Sozialpsychiatrische Aspekte psychischer Erkrankungen

  • W. Rössler
Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Die Sozialpsychiatrie befasst sich mit den sozialen Einflussfaktoren auf die Entstehung und den Verlauf psychischer Erkrankungen (► Kap. 4 und Kap. 13) sowie der langfristigen Betreuung und Behandlung chronisch oder schwerer psychischer Erkrankungen. Chronisch psychische Erkrankungen haben enorme Auswirkungen nicht nur auf die Betroffenen selbst, sondern auch auf die Angehörigen wie auch auf die Gesellschaft insgesamt. Die Betroffenen leiden zunächst einmal vor allem unter den quälenden Symptomen ihrer psychischen Erkrankung. Durch die Erkrankung wird aber auch ihr Selbstbewusstsein wesentlich beeinträchtigt, weil sie oft nicht in der Lage sind, ihre sozialen Rollen in Gesellschaft, Beruf und Familie zu erfüllen. Dies liegt aber nicht nur an der Behinderung aufgrund ihrer psychischen Erkrankung sondern auch, weil psychisch Kranke in unseren Gesellschaften stigmatisiert und diskriminiert werden (Rössler 2005).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Althaus D, Stefanek J, Hasford J, Hegerl U (2002) Wissensstand und Einstellungen der Allgemeinbevölkerung zu Symptomen, Ursachen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten depressiver Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 73: 659–664PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H (1994) Lay beliefs about schizophrenic disorder: the results of a population survey in Germany. Acta Psychiatr Scand 89(Suppl 382): 39–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H (1997) Social distance towards the mentally ill: results of representative surveys in the Federal Republic of Germany. Psychol Med 27: 131–141PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Angermeyer M, Matschinger H (1999) Social representations of mental illness among the public. In: Guimon J, Fischer W, Sartorius N (eds) The Image of Madness. Karger, Basel, pp 20–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Angermeyer MC, Schulze B, Dietrich S (2003) Courtesy stigma – a focus group study of relatives of schizophrenia patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38: 593–602PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Assion HJ, Bingöl H, Özguerdal S, Basilowski M (2007) Patienten türkischer Herkunft in der psychiatrischen Institutsambulanz. MMW Fortschr Med 149: 57–58PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Bateson G (1972) Steps to an ecology of the mind. Paladin, LondonGoogle Scholar
  8. Bateson G, Jackson D, Haley J, Weakland J (1956) Towards a theory of schizophrenia. Behav Sci 1: 251–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Baumann A, Zaeske H, Gaebel W (2003) Das Bild psychisch Kranker im Spielfilm: Auswirkungen auf Wissen, Einstellungen und soziale Distanz am Beispiel des Films »Das weisse Rauschen«. Psychiatr Prax 30: 372–378PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Bebbington L (1995) The content and context of compliance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 9(Suppl 5): 41–50PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Hiripi E et al. (2003) The prevalence of treated and untreated mental disorders in five countries. Health Aff22: 122– 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Brown G (1959) Experiences of discharged chronic schizophrenic mental hospital patients in various types of living group. Milbank Memorial Fund Q 37: 105–131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Brown G, Birley J (1968) Crisis and life changes and the onset of schizophrenia. J Health Soc Behav 9: 203–214PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Brown G, Monck E, Carstairs G, Wing J (1962) Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic illness. Br J Prev Soc Med 16: 55–68Google Scholar
  15. Calsyn RJ, Winter JP, Morse GA (2000) Do consumers who have a choice of treatment have better outcomes? Community Ment Health J 36: 149–160PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Cannon T, Mednick S (1993) The schizophrenia high-risk project in Copenhagen: three decades of progress. Acta Psychiatr Scand 370 (Suppl): 33–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Cannon T, Mednick S, Parnas J et al. (1994) Development of brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. II. Structural brain characteristics of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 955–962PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Charalabaki E, Bauwens F, Stefos G et al. (1995) Immigration and psychopathology: a clinical study. Eur Psychiatry 10: 237–244PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Cornblatt B, Obuchowski M (1997) Update of high-risk research: 1987–1997. Rev Psychiatry 9: 347–447Google Scholar
