Pediatr 41:435–440PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Bener A, Alali KA (2006) Consanguineous marriage in a newly developed country: the Qatari population. J Biosoc Sci 38:239–246PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Bener A, Abdulrazzaq YM, Al-Gazali LI, Micallef R, Al-Khayat AI, Gaber T (1996) Consanguinoity and associated socio-demographic factors in the United Arab Emirates. Hum Hered 46:256–264PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Bittar Z (1998) Major congenital malformations presenting in the first 24 hours of life in 3865 consecutive births in south of Beirut. Incidence and pattern. J Med Liban 46:256–260PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Bittles AH (1995) When cousins marry: consanguineous marriage in the Middle East. Perspect Hum Biol 1:71–83Google Scholar
  48. Bittles AH (2001) Consanguinity and its relevance to clinical genetics. Clin Genet 60:89–98PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Bittles AH (2005) Endogamy, consanguinity and community disease profiles. Commun Genet 8:17–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Bittles AH (2008) A community genetics perspective on consanguineous marriage. Commun Genet 11:324–330Google Scholar
  51. Bittles AH, Grant JC, Sullivan S, Hussain R (2002a) Does inbreeding lead to decreased human fertility? Ann Hum Biol 29:111–131PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Bittles AH, Petterson BA, Sullivan S, Hussain R, Glasson EJ, Montgomery PD (2002b) The influence of intellectual disability on life expectancy. J Gerontol A: Biol Sci Med Sci 57A:M470–M472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Bromiker R, Glam-Baruch M, Gofin R, Hammerman C, Amitai Y (2004) Association of parental consanguinity with congenital malformations among Arab newborns in Jerusalem. Clin Genet 66:63–66PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Chaabouni H (1999) Étude epidemiologique et genetique de la trisomie 21 en Tunisie. Tunisie Mé 77:407–414Google Scholar
  55. Chaabouni-Bouhamed H (2008) Tunisia: communities and community genetics. Community Genet 11:313–323PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Chaleby K (1988) Traditional Arabian marriages and mental health in a group of outpatient Saudis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77:139–142PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Chaleby K, Tuma TA (1987) Cousin marriages and schizophrenia in Saudi Arabia. Brit J Psychiatr 150:547–549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Christianson A, Howson C, Modell B (2006) Global report on birth defects. The hidden toll of dying and disabled children. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, White Plains, NYGoogle Scholar
  59. COSIT, Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology (2005) Iraq living conditions survey 2004, vol. II: Analytical Report. Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, BaghdadGoogle Scholar
  60. Dawodu A, Al-Gazali L, Varady E, Varghese M, Nath K, Rajan V (2005) Genetic contribution to high neonatally lethal malformation rate in the United Arab Emirates. Community Genet 8:31–34PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Denic S (2003) Consanguinity as a risk factor for cervical carcinoma. Med Hypoth 60:321–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Denic S, Bener A (2001) Consanguinity decreases risk of breast cancer – cervical cancer unaffected. Brit J Cancer 85:1675–1679PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Denic S, Bener A, Sabri S, Khatib F, Milenkovic J (2005) Parental consanguinity and risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. Med Sci Monit 11:CR415–CR419PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Denic S, Frampton C, Nicholls MG (2007) Risk of cancer in an inbred population. Cancer Detect Prev 31:263–269PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Eapen V, Al-Gazali L, Bin-Othman S, Abou-Saleh M (1998) Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 37:880–886CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. El Mouzan MI, Al Salloum AA, Al Herbish AS, Qurachi MM, Al Omar AA (2008) Consanguinity and major genetic disorders in Saudi children: a community-based cross-sectional study. Ann Saudi Med 28:169–173PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. El-Badramany MH, Farag TI, Al-Awadi SA, Teebi AS (1997) Psychosocial and medical aspects of genetic counseling among Arabs: the example of Kuwait. In: Teebi AS, Farag TI (eds) Genetic disorders among Arab populations, vol 1. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 474–486Google Scholar
