The Relevance of Domains

  • Alex Hubert
  • Rudolf Schäfer
Chapter

This chapter reviews engineering applications of magnetic materials, and the relevance of magnetic domains in these fields. It connects a discussion of applications with the discussion of magnetic microstructures elaborated in earlier chapters of this book.

Keywords

Domain Wall Metallic Glass Exchange Coupling Magnetic Force Microscopy Hysteresis Loss 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

6. The Relevance of Domains

  1. 1089.
    R.M. Bozorth: Ferromagnetism (Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1951) Google Scholar
  2. 1090.
    B.D. Cullity: Introduction to Magnetic Materials (Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1972) Google Scholar
  3. 1091.
    E.P. Wohlfarth, K.H.J. Buschow (Ed.): Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1–11 (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980f) Google Scholar
  4. 1092.
    J. Evetts (Ed.): Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic & Superconducting Materials, in: Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (Pergamon, Oxford, New York, 1992) Google Scholar
  5. 1093.
    J.P. Jakubovics: Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (The Intitute of Materials, London, 1994) Google Scholar
  6. 1094.
    R. Gerber, C.D. Wright, G. Asti (Ed.): Applied Magnetism (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994) Google Scholar

Bulk Soft Magnetic Materials

  1. 1095.
    M. Mallary, A.B. Smith: Conduction of flux at high frequencies by a charge-free magnetization distribution. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 2374–2376 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  2. 1096.
    G.Y. Chin, J.H. Wernick: Soft magnetic metallic materials, in: Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 2, ed. by E.P. Wohlfarth (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980) p. 55–188 Google Scholar
  3. 1097.
    A.J. Moses: Development of alternative magnetic core materials and incentives for their use. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 112, 150–155 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  4. 1098.
    C.D. Graham, Jr.: Textured Magnetic Materials, in: Magnetism and Metallurgy, Vol. 2, ed. by A.E. Berkowitz, E. Kneller (Academic Press, New York, 1969) p. 723–748 Google Scholar
  5. 1099.
    K. Foster, J.J. Kramer: Effect of directional orientation on the magnetic properties of cube-oriented magnetic sheets. J. Appl. Phys. (Suppl.) 31, 233S–234S (1960) ADSGoogle Scholar
  6. 1100.
    M.F. Littmann: Structures and magnetic properties of grain-oriented 3.2% silicon-iron. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1104–1108 (1967) ADSGoogle Scholar
  7. 1101.
    W.M. Swift, W.R. Reynolds, J.W. Shilling: Relationship between statistical distribution of grain orientations and B 10 in polycrystalline (110)[001] 3% Si-Fe sheet. AIP Conf. Proc. 10, 976–980 (1973) ADSGoogle Scholar
  8. 1102.
    N.P. Goss: New development in electrical strip steels characterized by fine grain structure approaching the properties of a single crystal. Trans. Amer. Soc. Metals 23, 511–544 (1935) Google Scholar
  9. 1103.
    T. Yamamoto, T. Nozawa: Recent development of high-permeability grain-oriented silicon steels, in: Recent Magnetics for Electronics, ed. by Y. Sakurai (OHM, Tokyo, 1983) p. 227–243 Google Scholar
  10. 1104.
    Y. Ushigami, H. Masui, Y. Okazaki, Y. Sugi, N. Takahashi: Development of low-loss grain-oriented silicon steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 5, 310–315 (1996) Google Scholar
  11. 1105.
    T. Nozawa, M. Mizogami, H. Mogi, Y. Matsuo: Magnetic properties and dynamic domain behavior in grain-oriented 3% Si-Fe. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 572–589 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  12. 1106.
    W. Grimm, W. Jillek, A. Hubert: Messung und Auswirkungen der von den Isolierschichten auf orientiertes Transformatorenblech übertragenen Spannungen. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 9, 225–228 (1978) (Measurement and effect of stresses generated by insulation layers on oriented transformer steel) ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. 1107.
    T. Yamamoto, T. Nozawa: Effects of tensile stress on total loss of single crystals of 3% silicon-iron. J. Appl. Phys. 41, 2981–2984 (1970) ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. 1108.
    J.W. Shilling, W.G. Morris, M.L. Osborn, P. Rao: Orientation dependence of domain wall spacing and losses in 3-percent Si-Fe single crystals. IEEE Trans. Magn. 14, 104–111 (1978) ADSGoogle Scholar
  15. 1109.