  20. Davies S, Thornicroft G, Leese M et al. (1995) Ethnic differences in risk of compulsory psychiatric admission among representative cases of psychosis in London. Br Med J 312: 533–537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Dohrenwend B, Dohrenwend B (1969) Social status and psychological disorder: a causal inquiry. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  22. Eaton W (1974) Residence, social class, and schizophrenia. J Health Soc Behav 15: 289–299PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Faris R, Dunham H (1939) Mental disorders in urban areas. University of Chicago press, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
  24. Fearon P, Morgan C (2006) Environmental factors in Schizophrenia: The role of migrant studies. Schizophr Bull 32: 405–408PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Gaebel W, Müller-Spahn F (2002) Psychische Krankheit und Gesundheit. In: Gaebel W, Müller-Spahn F (Hrsg) Diagnostik und Therapie psychischer Störungen. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, S 29–34Google Scholar
  26. Goldberg E, Morrison S (1963) Schizophrenia and social class. Br J Psychiatry 109: 785–802PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Graf J, Lauber C, Nordt C et al. (2004) Perceived stigmatization of mentally ill people and its consequences for the quality of life in a Swiss population. J Nerv Ment Dis 192: 542–547PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Häfner H (1980) Psychiatrische Morbidität von Gastarbeitern in Mannheim – Epidemiologische Analyse einer Inanspruchnahmepopulation. Nervenarzt 51: 672–683PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Häfner H (1992) The epidemiology of schizophrenia. Triangle 31: 133– 154Google Scholar
  30. Häfner H, Reimann H (1970) Spatial distribution of mental disorders in Mannheim. In: Hare E, Wing J (eds) Psychiatric epidemiology. Oxford Univ Press, London, pp 341–354Google Scholar
  31. Häfner H, Maurer K, Löffler W et al. (1998) The ABC schizophrenia study: a preliminary overview of the results. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 330: 380–386Google Scholar
  32. International Organization for Migration (2005) World Migration 2005 Costs and benefits of international migration. IOM World Migration Reports Series Vol. 3Google Scholar
  33. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G et al. (1992) Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures – A World Health Organization ten-country study. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  34. Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M et al. (2004) Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109: 38–45PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Johansson LM, Sundquist J, Johansson SE, Bergman B (1998) Immigration: moving house and psychiatric admissions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98: 105–111PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Jacomb PA et al. (1997) Helpfulness of interventions for mental disorders: beliefs of health professionals compared with the general public. Br J Psychiatry 171: 233–237PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Lauber C, Nordt C, Sartorius N et al. (2000) Public acceptance of restrictions on mentally ill people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 102(Suppl 407): 26–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Lauber C, Diebold HS, Rössler W (2001) Die Einstellung von Angehörigen psychisch Kranker zu psychiatrischer Forschung, insbesondere zur Früherfassung von schizophrenen Psychosen. Psychiatr Prax 28: 144–146PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L, Rössler W (2002) Public attitude to compulsory admission of mentally ill people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 105: 385–389PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Lauber C, Eichenberger A, Luginbuhl P et al. (2003 a) Determinants of burden in caregivers of patients with exacerbating schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 18: 285–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcato L, Rössler W (2003 b) Do people recognise mental illness? Factors influencing mental health literacy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 253: 248–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Lauber C, Anthony M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rössler W (2004) What about psychiatrists' attitude to mentally ill people? Eur Psychiatry 19: 423–427PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Lay B, Rössler W (2010) Migrationsströme in den deutschsprachigen Ländern und Europa. In: Machleidt W, Heinz A (Hrsg) Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Kap. 11. Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, MünchenGoogle Scholar