  68. Eldahdah L, Ormond K, Nassar A, Khalil T, Zahed L (2007) Outcome of chromosomally abnormal pregnancies in Lebanon: obstetricians’ roles during and after prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 27:525–534PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Elder MJ, De Cock R (1993) Childhood blindness in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: prevalence, aetiology and hereditary factors. Eye 7:580–583PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. El-Hazmi MA (2006) Pre-marital examination as a method of prevention from blood genetic disorders. Community views. Saudi Med J 27:1291–1295PubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. El-Hazmi M (2007) Islamic teachings of bioethics in relation to the practice of medical genetics. Saudi Med J 28:1781–1787PubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. El-Hazmi M, Al-Swailem AA, Warsy A, Al-Swailem AM, Sulaimani R, Al-Meshari A (1995) Consanguinity among the Saudi Arabian population. J Med Genet 32:623–626PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. El-Hazmi M, Al-Swailem AA, Al-Mosa NA, Al-Jarallah AA (2003) Prevalence of mental retardation among children in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 9:6–11PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. El-Islam MF (1976) Intergenerational conflict and the young Qatari neurotic. Ethos 4:45–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. El-Mouzan MI, Al-Salloum AA, Al-Herbish AS, Qurachi MM, Al-Omar AA (2007) Regional variations in the prevalence of consanguinity in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 28:1881–1884PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Farag TI, Al-Awadi SA, el-Badramany MH, Aref MA, Kasrawi B, Krishna Murthy DS et al (1993) Disease profile of 400 institutionalized mentally retarded patients in Kuwait. Clin Genet 44:329–334PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Farrer LA, Bowirrat A, Friedland RP, Waraska K, Korczyn AD, Baldwin CT (2003) Identification of multiple loci for Alzheimer loci in a consanguineous Israeli-Arab community. Hum Mol Genet 12:415–422PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Freundlich E, Hino N (1984) Consanguineous marriage among rural Arabs in Israel. Isr J Med Sci 20:1035–1038PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Gev D, Roguin N, Freundlich E (1986) Consanguinity and congenital heart disease in the rural Arab population in northern Israel. Hum Hered 36:213–217PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Gordon CR, Bar-Ziv Y, Frydman M, Zlotogora J, Gadoth N (1990) Mucolipidosis III and Bardet-Biedl syndrome in the same family: diagnostic pitfalls. Brain Dev 12:403–407PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Gunaid AA, Ali Hummad N, Tamim KA (2004) Consanguineous marriage in the capital city Sana’a, Yemen. J Biosoc Sci 36:111–121PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Hafez M, El-Tahan H, Awadalla M, El-Khayat H, Abdel-Gafar A, Ghoneim M (1983) Consanguineous matings in the Egyptian population. J Med Genet 20:58–60PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Hamamy H, Al-Hakkak Z (1989) Consanguinity and reproductive health in Iraq. Hum Hered 39:271–275PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Hamamy H, Alwan A (1994) Hereditary disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Bull World Health Organ 72:45–154Google Scholar
  85. Hamamy H, Alwan A (1997) Genetic disorders and congenital abnormalities: strategies for reducing the burden in the region. East Mediterr Health J 3:123–132Google Scholar