    A. Hubert: Some comments on the problem of the “ideal” oriented transformer steel. Soft Magnetic Materials 3 (Bratislava, 1977) p. 291–295 Google Scholar
  16. 1110.
    T. Iuchi, S. Yamaguchi, T. Ichiyama, N. Nakamura, T. Ishimoto, K. Kuroki: Laser processing for reducing core loss of grain oriented silicon steel. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 2410–2412 (1982) ADSGoogle Scholar
  17. 1111.
    M. Yabumoto, H. Kobayashi, T. Nozawa, K. Hirose, N. Takahashi: Heatproof domain refining method using chemically etched pits on the surface of grain-oriented 3% Si-Fe. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 3062–3064 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  18. 1112.
    H. Kobayashi, K. Kuroki, E. Sasaki, M. Iwasaki, N. Takahashi: Heatproof domain refining method using combination of local strain and heat treatment for grain oriented 3% Si-Fe. Physica Scripta T24, 36–41 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  19. 1113.
    T. Nozawa, Y. Matsuo, H. Kobayashi, K. Iwayama, N. Takahashi: Magnetic properties and domain structures in domain refined grain-oriented silicon steel. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 2966–2970 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  20. 1114.
    B.K. Sokolov, V.V. Gubernatorov, V.A. Zaykova, Y.N. Dragoshansky: Influence of substructure redistribution on electromagnetic losses of transformer steel. Phys. Met. Metall. 44.3, 53–58 (1977) [Fiz. Metal. Metalloved. 44 (1977) 517–522] Google Scholar
  21. 1115.
    V.A. Zaykova, N.K. Yesina, Y.N. Dragoshanskiy, V.F. Tiunov, B.K. Sokolov, V.V. Gubernatorov: Orientation and structure dependencies of the electromagnetic losses of locally deformed single crystals of Fe-3% Si. Phys. Met. Metall. 48.3, 57–65 (1979) [Fiz. Metal. Metalloved. 48 (1979) 520–529] Google Scholar
  22. 1116.
    T. Yamamoto, T. Nozawa, T. Nakayama, Y. Matsuo: The influence of grain-orientation on 180° domain wall spacing in (110) [001] grain-oriented 3% Si-Fe with high permeability. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 31, 993–996 (1983) ADSGoogle Scholar
  23. 1117.
    T. Nozawa, M. Yabumoto, Y. Matsuo: Studies of domain refining of grain-oriented silicon steel. Soft Magnetic Materials 7 (Blackpool, 1985). Wolfson Centre of Magnetics Techn., Cardiff. p. 131–136 Google Scholar
  24. 1118.
    T. Nozawa, T. Nakayama, Y. Ushigami, T. Yamamoto: Production of single-crystal 3% silicon-iron sheet with orientation near (110)[001]. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 58, 67–77 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  25. 1119.
    T.R. Haller, J.J. Kramer: Observation of dynamic domain size variation in a silicon-iron alloy. J. Appl. Phys. 41, 1034–1035 (1970) ADSGoogle Scholar
  26. 1120.
    K. Honma, T. Nozawa, H. Kobayashi, Y. Shimoyama, I. Tachino, K. Miyoshi: Development of non-oriented and grain-oriented silicon steel. IEEE Trans. Magn. 21, 1903–1908 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. 1121.
    H.P.J. Wijn, E.W. Gorter, C.J. Esveldt, P. Geldermans: Bedingungen für eine rechteckige Hystereseschleife bei Ferriten. Philips Techn. Rundschau 16, 124–134 (1954) (Conditions for a rectangular hysteresis loop in ferrites) Google Scholar
  28. 1122.
    J.W. Shilling: Domain structure during magnetization of grain-oriented 3% Si-Fe as a function of applied tensile stress. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1787–1789 (1971) ADSGoogle Scholar
  29. 1123.
    J. Zbroszczyk, J. Drabecki, B. Wysłocki: Angular-distribution of rotational hysteresis losses in Fe-3.25%Si single crystals with orientations (001) and (011). IEEE Trans. Magn. 17, 1275–1282 (1981) ADSGoogle Scholar
  30. 1124.
    K. Matsumura, B. Fukuda: Recent development of non-oriented electrical steel sheets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 1533–1538 (1984) ADSGoogle Scholar
  31. 1125.
    F. Assmus, R. Boll, D. Ganz, F. Pfeifer: Über Silizium-Eisen mit Würfeltextur. I. Magnetische Eigenschaften. Z. Metallk. 48, 341–343 (1957) (On cube-textured silicon iron. I. Magnetic properties) Google Scholar
  32. 1126.
