Collective Effects Influencing Fluorescence Emission

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Springer Series on Fluorescence book series (SS FLUOR, volume 9)

Abstract

Dramatic improvement of fluorescence sensing technologies can be achieved by combining molecular emitters into clusters, nanoparticles, and aggregates. This chapter addresses the new effects that appear on incorporation of dyes into these supramolecular structures. We consider different types of intermolecular interactions that influence the emission spectra, focusing on spectral changes that are observed on concentrating organic dyes in confined media. The mechanisms of energy transfer between fluorescence emitters are discussed. They provide possibilities for increasing the dynamic range of sensing response by extending the variation of intensity (light-harvesting, superquenching), and wavelength range (directed transfer, wavelength-shifting).

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Excimers Intermolecular interactions Light-harvesting Red-edge effects Resonance energy transfer Superquenching Wavelength-shifting 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Valeur B (2002) Molecular fluorescence. Wiley VCH, WeinheimGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Demchenko AP (2009) Introduction to fluorescence sensing. Springer, AmsterdamCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Resch-Genger U, Grabolle M, Nitschke R, Nann T, Resch-Genger U, Grabolle M, Nitschke R, Nann T (2010) Nanocrystals and nanoparticles vs. molecular fluorescent labels as reporters for bioanalysis and the life sciences. A critical comparison. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. II. Springer Ser Fluoresc 9:3–40Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Patsenker LD, Tatarets AL, Terpetschnig EA (2010) Long-wavelength probes and labels based on cyanines and squaraines. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. I. Springer Ser Fluoresc 8:65–104Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Przhonska OV, Scott Webster S, Padilha LA, Hu H, Kachkovski AD, Hagan DJ, Stryland EW V (2010) Two-photon absorption in near-IR conjugated molecules: design strategy and structure–property relations. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. I. Springer Ser Fluoresc 8:105–147Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Kim E, Park SB (2010) Discovery of New Fluorescent Dyes: targeted Syn-thesis or combinatorial approach? In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. I. Springer Ser Fluoresc 8:149–186Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Borisov SM, Mayr T, Mistlberger G, Klimant I (2010) Dye-doped polymeric particles for sensing and imaging. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. II. Springer Ser Fluoresc 9:193–228Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Liang S, John CL, Xu S, Chen J, Jin Y, Yuan Q, Tan W, Zhao JX (2010) Silica-based nanoparticles: design and properties. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. II. Springer Ser Fluoresc 9:229–251Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Yao H (2010) Prospects for organic dye nanoparticles. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. II. Springer Ser Fluoresc 9:285–303Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Suppan P, Ghoneim N (1997) Solvatochromism. Royal Society of Chemistry, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Bakhshiev NG (1972) Spectroscopy of intermolecular interactions. Nauka, LeningradGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Mataga N, Kubota T (1970) Molecular interactions and electronic spectra. Marcel Dekker, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Tomin VI (2010) Physical principles behind spectroscopic response of organic fluorophores to intermolecular interactions. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. I. Springer Ser Fluoresc 8:189–223Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Liptay W (1969) Electrochromism and solvatochromism. Angew Chem Int Ed 8:177–188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Callis PR (2010) Electrochromism and solvatochromism in fluorescence response of organic dyes. A nanoscopic view. In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. I. Springer Ser Fluoresc 8:309–330Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Maroncelli M, Macinnis J, Fleming GR (1989) Polar solvent dynamics and electron-transfer reactions. Science 243:1674–1681CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Hsieh C-C, Ho M-L, Chou P-T (2010) Organic dyes with excited-state transforma-tions (electron, charge and proton transfers). In: Demchenko AP (ed) Advanced fluorescence reporters in chemistry and biology. I. Springer Ser Fluoresc 8:225–266Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Wang S-L, Lee T-C, Ho T-I (2002) Excited state proton transfer and steric effect on the hydrogen bonding interaction of the styrylquinoline system. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 151:21–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Druzhinin SI, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina TA, Demeter A, Januskevicius R, Mayer P, Stalke D, Machinek R, Zachariasse KA (2009) Intramolecular charge transfer with 4-fluorofluorazene and the flexible 4-fluoro-N-phenylpyrrole. J Phys Chem A 113:9304–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Jozefowicz M, Heldt JR (2003) Preferential solvation of fluorenone and 4-hydroxyfluorenone in binary solvent mixtures. Chem Phys 294:105–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Pivovarenko VG, Klueva AV, Doroshenko AO, Demchenko AP (2000) Bands separation in fluorescence spectra of ketocyanine dyes: evidence for their complex formation with monohydric alcohols. Chem Phys Lett 325:389–398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Shynkar VV, Klymchenko AS, Piemont E, Demchenko AP, Mely Y (2004) Dynamics of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the excited states of 4′-dialkylamino-3-hydroxyflavones. On the pathway to an ideal fluorescent hydrogen bonding sensor. J Phys Chem A 108:8151–8159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Balter A, Nowak W, Pawelkiewicz W, Kowalczyk A (1988) Some remarks on the interpretation of the spectral properties of prodan. Chem Phys Lett 143:565–570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Catalan J, Perez P, Laynez J, Garcia-Blanco F (1991) Analysis of the solvent effect on the photophysics properties of 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (PRODAN). J Fluoresc 4:215–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Moyano F, Biasutti MA, Silber JJ, Correa NM (2006) New insights on the behavior of PRODAN in homogeneous media and in large unilamellar vesicles. J Phys Chem B 110:11838–11846CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Yuan MS, Liu ZQ, Fang Q (2007) Donor-and-acceptor substituted truxenes as multifunctional fluorescent probes. J Org Chem 72:7915–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Yang CJ, Jockusch S, Vicens M, Turro NJ, Tan W (2005) Light-switching excimer probes for rapid protein monitoring in complex biological fluids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:17278–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Kadirvel M, Arsic B, Freeman S, Bichenkova EV (2008) Exciplex and excimer molecular probes: detection of conformational flip in a myo-inositol chair. Org Biomol Chem 6:1966–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Deepak VD, Asha SK (2009) Photophysical investigation into the self-organization in pyrene-based urethane methacrylate comb polymer. J Phys Chem B 113:11887–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Taniguchi T, Takeuchi N, Kobaru S, Nakahira T (2008) Preparation of highly monodisperse fluorescent polymer particles by miniemulsion polymerization of styrene with a polymerizable surfactant. J Colloid Interface Sci 327:58–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Búcsiová L, HrdloviI P, Chmela S (2001) Spectral characteristics of fluorescence probes based on pyrene in solution and in polymer matrix. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 143:59–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Kim Y, Bouffard J, Kooi SE, Swager TM (2005) Highly emissive conjugated polymer excimers. J Am Chem Soc 127:13726–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Bhattacharyya K, Chowdhury M (1993) Environmental and magnetic field effects on exciplex and twisted charge transfer emission. Chem Rev 93:507–535CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Bichenkova EV, Gbaj A, Walsh L, Savage HE, Rogert C, Sardarian AR, Etchells LL, Douglas KT (2007) Detection of nucleic acids in situ: novel oligonucleotide analogues for target-assembled DNA-mounted exciplexes. Org Biomol Chem 5:1039–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Kasha M, Kasha M (1991) Energy transfer, charge transfer, and proton transfer in molecular composite systems. Basic Life Sci 58:231–251, discussion 251–255Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Madjet Mel A, Muh F, Renger T (2009) Deciphering the influence of short-range electronic couplings on optical properties of molecular dimers: application to “special pairs” in photosynthesis. J Phys Chem B 113:12603–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Ishizaki A, Fleming GR (2009) Unified treatment of quantum coherent and incoherent hopping dynamics in electronic energy transfer: reduced hierarchy equation approach. J Chem Phys 130:234111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Saini S, Srinivas G, Bagchi B (2009) Distance and orientation dependence of excitation energy transfer: from molecular systems to metal nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 113:1817–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Clapp AR, Medintz IL, Mattoussi H (2006) Forster resonance energy transfer investigations using quantum-dot fluorophores. Chemphyschem 7:47–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Nemkovich NA, Rubinov AN, Tomin VI (1991) Inhomogeneous broadening of electronic spectra of dye molecules in solutions. In: Lakowicz JR (ed) Topics in fluorescence spectroscopy. Plenum, New York, pp 367–428Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Demchenko AP, Sytnik AI (1991) Site-selectivity in excited-state reactions in solutions. J Phys Chem 95:10518–10524CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Vincent M, Gallay J, Demchenko AP (1995) Solvent relaxation around the excited-state of indole – analysis of fluorescence lifetime distributions and time-dependence spectral shifts. J Phys Chem 99:14931–14941CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Nemkovich NA, Rubinov AN, Tomin VI (1981) Kinetics of luminescence spectra of rigid dye solutions due to directed electronic-energy transfer. J Lumin 23:349–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Demchenko AP (2008) Site-selective red-edge effects. Chapter 4. Methods in enzymology. Academic, New York, pp 59–78Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Demchenko AP (2002) The red-edge effects: 30 years of exploration. Luminescence 17:19–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Chattopadhyay A, Mukherjee S, Raghuraman H (2002) Reverse micellar organization and dynamics: a wavelength-selective fluorescence approach. J Phys Chem B 106:13002–13009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Demchenko AP (1986) Ultraviolet spectroscopy of proteins. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Haldar S, Chattopadhyay A (2007) Dipolar relaxation within the protein matrix of the green fluorescent protein: a red-edge excitation shift study. J Phys Chem B 111:14436–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Barja BC, Chesta C, Atvars TD, Aramendia PF (2005) Relaxations in poly(vinyl alcohol) and in poly(vinyl acetate) detected by fluorescence emission of 4-aminophthalimide and prodan. J Phys Chem B 109:16180–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Dias FB, King S, Monkman AP, Perepichka II, Kryuchkov MA, Perepichka IF, Bryce MR (2008) Dipolar stabilization of emissive singlet charge transfer excited states in polyfluorene copolymers. J Phys Chem B 112:6557–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Irimpan L, Krishnan B, Deepthy A, Nampoori VPN, Radhakrishnan P (2007) Excitation wavelength dependent fluorescence behaviour of nano colloids of ZnO. J Phys D Appl Phys 40:5670–5674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Johansson MK, Cook RM (2003) Intramolecular dimers: a new design strategy for fluorescence-quenched probes. Chemistry 9:3466–3471CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Runnels LW, Scarlata SF (1995) Theory and application of fluorescence homotransfer to melittin oligomerization. Biophys J 69:1569–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Varnavski OP, Ostrowski JC, Sukhomlinova L, Twieg RJ, Bazan GC, Goodson T (2002) Coherent effects in energy transport in model dendritic structures investigated by ultrafast fluorescence anisotropy spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 124:1736–1743CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Serin JM, Brousmiche DW, Frechet JMJ (2002) Cascade energy transfer in a conformationally mobile multichromophoric dendrimer. Chem Commun 21:2605–2607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Haustein E, Jahnz M, Schwille P (2003) Triple FRET: a tool for studying long-range molecular interactions. Chemphyschem 4:745–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Ziessel R, Goze C, Ulrich G, Cesario M, Retailleau P, Harriman A, Rostron JP (2005) Intramolecular energy transfer in pyrene-bodipy molecular dyads and triads. Chemistry 11:7366–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Harriman A, Mallon L, Ziessel R (2008) Energy flow in a purpose-built cascade molecule bearing three distinct chromophores attached to the terminal acceptor. Chemistry 14:11461–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Gao J, Strassler C, Tahmassebi D, Kool ET (2002) Libraries of composite polyfluors built from fluorescent deoxyribosides. J Am Chem Soc 124:11590–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Huang B, Wu HK, Bhaya D, Grossman A, Granier S, Kobilka BK, Zare RN (2007) Counting low-copy number proteins in a single cell. Science 315:81–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Szollosi J, Damjanovich S, Matyus L (1998) Application of fluorescence resonance energy transfer in the clinical laboratory: routine and research. Cytometry 34:159–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Wang S, Gaylord BS, Bazan GC (2004) Fluorescein provides a resonance gate for FRET from conjugated polymers to DNA intercalated dyes. J Am Chem Soc 126:5446–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Aneja A, Mathur N, Bhatnagar PK, Mathur PC (2008) Triple-FRET technique for energy transfer between conjugated polymer and TAMRA dye with possible applications in medical diagnostics. J Biol Phys 34:487–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Chen CH, Liu KY, Sudhakar S, Lim TS, Fann W, Hsu CP, Luh TY (2005) Efficient light harvesting and energy transfer in organic–inorganic hybrid multichromophoric materials. J Phys Chem B 109:17887–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Frigoli M, Ouadahi K, Larpent C (2009) A cascade FRET-mediated ratiometric sensor for Cu2+ ions based on dual fluorescent ligand-coated polymer nanoparticles. Chemistry 15:8319–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Forde TS, Hanley QS (2005) Following FRET through five energy transfer steps: spectroscopic photobleaching, recovery of spectra, and a sequential mechanism of FRET. Photochem Photobiol Sci 4:609–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    May V (2009) Beyond the Forster theory of excitation energy transfer: importance of higher-order processes in supramolecular antenna systems. Dalton Trans 45:10086–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Beljonne D, Curutchet C, Scholes GD, Silbey RJ (2009) Beyond Forster resonance energy transfer in biological and nanoscale systems. J Phys Chem B 113:6583–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Jameson DM, Croney JC (2003) Fluorescence polarization: past, present and future. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 6:167–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Hildebrandt N, Charbonniere LJ, Lohmannsroben HG (2007) Time-resolved analysis of a highly sensitive Forster resonance energy transfer immunoassay using terbium complexes as donors and quantum dots as acceptors. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007:79169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Charbonniere LJ, Hildebrandt N, Ziessel RF, Lohmannsroben HG (2006) Lanthanides to quantum dots resonance energy transfer in time-resolved fluoro-immunoassays and luminescence microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 128:12800–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Morrison LE (1988) Time-resolved detection of energy transfer: theory and application to immunoassays. Anal Biochem 174:101–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Algar WR, Krull UJ (2008) Quantum dots as donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer for the bioanalysis of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biological molecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:1609–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Medintz IL, Mattoussi H (2009) Quantum dot-based resonance energy transfer and its growing application in biology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:17–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Thomas SW 3rd, Joly GD, Swager TM (2007) Chemical sensors based on amplifying fluorescent conjugated polymers. Chem Rev 107:1339–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Kikuchi K, Takakusa H, Nagano T (2004) Recent advances in the design of small molecule-based FRET sensors for cell biology. Trends Analyt Chem 23:407–415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Lakowicz JR (2005) Radiative decay engineering 5: metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission. Anal Biochem 337:171–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Aslan K, Gryczynski I, Malicka J, Matveeva E, Lakowicz JR, Geddes CD (2005) Metal-enhanced fluorescence: an emerging tool in biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16:55–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Gryczynski I, Malicka J, Jiang W, Fischer H, Chan WCW, Gryczynski Z, Grudzinski W, Lakowicz JR (2005) Surface-plasmon-coupled emission of quantum dots. J Phys Chem B 109:1088–1093CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Lee SY, Nakaya K, Hayashi T, Hara M (2009) Quantitative study of the gold-enhanced fluorescence of CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals as a function of distance using an AFM probe. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:4403–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Park HJ, Vak D, Noh YY, Lim B, Kim DY (2007) Surface plasmon enhanced photoluminescence of conjugated polymers. Appl Phys Lett 90:161107CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Zhang YX, Aslan K, Previte MJR, Malyn SN, Geddes CD (2006) Metal-enhanced phosphorescence: Interpretation in terms of triplet-coupled radiating plasmons. J Phys Chem B 110:25108–25114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Giorgetti E, Cicchi S, Muniz-Miranda M, Margheri G, Del Rosso T, Giusti A, Rindi A, Ghini G, Sottini S, Marcelli A, Foggi P (2009) Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) with a donor–acceptor system adsorbed on silver or gold nanoisland films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:9798–803CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Tovmachenko OG, Graf C, van den Heuvel DJ, van Blaaderen A, Gerritsen HC (2006) Fluorescence enhancement by metal-core/silica-shell nanoparticles. Adv Mater 18:91–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Malicka J, Gryczynski I, Gryczynski Z, Lakowicz JR (2003) Effects of fluorophore-to-silver distance on the emission of cyanine-dye-labeled oligonucleotides. Anal Biochem 315:57–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Cade NI, Ritman-Meer T, Kwaka K, Richards D (2009) The plasmonic engineering of metal nanoparticles for enhanced fluorescence and Raman scattering. Nanotechnology 20:285201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Wilson R, Cossins AR, Spiller DG (2006) Encoded microcarriers for high-throughput multiplexed detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 45:6104–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Ma Q, Wang XY, Li YB, Shi YH, Su XG (2007) Multicolor quantum dot-encoded microspheres for the detection of biomolecules. Talanta 72:1446–1452CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Eastman PS, Ruan WM, Doctolero M, Nuttall R, De Feo G, Park JS, Chu JSF, Cooke P, Gray JW, Li S, Chen FQF (2006) Qdot nanobarcodes for multiplexed gene expression analysis. Nano Lett 6:1059–1064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Clapp AR, Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Fisher BR, Goldman ER, Bawendi MG, Mattoussi H (2005) Quantum dot-based multiplexed fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Am Chem Soc 127:18212–18221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Sekar RB, Periasamy A (2003) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy imaging of live cell protein localizations. J Cell Biol 160:629–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Umezawa Y (2005) Genetically encoded optical probes for imaging cellular signaling pathways. Biosens Bioelectron 20:2504–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Miyawaki A (2003) Fluorescence imaging of physiological activity in complex systems using GFP-based probes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:591–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Xu X, Brzostowski JA, Jin T (2006) Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy and FRET imaging to measure spatiotemporal signaling events in single living cells. Methods Mol Biol 346:281–96Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Miyawaki A (2003) Visualization of the spatial and temporal dynamics of intracellular signaling. Dev Cell 4:295–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Miyawaki A, Nagai T, Mizuno H (2005) Engineering fluorescent proteins. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 95:1–15Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Giepmans BNG, Adams SR, Ellisman MH, Tsien RY (2006) Review – The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function. Science 312:217–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Adams SR, Campbell RE, Gross LA, Martin BR, Walkup GK, Yao Y, Llopis J, Tsien RY (2002) New biarsenical ligands and tetracysteine motifs for protein labeling in vitro and in vivo: synthesis and biological applications. J Am Chem Soc 124:6063–6076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Guignet EG, Hovius R, Vogel H (2004) Reversible site-selective labeling of membrane proteins in live cells. Nat Biotechnol 22:440–444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Zimmermann T, Rietdorf J, Pepperkok R (2003) Spectral imaging and its applications in live cell microscopy. FEBS Lett 546:87–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    van Munster EB, Gadella TW (2005) Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 95:143–75Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Piston DW, Rizzo MA (2008) FRET by fluorescence polarization microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 85:415–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Yan L, Rueden CT, White JG, Eliceiri KW (2006) Applications of combined spectral lifetime microscopy for biology. Biotechniques 41:249, 251, 253 passimCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Bird DK, Eliceiri KW, Fan CH, White JG (2004) Simultaneous two-photon spectral and lifetime fluorescence microscopy. Appl Opt 43:5173–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Fisz JJ (2009) Another treatment of fluorescence polarization microspectroscopy and imaging. J Phys Chem A 113:3505–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Tramier M, Coppey-Moisan M (2008) Fluorescence anisotropy imaging microscopy for homo-FRET in living cells. Methods Cell Biol 85:395–414CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Bader AN, Hofman EG, Voortman J, en Henegouwen PM, Gerritsen HC (2009) Homo-FRET imaging enables quantification of protein cluster sizes with subcellular resolution. Biophys J 97:2613–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Squire A, Verveer PJ, Rocks O, Bastiaens PI (2004) Red-edge anisotropy microscopy enables dynamic imaging of homo-FRET between green fluorescent proteins in cells. J Struct Biol 147:62–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Alamiry MAH, Harriman A, Mallon LJ, Ulrich G, Ziessel R (2008) Energy- and charge-transfer processes in a perylene–BODIPY–pyridine tripartite array. Eur J Org: Chem 16:2774–2782Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Yao S, Schafer-Hales KJ, Belfield KD (2007) A new water-soluble near-neutral ratiometric fluorescent pH indicator. Org Lett 9:5645–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Povrozin YA, Markova LI, Tatarets AL, Sidorov VI, Terpetschnig EA, Patsenker LD (2009) Near-infrared, dual-ratiometric fluorescent label for measurement of pH. Anal Biochem 390:136–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Takakusa H, Kikuchi K, Urano Y, Kojima H, Nagano T (2003) A novel design method of ratiometric fluorescent probes based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer switching by spectral overlap integral. Chemistry 9:1479–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Snee PT, Somers RC, Nair G, Zimmer JP, Bawendi MG, Nocera DG (2006) A ratiometric CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal pH sensor. J Am Chem Soc 128:13320–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Kim S, Pudavar HE, Prasad PN (2006) Dye-concentrated organically modified silica nanoparticles as a ratiometric fluorescent pH probe by one- and two-photon excitation. Chem Commun (Camb) 19:2071–2073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Andreescu S, Sadik OA (2004) Trends and challenges in biochemical sensors for clinical and environmental monitoring. Pure Appl Chem 76:861–878CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Riu J, Maroto A, Rius FX (2006) Nanosensors in environmental analysis. Talanta 69:288–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Patel PD (2002) (Bio)sensors for measurement of analytes implicated in food safety: a review. Trac-Trends Analyt Chem 21:96–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Gooding JJ (2006) Biosensor technology for detecting biological warfare agents: Recent progress and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 559:137–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Palladin Institute of BiochemistryNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine

Personalised recommendations