  86. Hamamy H, Bittles AH (2009) Genetic clinics in Arab communities: meeting individual, family and community needs. Public Health Genomics 12:30–40PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Hamamy HA, al-Hakkak ZS, al-Taha S (1990) Consanguinity and the genetic control of Down syndrome. Clin Genet 37:24–29PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Hamamy H, Jamhawi L, Al-Darawsheh J, Ajlouni K (2005) Consanguineous marriages in Jordan: why is the rate changing with time? Clin Genet 67:511–516PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Hamamy H, Al-Hait S, Alwan A, Ajlouni K (2007a) Jordan: communities and community genetics. Commun Genet 10:52–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Hamamy HA, Masri AT, Al-Hadidy AM, Ajlouni KM (2007b) Consanguinity and genetic disorders. Profile from Jordan. Saudi Med J 28:1015–1017PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Hammami A, Chalbi N, Ben Abdallah M, Elgazzeh M (2005) Effects of consanguinity and social factors on mortality and fertility in Mauritania. Tunis Méd 83:221–226PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Hessini L (2007) Abortion and Islam: policies and practice in the Middle East and North Africa. Reprod Health Matters 15:1–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Hoodfar E, Teebi AS (1996) Genetic referrals of Middle Eastern origin in a western city: inbreeding and disease profile. J Med Genet 33:212–215PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Hussain R (1999) Community perceptions of reasons for preference for consanguineous marriages in Pakistan. J Biosoc Sci 31:449–461PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Hussien FH (1971) Endogamy in Egyptian Nubia. J Biosoc Sci 3:251–257PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Inhorn MC, Kobeissi L, Nassar Z, Lakkis D, Fakih MH (2008) Consanguinity and family clustering of male factor infertility in Lebanon. Fertil Steril (Epub ahead of print)Google Scholar
  97. Jaber L, Merlob P, Bu X, Rotter JI, Shohat M (1992) Marked parental consanguinity as a cause for increased major malformations in an Israeli Arab community. Am J Med Genet 44:1–6PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Jaber L, Shohat T, Halpern GJ (1996) Demographic characteristics of the Israeli Arab community in connection with consanguinity. Isr J Med Sci 32:1286–1289PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Jaber L, Merlob P, Gabriel R, Shohat M (1997a) Effects of consanguineous marriage on reproductive outcome in an Arab community in Israel. J Med Genet 34:1000–1002PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. Jaber L, Nahmani A, Shohat M (1997b) Speech disorders in Israeli Arab children. Isr J Med Sci 33:663–665PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. Jaber L, Shohat T, Rotter JI, Shohat M (1997c) Consanguinity and common adult diseases in Israeli Arab communities. Am J Med Genet 70:346–348PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Jaber L, Halpern GJ, Shohat T (2000) Trends in the frequencies of consanguineous marriages in the Israeli Arab community. Clin Genet 58:106–110PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Jalili IK, Smith NJD (1988) A progressive cone-rod dystrophy and amelogenesis imperfecta: a new syndrome. J Med Genet 25:738–740PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Joseph SE (2007) “Kissing coins”: consanguineous marriage and early mortality in a reproductive isolate. Curr Anthropol 48:756–764CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Jurdi R, Saxena PC (2003) The prevalence and correlates of consanguineous marriages in Yemen: similarities and contrasts with other Arab countries. J Biosoc Sci 35:1–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Kanaan ZM, Mahfouz R, Tamim H (2008) The prevalence of consanguineous marriages in an underserved area in Lebanon and its association with congenital anomalies. Genet Test 12:367–372PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Kerkeni E, Kerkeni E, Monastiri K, Saket B, Guediche MN, Ben Cheikh H (2007) Interplay of socio-economic factors, consanguinity, fertility, and offspring mortality in Monastir, Tunisia. Croat Med J 48:701–707PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. Khabori MA, Patton MA (2008) Consanguinity and deafness in Omani children. Int J Audiol 47:30–33PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. Khawaja M, Tewtel-Salem M (2004) Agreement between husband and wife reports of domestic violence: evidence from poor refugee communities in Lebanon. Int J Epidemiol 33:526–533PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. Khlat M (1985) Consanguineous marriages in Beirut: time trends, spatial distribution. Soc Biol 35:324–330Google Scholar