    D. Ganz: Über die Richtungsabhängigkeit magnetischer Eigenschaften von 3%-Silizium-Eisen-Blechen mit Goss- und Würfeltextur. Z. Angew. Phys. 14, 313–322 (1962) (On the directional dependence of magnetic properties of 3% silicon iron sheets with Goss and cube texture) Google Scholar
  33. 1127.
    K. Detert: Untersuchungen über eine neue Art der Sekundärrekristallisation in Fe-3% Si-Legierungen. Acta Metall. 7, 589–598 (1959) (Investigations on a new kind of secondary recrystallization in Fe-3% Si alloys) Google Scholar
  34. 1128.
    S. Arai, M. Mizokami, M. Yabumoto: The magnetic properties of doubly oriented 3% Si-Fe and its application. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 5577–5579 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  35. 1129.
    S.L. Ames, G.L. Houze, Jr., W.R. Bitler: Magnetic properties of textured silicon-iron alloys with silicon contents in excess of 3.25 %. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1577–1578 (1969) ADSGoogle Scholar
  36. 1130.
    T. Yamaji, M. Abe, Y. Takada, K. Okada, T. Hiratani: Magnetic properties and workability of 6.5% silicon steel sheet manufactured in continuous CVD siliconizing line. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 133, 187–189 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  37. 1131.
    S. Roth: Effect of annealing in hydrogen on composition and properties of rapidly quenched Fe-Co-B and Fe-B-Si alloy ribbons. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 226, 111–114 (1997) Google Scholar
  38. 1132.
    N. Tsuya, K.I. Arai, K. Ohmori, H. Shimanaka, T. Kan: Ribbon-form silicon-iron alloy containing around 6% silicon. IEEE Trans. Magn. 16, 728–733 (1980) ADSGoogle Scholar
  39. 1133.
    F. Pfeifer, C. Radeloff: Soft magnetic Ni-Fe and Co-Fe alloys — Some physical and metallurgical aspects. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 19, 190–207 (1980) ADSGoogle Scholar
  40. 1134.
    R. Boll, K. Overshott (Ed.): Magnetic Sensors, in: Sensors. A Comprehensive Survey, ed. by W. Göpel, et al., Vol. 5 (VCH, Weinheim, 1989) Google Scholar
  41. 1135.
    J.E. Lenz: A review of magnetic sensors. Proc. IEEE 78, 973–989 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  42. 1136.
    K. Mohri: Magnetic materials for new sensors – Sensor magnetics, in: Magnetic Materials: Microstructure and Properties (Anaheim, 1991). MRS Symp. Proc. Vol. 232, p. 331–342 Google Scholar
  43. 1137.
    T. Bonnema, F.J. Friedlaender, L.F. Silva: Magnetic domain observations in 50-percent Ni-Fe tapes. IEEE Trans. Magn. 4, 431–434 (1968) ADSGoogle Scholar
  44. 1138.
    D.S. Rodbell, C.P. Bean: Influence of pulsed magnetic fields on the reversal of magnetization in square-loop metallic tapes. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1318–1323 (1955) ADSGoogle Scholar
  45. 1139.
    F.J. Friedlaender: Flux reversal in magnetic amplifier cores. AIEE Trans. I (Comm. & Electr.) 75, 268–278 (1956) Google Scholar
  46. 1140.
    R. Boll: Soft magnetic metals and alloys. Mat. Sci. Tech. 3B, 401–450 (1993) Google Scholar
  47. 1141.
    F.E. Luborsky: Amorphous ferromagnets, in: Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, ed. by E.P. Wohlfarth (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980) p. 451–529 Google Scholar
  48. 1142.
    R. Hasegawa: Amorphous magnetic materials – A history. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 100, 1–12 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  49. 1143.
    F.E. Luborsky, M.R.J. Gibbs: Metallic Glasses, in: Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials, ed. by J. Evetts (Pergamon, Oxford, 1992) p. 314–319 Google Scholar
  50. 1144.
    T. Sato: Further improvement of core loss in amorphous alloys. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2, 235–240 (1993) Google Scholar
  51. 1145.
    K. Foster, M.F. Littmann: Factors affecting core losses in oriented electrical steels at moderate inductions. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 4203–4208 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  52. 1146.
    T. Sato: Core materials for power devices, in: Recent Magnetics for Electronics, ed. by Y. Sajurai (OHM, Tokyo, 1980) p. 151–168 Google Scholar
  53. 1147.