  44. Lay B, Lauber C, Rössler W (2005) Are immigrants at a disadvantage in psychiatric in-patient care? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 111: 358–366PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Lay B, Lauber C, Nordt C, Rössler W (2006) Patterns of inpatient care for immigrants in Switzerland: a case control study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41: 199–207PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Lay B, Nordt C, Rössler W (2007) Mental hospital admission rates of immigrants in Switzerland. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 42: 229–236PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Lidz T (1975) The origin and treatment of schizophrenic disorders. Hutchinson, LondonGoogle Scholar
  48. Lindert J, Priebe S, Penka S et al. (2008) Versorgung psychisch kranker Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 58:123–129PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Malmberg A, Lewis G, David A, Allebeck P (1998) Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 172: 308–313PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Marcelis M, Navarro-Mateu F, Murray R et al. (1998) Urbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942–1978 birth cohorts in the Netherlands. Psychol Med 28: 871–879PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Marneros A, Deister A, Rhode A (1991) Affektive, schizoaffektive und schizophrene Psychosen. Eine vergleichende Langzeitstudie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  52. Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (1996) Lay beliefs about the causes of mental disorders: a new methodological approach. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 31: 309–315PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. McGrath JJ (2005) Myths and plain truths about schizophrenia epidemiology – the NAPE lecture 2004. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111/1: 4–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Meise U, Sulzenbacher H, Kemmler G et al. (2000) »…nicht gefährlich, aber doch furchterregend«. Ein Programm gegen Stigmatisierung von Schizophrenie in Schulen. Psychiatr Prax 27: 340–346PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Mortensen PB, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF (1997) Increased rates of schizophrenia among immigrants: some methodological concerns raised by Danish findings. Psychol Med 27: 813–820PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T et al. (1999) Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 340: 603–608PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Müller B, Nordt C, Lauber C et al. (2006) Social support modifies perceived stigmatization in the first years of mental illness: A longitudinal approach. Soc Sci Med 62: 39–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Nordt C, Falcato L, Lauber C, Rössler W (2002) Die Bewertung von Depression und Schizophrenie als psychische Krankheit und deren Einfluss auf die Hilfeempfehlung. Neuropsychiatrie 16: 103–107Google Scholar
  59. Nordt C, Rössler W, Lauber C (2006) Attitudes of Mental Health Professionals Toward People With Schizophrenia and Major Depression. Schizophr Bull (in press)Google Scholar
  60. Ødegaard Ø (1932) Emigration and insanity: a study of mental disease among the Norwegianborn population of Minnesota. Levin & Munksgaards, CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
  61. Ødegaard Ø (1971) Hospitalized psychoses in Norway; time trends 1926–1965. Soc Psychiatry 6: 53–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Pfeiffer W (1994) Transkulturelle Psychiatrie, 2. Aufl. Thieme, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  63. Phelan J, Link B, Stueve A, Pescolido B (2000) Public conceptions of mental illness in 1950 and 1996: What is mental illness and is it to be feared? J Health Soc Behav 41: 1888–2207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Pinfold V, Huxley P, Thornicroft G et al. (2003) Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination – evaluating an educational intervention with the police force in England. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38: 337–344PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Priebe S, Schmiedebach HP (1997) Soziale Psychiatrie und Sozialpsychiatrie – Zum historischen Gebrauch der Begriffe. Psychiat Prax 24: 3–9Google Scholar
  66. Priest RG, Vize C, Roberts A et al. (1996) Lay people's attitudes to treatment of depression: results of opinion poll for Defeat Depression Campaign just before its launch. BMJ 313: 858–859PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Rössler W (1992) Wilhelm Griesinger und die gemeindenahe Versorgung. Nervenarzt 63: 257–261PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Rössler W (2005) Das Stigma psychischer Erkrankungen. Die Psychiatrie 2: 5–11Google Scholar