  111. Khlat M (1988) Consanguineous marriage and reproduction in Beirut, Lebanon. Am J Hum Genet 43:188–196PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Khlat M (1989) Inbreeding effects on fetal growth in Beirut, Lebanon. Am J Phys Anthropol 80:481–484PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Khlat M (1997) Endogamy in the Arab world. In: Teebi AS, Farag TI (eds) Genetic disorders among Arab populations, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 63–80Google Scholar
  114. Khlat M, Halabi S, Khudr A, Der Kaloustian VM (1986) Perception of consanguineous marriages and their genetic effects among a sample of couples from Beirut. Am J Med Genet 25:299–306PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. Khoury SA, Massad D (1992) Consanguineous marriage in Jordan. Am J Med Genet 43:769–775PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. Khoury SA, Massad D (2000) Consanguinity, fertility, reproductive wastage, infant mortality and congential malformations in Jordan. Saudi Med J 21:150–154PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. Khrouf N, Spang R, Podgorna T, Miled SB, Moussaoui M, Chibani M (1986) Malformations in 10, 000 consecutive births in Tunis. Acta Pediatr Scand 75:534–539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. Khuri FI (1970) Parallel cousin marriage reconsidered: a Middle Eastern practice that nullifies the effects of marriage on the intensity of familial relationships. Man 5:597–618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Klat M, Khudr A (1986) Religious endogamy and consanguinity in marriage patterns in Beirut, Lebanon. Soc Biol 33:138–145PubMedGoogle Scholar
  120. Lamdouar Bouazzaoui N (1994) Consanguinité et santé publique au Maroc. Bull Acad Natl Méd 178:1013–1027PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. Maatouk F, Laamri D, Argoubi K, Ghedra H (1995) Dental manifestations of inbreeding. J Clin Pediatr Dent 19:305–306PubMedGoogle Scholar
  122. Madi SA, Al-Naggar RL, Al-Awadi SA, Bastaki LA (2005) Profile of major congenital malformations in neonates in Al-Jahra region of Kuwait. East Mediterr Health J 11:700–706PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. Mahdi A (1992) Consanguinity and its effect on major congenital malformations. Iraqi Med J 40–42:70–176Google Scholar
  124. Mansour H, Klei L, Wood J, Talkowski M, Chowdari K, Fathi W et al (2009) Consanguinity associated with increased risk for bipolar 1 disorder in Egypt. Am J Med Genet Part B: Neuropsychiatr Genet 150:879–885Google Scholar
  125. Maziak W, Asfar T (2003) Physical abuse in low-income women in Aleppo, Syria. Health Care Women Int 24:313–326PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. Mokhtar MM, Abdel-Fattah MM (2001) Consanguinity and advanced maternal age as risk factors for reproductive losses in Alexandria, Egypt. Eur J Epidemiol 17:559–565PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Mumtaz G, Tamim H, Kanaan M, Khawaga M, Khogali M, Wakim G, Yunis K (2007) Effect of consanguinity on birth weight for gestational age in a developing country. Am J Epidemiol 165:742–752PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Murshid WR (2000) Spina bifida in Saudi Arabia: is consanguinity among the parents a risk factor? Pediatr Neurosurg 32:10–12PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. Nabulsi A (1995) Mating patterns of the Abbad tribe in Jordan. Soc Biol 42:162–174PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Nabulsi MM, Tamim H, Sabbagh M, Obeid MY, Yunis KA, Bitar FF (2003) Parental consanguinity and congenital heart malformations in a developing country. Am J Med Genet A 116A:342–347PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Naguib K, Al-Awai S, Moussa M, Farag T, Teebi A (1989) Effect of parental age, birth order and consanguinity on nondisjunction in the population of Kuwait. J Kuwait Med Assoc 23:37–43Google Scholar
  132. Nelson J, Smith M, Bittles AH (1997) Consanguineous marriage and its clinical consequences in migrants to Australia. Clin Genet 52:142–146PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. Obeidat BR, Khader YS, Amarin ZO, Kassawneh M, Al Omari M (2008) Consanguinity and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the north of Jordan experience. Matern Child Health J [E-publication]Google Scholar