    Y. Okazaki: Loss deterioration in amorphous cores for distribution transformers. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 160, 217–222 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  54. 1148.
    L.I. Mendelsohn, E.A. Nesbitt, G.R. Bretts: Glassy metal fabric: A unique magnetic shield. IEEE Trans. Magn. 12, 924–926 (1976) ADSGoogle Scholar
  55. 1149.
    G. Hinz, H. Voigt: Magnetoresistive sensors, in: Magnetic Sensors, Vol. 5, ed. by R. Boll, K. Overshott (VCH, Weinheim, 1989) p. 97–152 Google Scholar
  56. 1150.
    H. Fujimori, H. Yoshimoto, H. Morita: Anomalous eddy current loss in amorphous magnetic thin sheet and its improvement. IEEE Trans. Magn. 16, 1227–1229 (1980) ADSGoogle Scholar
  57. 1151.
    H.J. de Wit, M. Brouha: Domain patterns and high-frequency magnetic properties of amorphous metal ribbons. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 3560–3562 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  58. 1152.
    G. Rauscher, C. Radeloff: Wiegand and pulse wire sensors, in: Magnetic Sensors, Vol. 5, ed. by R. Boll, K. Overshott (VCH, Weinheim, 1989) p. 315–339 Google Scholar
  59. 1153.
    K.-H. Shin, C.D. Graham, Jr., P.Y. Zhou: Asymmetric hysteresis loops in Co-based ferromagnetic alloys. IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 2772–2774 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  60. 1154.
    C.D. Graham: Magnetic materials in the fight against crime. Magnews (Spring 1993) 8–10 Google Scholar
  61. 1155.
    C.K. Kim, R.C. O’Handley: Development of a pinned wall sensor using cobalt-rich, near-zero magnetostrictive amorphous alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 28, 423–434 (1997) Google Scholar
  62. 1156.
    C.K. Kim, R.C. O’Handley: Development of a magnetoelastic resonant sensor using iron-rich, non-zero magnetostrictive amorphous alloys. Metall. Mat. Trans. A 27, 3203–3213 (1996) Google Scholar
  63. 1157.
    K. Mohri, T. Kohzawa, K. Kawashima, H. Yoshida, L.V. Panina: Magneto-inductive effect (MI effect) in amorphous wires. IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 3150–3152 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  64. 1158.
    K. Mohri, K. Kawashima, T. Kohzawa, H. Yoshida: Magneto-inductive element. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 1245–1248 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  65. 1159.
    L.V. Panina, K. Mohri, K. Bushida, M. Noda: Giant magneto-impedance and magneto-inductive effects in amorphous alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6198–6203 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  66. 1160.
    R.S. Beach, A.E. Berkowitz: Sensitive field- and frequency-dependent impedance spectra of amorphous FeCoSiB wire and ribbon. J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6209–6213 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  67. 1161.
    K.V. Rao, F.B. Humphrey, J.L. Costa-Krämer: Very large magneto-impedance in amorphous soft magnetic wires. J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6204–6208 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  68. 1162.
    Y. Yoshizawa, Y. Oguma, K. Yamauchi: New Fe-based soft magnetic alloys composed of ultrafine grain structure. J. Appl. Phys. 64, 6044–6046 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  69. 1163.
    G. Herzer: Nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys, in: Handbook of Magnetic Materials, Vol. 10, ed. by K.H.J. Buschow (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997) p. 415–462 Google Scholar
  70. 1164.
    G. Herzer: Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability in nanocrystalline ferromagnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 1397–1402 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  71. 1165.
    A. Makino, T. Hatanai, Y. Yamamoto, N. Hasegawa, A. Inoue, T. Masumoto: Magnetic domain structure correlated with the microstructure of nanocrystalline Fe-M-B (M=Zr,Nb) alloys. Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. A 42, 107–113 (1996) Google Scholar
  72. 1166.
    M. Müller, H. Grahl, N. Mattern, U. Kühn: Crystallization behaviour, structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline FeZrNbBCu alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 226, 565–568 (1997) Google Scholar
  73. 1167.
    A. Makino, T. Hatanai, A. Inoue, T. Masumoto: Nanocrystalline soft magnetic Fe-M-B (M = Zr, Hf, Nb) alloys and their applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 226, 594–602 (1997) Google Scholar
  74. 1168.
    P.I. Slick: Ferrites for non-microwave applications, in: Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 2, ed. by E.P. Wohlfarth (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980) p. 189–241 Google Scholar
  75. 1169.