  69. Rössler W, Salize HJ, Cucchiaro G et al. (1999) Does the place of treatment influence the quality of life of schizophrenics? Acta Psychiatr Scand 100: 142–148PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Rössler W, Salize HJ, van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A (2005) Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 15: 399–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Sartorius N, Shapiro R, Kimura M, Barett K (1972) WHO international pilot study of schizophrenia. Preliminary communication. Psychol Med 2: 422–425PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Ernberg G et al. (1987) Course of schizophrenia in different countries. Some results of a WHO comparative 5-year follow-up study. In: Häfner H, Gattaz W, Janzarik W (eds) Search for the causes of schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 107–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Sartorius N, Gulbinat W, Harrison G et al. (1996) Long-term follow-up of schizophrenia in 16 countries. A description of the international study of schizophrenia conducted by the World Health Organization. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 31: 249–258PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Schmiedebach HP, Priebe S (2004) Social Psychiatry in Germany in the Twentieth Century: Ideas and Models. Medical History 48: 449– 472PubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Schulze B, Angermeyer MC (2003) Subjective experiences of stigma. A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Soc Sci Med 56: 299–312PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Selten J, Slaets J, Kahn R (1997) Schizophrenia in Surinamese and Dutch Antillean immigrants to The Netherlands: evidence of an increased incidence. Psychol Med 27: 807–811PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Spataro J, Mullen PE, Burgess PM et al. (2004) Impact of child sexual abuse on mental health. Br J Psychiatry 184: 416–421PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Steinberg H, Durell J (1968) A stressful social situation as a precipitant of schizophrenic symptoms: an epidemiological study. Br J Psychiatry 114: 1097–1105PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Thompson AH, Stuart H, Bland RC et al. (2002) Attitudes about schizophrenia from the pilot site of the WPA worldwide campaign against the stigma of schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37: 475–482PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Tienari P, Lahti I, Sorri A (1989) The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia: possible joint effects of genetic vulnerability and family environment. Br J Med(Suppl 5): 29–32Google Scholar
  81. Tienari P, Wynne LC, Moring J et al. (1994) The Finnish adoptive study of schizophrenia. Implications for family research. Br J Psychiatry 164(Suppl 23): 20–26Google Scholar
  82. Torrey J (1980) Schizophrenia and civilisation. Aronson, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  83. Torrey E, Bowler A, Clark K (1997) Urban birth and residence as risk factors for psychoses: an analysis of 1880 data. Schizophr Res 25: 169–176PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Weyerer S, Häfner H (1989) The stability of the ecological distribution of the incidence of treated mental disorder in the city of Mannheim. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 24: 57–62PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. WHO (1974) International pilot study of schizophrenia. WHO, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  86. WHO (1975) Schizophrenia: A multinational study. Summary of the initial evaluation phase of the international pilot study of schizophrenia. WHO, GenevaGoogle Scholar
  87. Wicks W, Hjern A, Gunnell D et al. (2005) Social Adversity in Childhood and the Risk of Developing Psychosis: A National Cohort Study. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1652–1657PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F (2005) Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe – a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuro-Psychopharmacology 15: 357–376Google Scholar
  89. Wolff G, Pathare S, Craig T, Leff J (1996) Community knowledge of mental illness and reaction to mentally ill people. Br J Psychiatry 168: 191–198PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Wynne L, Singer M (1966) Communication styles in parents of normals, neurotics and schizophrenics. Psychiatr Res Rep 20: 25–38Google Scholar
  91. Zogg H, Lauber C, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rössler W (2003) Einstellung von Experten und Laien gegenüber negativen Sanktionen bei psychisch Kranken. Psychiatr Prax 30: 379–383PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

Authors and Affiliations

  • W. Rössler
    • 1
  1. 1.Klinik für Soziale Psychiatrie und AllgemeinpsychiatriePsychiatrische UniversitätsklinikZürichSchweiz

Personalised recommendations