  134. Ozand PT, Gascon GC, al Aqeel A, Roberts G, Dhalla M, Subramanyam SB (1990) Prevalence of different types of lysosomal storage diseases in Saudi Arabia. J Inherit Dis 13:849–861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Ozand PT, Devol EB, Gascon GC (1992) Neuro-metabolic diseases at a national referral center: five years experience at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. J Child Neurol 7(Suppl):S4–S11Google Scholar
  136. Panter-Brick C (1991) Parental responses to consanguinity and genetic disease in Saudi Arabia. Soc Sci Med 33:1295–1302PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Patel PK (2007) Profile of major congenital anomalies in the Dhahira region, Oman. Ann Saudi Med 27:106–111PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Pedersen J (2002) The influence of consanguineous marriage on infant and child mortality among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Community Genet 5:178–181PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Radovanovic Z, Shah N, Behbehani J (1999) Prevalence and social correlates of consanguinity in Kuwait. Ann Saudi Med 19:206–210PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. Rajab A, Patton MA (1997) Major factors determining the frequencies of hemoglobinopathies in Oman. Am J Med Genet 71:240–242PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Rajab A, Patton MA (1999) Analysis of the population structure in Oman. Community Genet 2:23–25PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. Rajab A, Patton MA (2000) A study of consanguinity in the Sultanate of Oman. Ann Hum Biol 27:321–326PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. Rajab A, Vaishnav A, Freeman NV, Patton MA (1998) Neural tube defects and congenital hydrocephalus in the Sultanate of Oman. J Trop Pediatr 44:300–303PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  144. Rantanen E, Hietala M, Kristoffersson U, Nippert I, Schmidtke J, Swequeiros J, Kääriäinen H (2008) What is ideal genetic counselling? A survey of current international guidelines. Eur J Hum Genet 16:445–452PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. Rashed M, Ozand PT, Al Aqeel A, Gascon GG (1994) Experience of King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre with Saudi organic acid disorders. Brain Dev 16(Suppl):1–6Google Scholar
  146. Raz AE, Atar M (2004) Cousin marriage and premarital carrier matching in a Bedouin community in Israel: attitudes, service development and educational intervention. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 30:49–51PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. Riou SE, Younsi C, Chaabouni H (1989) Consanguinité dans la population du Nord de la Tunisie. Tunis Méd 67:167–172PubMedGoogle Scholar
  148. Saad FA, Jauniaux E (2002) Recurrent early pregnancy loss and consanguinity. Reprod Biomed Online 5:167–170PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. Saedi-Wong S, al-Frayh AR (1989) Effects of consanguineous matings on anthropometric measurements of Saudi newborn infants. Fam Pract 6:217–220PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Saedi-Wong S, al-Frayh AR, Wong HYH (1989) Socio-economic epidemiology of consanguineous mating in the Saudi Arabian population. J Asian Afr Stud 24:247–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. Saha N, El Sheikh FS (1988) Inbreeding levels in Khartoum. J Biosoc Sci 20:333–336PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Saha N, Hamad RE, Mohamed S (1990) Inbreeding effects on reproductive outcome in a Sudanese population. Hum Hered 40:208–212PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  153. Salem K, Lashin S, El Dib A (1994) Consanguinity and mental retardation. Med J Cairo Univ 62(Suppl):177–186Google Scholar
  154. Sawardekar KP (2005) Profile of major congenital malformations at Nizwa Hospital, Oman: 10-year review. J Paediatr Child Health 41:323–330PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. Seliem MA, Bou-Holaigah IH, Al-Sannaa N (2007) Influence of consanguinity on the pattern of familial aggregation of congenital cardiovascular anomalies in an outpatient population: studies from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Community Genet 10:27–31PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  156. Sharkia R, Zaid M, Athamna A, Cohen D, Azem A, Zalan A (2007) The changing pattern of consanguinity in a selected region of the Israeli Arab community. Am J Hum Biol 20:72–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Shiloh S, Reznik H, Bat-Miriam-Katznelson M, Goldman B (1995) Pre-marital genetic counselling to consanguineous couples: attitudes, beliefs and decisions among counselled, noncounselled and unrelated couples in Israel. Soc Sci Med 41:1301–1310PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. Stern GH (1939) Marriage in early Islam. London, The Royal Asiatic Society, pp 165–166Google Scholar