    R.C. Sundahl, Jr., Y.S. Kim: Ferrites, soft, in: Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials, ed. by J. Evetts (Pergamon, Oxford, 1992) p. 135–141 Google Scholar
  76. 1170.
    T.G.W. Stijntjes, J. Klerk, A. Broese van Groenau: Permeabilities and conductivity of Ti-substituted MnZn ferrites. Philips Res. Repts. 25, 95–107 (1970) Google Scholar
  77. 1171.
    E. Röss: Magnetic properties and microstructure of high-permeability Mn-Zn ferrites. Int. Conf. Ferrites (Japan, 1970) p. 203–209 Google Scholar
  78. 1172.
    J. Nicholas: Microwave ferrites, in: Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 2, ed. by E.P. Wohlfarth (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980) p. 243–296 Google Scholar
  79. 1173.
    R. Schäfer, B.E. Argyle, P.L. Trouilloud: Domain studies in single-crystal ferrite MIG heads with image-enhanced, wide-field Kerr microscopy. IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 2644–2646 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  80. 1174.
    M. Kaneko, K. Aso: Magneto-optical observation of magnetic domains in rubbing surface of a ferrite head. IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan 5, 225–231 (1990) Google Scholar

Permanent Magnets

  1. 1175.
    E.P. Wohlfarth: Permanent magnetic materials, in: Magnetism, Vol. III, ed. by G.T. Rado, H. Suhl (Academic Press, New York, 1963) p. 351–393 Google Scholar
  2. 1176.
    K.J. Strnat: Modern permanent magnets for applications in electro-technology. Proc. IEEE 78, 923–946 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  3. 1177.
    G. Asti, M. Solzi: Permanent magnets, in: Applied Magnetism, ed. by R. Gerber, et al. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994) p. 309–375 Google Scholar
  4. 1178.
    H.R. Kirchmayr: Permanent magnets and hard magnetic materials. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29, 2763–2778 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  5. 1179.
    J.M.D. Coey: Permanent magnetism. Solid State Comm. 102, 101–105 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  6. 1180.
    K.H.J. Buschow: Magnetism and processing of permanent magnet materials, in: Handbook of Magnetic Materials, Vol. 10, ed. by K.H.J. Buschow (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997) p. 463–593 Google Scholar
  7. 1181.
    J.D. Livingston: A review of coercivity mechanisms. J. Appl. Phys. 52, 2544–2548 (1981) ADSGoogle Scholar
  8. 1182.
    J.D. Livingston: Microstructure and properties of rare earth magnets. Report 86CRD159 (General Electric Corp. Res. Dev., 1986) Google Scholar
  9. 1183.
    A. Menth, H. Nagel, R.S. Perkins: New high-performance permanent magnets based on rare earth-transition metal compounds, in: Annual Review of Materials Science, Vol. 8, ed. by R.A. Huggins, et al. (Annual Review Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1978) p. 21–47 Google Scholar
  10. 1184.
    H. Stäblein: Hard ferrites and plastoferrites, in: Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 3, ed. by E.P. Wohlfarth (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1982) p. 441–602 Google Scholar
  11. 1185.
    G. Hoffer, K. Strnat: Magnetocrystalline anisotropy of YCo5 and Y2Co17. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2, 487–489 (1966) ADSGoogle Scholar
  12. 1186.
    K.J. Strnat, R.M.W. Strnat: Rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 100, 38–56 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. 1187.
    M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, H. Yamamoto, Y. Matsuura: New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe. J. Appl. Phys. 55, 2083–2087 (1984) ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. 1188.
    J.F. Herbst, J.J. Croat: Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 100, 57–78 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  15. 1189.
    J.J. Becker: Observation of magnetization reversal in cobalt-rare-earth particles. IEEE Trans. Magn. 5, 211–214 (1969) ADSGoogle Scholar
  16. 1190.
    K.-D. Durst, H. Kronmüller, H. Schneider: Magnetic hardening mechanisms in Fe-Nd-B type permanent magnets. 5th Int. Symp. on Magnetic Anisotropy and Coercivity in Rare Earth-Transition Metal Alloys (Bad Soden, 1987). DPG Vol. II, p. 209–225 Google Scholar
  17. 1191.
    E. Adler, P. Hamann: A contribution to the understanding of coercivity and its temperature dependence in sintered SmCo5 and Nd2Fe14B magnets. 4th Int. Symp. Magn. Anisotr. Coercivity Rare Earth-Trans. Metal Alloys (Dayton (Ohio), 1985). Univ. of Dayton p. 747–760 Google Scholar
  18. 1192.
