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Multifunctional Plant Surfaces and Smart Materials

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Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

The surfaces of plants represent multifunctional interfaces between the organisms and their biotic (living) and the nonbiotic solid, liquid, and gaseous environment. The diversity of plant surface structures has evolved over several hundred million years of evolution. Evolutionary processes have led to a large variety of functional plant surfaces which exhibit, for example, superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, superhydrophilicity, and reduction of adhesion and light reflection. The primary surface of nearly all parts of land plants is the epidermis. The outer part of epidermal cells is an extracellular membrane called the cuticle. The cuticle, with its associated waxes, is a stabilization element, has a barrier function, and is responsible for various kinds of surface structuring by cuticular folding or deposition of three-dimensional wax crystals on the cuticle. Surface properties, such as superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, reduction of adhesion and light reflection, and absorption of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, are based on the existence of three-dimensional waxes. Waxes form different morphologies, such as tubules, platelets or rodlets, by self-assembly. The ability of plant waxes to self-assemble into three-dimensional nanostructures can be used to create hierarchical roughness of various kinds of surfaces. The structures and principles which nature uses to develop functional surfaces are of special interest in biomimetics. Hierarchical structures play a key role in surface wetting and are discussed in the context of superhydrophobic and self-cleaning plants and for the development of biomimetic surfaces. Superhydrophobic biomimetic surfaces are introduced and their use for self-cleaning or development of air-retaining surfaces, for, e.g., drag reduction at surfaces moving in water, are discussed. This chapter presents an overview of plant structures, combines the structural basis of plant surfaces with their functions, and introduces existing biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces and their fabrication.

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Abbreviations

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

AFM:

atomic force microscope

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

CA:

constant amplitude

CA:

contact angle

CAH:

contact angle hysteresis

ED:

electron diffraction

EDX:

energy-dispersive x-ray

HOPG:

highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

MEMS:

microelectromechanical system

NEMS:

nanoelectromechanical system

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

NMR:

nuclear mass resonance

SEM:

scanning electron microscope

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

STP:

standard temperature and pressure

TA:

tilt angle

UV:

ultraviolet

XRD:

x-ray powder diffraction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Science, Biology and Nanobiotechnology, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Science, Landwehr 4, 47533, Kleve, Germany

    Kerstin Koch

  2. Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2), Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, 43210-1142, Columbus, OH, USA

    Bharat Bhushan

  3. Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany

    Wilhelm Barthlott

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  1. Kerstin Koch
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  2. Bharat Bhushan
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  3. Wilhelm Barthlott
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Correspondence to Kerstin Koch , Bharat Bhushan or Wilhelm Barthlott .

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  1. Ohio State University, Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2), 201 W. 19th Avenue, 43210-1142, Columbus, OH, USA

    Bharat Bhushan

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Koch, K., Bhushan, B., Barthlott, W. (2010). Multifunctional Plant Surfaces and Smart Materials. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9_41

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