  159. Subramanyan R, Joy J, Venugopalan SA, Al Khusaiby SM (2000) Incidence and spectrum of congenital heart disease in Oman. Ann Trop Paediatr 20:337–340PubMedGoogle Scholar
  160. Tadmouri GO, Al Ali MT, Al-Haj Ali S, Al Khaja N (2006) CTGA: the database for genetic disorders in Arab populations. Nucleic Acids Res 34(Database issue):D602–606Google Scholar
  161. Tamim H, Khogali M, Beydoun H, Melki I, Yunis K (2003) Consanguinity and apnea of prematurity. Am J Epidemiol 158:942–946PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. Teebi A (1994) Autosomal recessive disorders among Arabs: an overview from Kuwait. J Med Genet 31:224–233PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  163. Teebi AS, Teebi SA, Porter CJ, Cuticchia AJ (2002) Arab genetic disease database (AGDDB): a population-specific clinical and mutation database. Hum Mutat 19:615–621PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  164. Temtamy SA, Kandil MR, Demerdash AM, Hassan WA, Meguid NA, Afifi HH (1994) An epidemiological/genetic study of mental subnormality in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Clin Genet 46:347–351PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  165. Temtamy S, Abdel Meguid N, Mazen I, Ismail S, Kassem N, Bassiouni R (1998) A genetic epidemiological study of malformations at birth in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J 4:252–259Google Scholar
  166. Tucker JE (1988) Marriage and family in Nablus, 1720–1856: toward a history of Arab marriage. J Fam Hist 13:165–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. Vardi-Saliternik R, Friedlander Y, Cohen T (2002) Consanguinity in a population sample of Israeli Muslim Arabs, Christian Arabs and Druze. Ann Hum Biol 29:422–431PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  168. Wahab AA, Bener A, Teebi AS (2006) The incidence patterns of Down syndrome in Qatar. Clin Genet 69:360–362PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  169. WHO (2002) Advisory committee on health research, genomics and world health. World Health Organization, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  170. Wong SS, Anokute CC (1990) The effect of consanguinity on pregnancy outcome in Saudi Arabia. J R Soc Health 110:146–147PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  171. Yunis K, Mumtaz G, Bitar F, Chamseddine F, Kassar M, Rashkidi J et al (2006) Consanguineous marriage and congenital heart defects: a case-control study in the neonatal period. Am J Med Genet A 140:1524–1530PubMedGoogle Scholar
  172. Zakzouk S, El-Sayed Y, Bafaqeeh SA (1993) Consanguinity and hereditary hearing impairment among Saudi population. Ann Saudi Med 13:447–450PubMedGoogle Scholar
  173. Zaoui S, Biémont C (2002) Fréquence et structure des mariages consanguins dans le région de Tlemcen (Ouest algérien). Cahiers Santé 12:289–295PubMedGoogle Scholar
  174. Zlotogora J (1997) Genetic disorders among Palestinian Arabs: 1. Effects of consanguinity. Am J Med Genet 68:472–475PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. Zlotogora J, Shalev S, Habiballah H, Barjes S (2000) Genetic disorders among Palestinian Arabs: 3. Autosomal recessive in a single village. Am J Med Genet 92:343–345PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  176. Zlotogora J, Habiballa H, Odatalla A, Barges S (2002) Changing family structure in a modernizing society: a study of marriage patterns in a single Muslim village in Israel. Am J Hum Biol 14:680–682PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  177. Zlotogora J, Hujerat Y, Zalman L, Barges S, Filon D, Koren A, Shalev SA, Chakravarti A (2005) The origin and expansion of four different beta globin mutations in a single Arab village. Am J Hum Biol 17:659–661PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  178. Zlotogora J, Hujerat Y, Barges S, Shalev SA, Chakravti A (2006) The fate of 12 recessive mutations in a single village. Ann Hum Genet 71:202–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Centre for Comparative GenomicsMurdoch UniversityPerthAustralia

Personalised recommendations