    D. Givord, P. Tenaud, T. Viadieu: Coercivity mechanisms in ferrite and rare earth transition metal sintered magnets (SmCo5, Nd-Fe-B). IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 1921–1923 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  19. 1193.
    S. Chikazumi: Mechanism of high coercivity in rare-earth permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 54, 1551–1555 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  20. 1194.
    G.C. Hadjipanayis, A. Kim: Domain wall pinning versus nucleation of reversed domains in R-Fe-B magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 3310–3315 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  21. 1195.
    B. Grieb: New corrosion resistant materials based on neodym-iron-boron. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 3904–3906 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  22. 1196.
    D. Eckert, K.H. Müller, P. Nothnagel, J. Schneider, R. Szymczak: Magnetization curves of thermal ac-field and dc-field demagnetized NdFeB magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 83, 197–198 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  23. 1197.
    J. Zawadzki, P.A.P. Wendhausen, B. Gebel, A. Handstein, D. Eckert, K.-H. Müller: Kerr microscopy observation of carbon diffusion profiles in Sm2Fe17Cx. J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6717–6719 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  24. 1198.
    J.M.D. Coey, H. Sun: Improved magnetic properties by treatment of iron-based rare earth intermetallic compounds in ammonia. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 87, L251–254 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  25. 1199.
    H. Sun, Y. Otani, J.M.D. Coey: Gas-phase carbonation in R2Fe17. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 104, 1439–1440 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  26. 1200.
    T. Mukai, T. Fujimoto: Kerr microscopy observation of nitrogenated Sm2Fe17 intermetallic compounds. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 103, 165–173 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. 1201.
    J. Hu, B. Hofmann, T. Dragon, R. Reisser, et al.: Carbonation process and domain structure in Sm2Fe17Cx compounds prepared by gas-solid interaction. Phys. Status Solidi A 148, 275–282 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  28. 1202.
    J.D. Livingston, D.L. Martin: Microstructure of aged (Co, Cu, Fe)7Sm magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 1350–1354 (1977) ADSGoogle Scholar
  29. 1203.
    K.-D. Durst, H. Kronmüller, W. Ervens: Investigation of the magnetic properties and demagnetization processes of an extremely high coercive Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)7.6 permanent magnet. II The coercivity mechanism. Phys. Status Solidi A 108, 705–719 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  30. 1204.
    B.Y. Wong, M. Willard, D.E. Laughlin: Domain wall pinning sites in Sm(CoFeCuZr)x magnets. J. Magn. Mag. Mat. 169, 178–192 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  31. 1205.
    M. Katter: Coercivity calculation of Sm2(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)17 magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 6721–6723 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  32. 1206.
    F.E. Luborsky: Development of elongated particle magnets. J. Appl. Phys. (Suppl.) 32, 171S–183S (1961) ADSGoogle Scholar
  33. 1207.
    J.J. Croat: Current status and future outlook for bonded neodymium permanent magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 4804–4809 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  34. 1208.
    J.M.D. Coey, K. O’Donnell: New bonded magnet materials. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 4810–4815 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  35. 1209.
    J. Ormerod, S. Constatinides: Bonded permanent magnets: Current status and future opportunities. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 4816–4820 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  36. 1210.
    K.J. de Vos: Alnico Permanent Magnet Alloys, in: Magnetism and Metallurgy, Vol. 1, ed. by A.E. Berkowitz, E. Kneller (Academic Press, New York, 1969) p. 473–512 Google Scholar
  37. 1211.
    R.A. McCurrie: The structure and properties of Alnico permanent magnet alloys, in: Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 3, ed. by E.P. Wohlfarth (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1982) p. 107–188 Google Scholar
  38. 1212.
    H. Stäblein: Dauermagnetwerkstoffe auf Alnico-Basis. Techn. Mitteilungen Krupp 29, 101–110 (1971) (Alnico-based permanent magnet materials) Google Scholar
  39. 1213.
    H. Kaneko, M. Homma, K. Nakamura: New ductile permanent magnet of Fe-Cr-Co system. AIP Conf. Proc. 5, 1088–1092 (1971) ADSGoogle Scholar
  40. 1214.
    L.I. Mendelsohn, F.E. Luborsky, T.O. Paine: Permanent-magnet properties of elongated single-domain iron particles. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1274–1280 (1955) ADSGoogle Scholar
  41. 1215.
    R.B. Falk: A current review of Lodex permanent magnet technology. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 1108–1112 (1966) ADSGoogle Scholar
  42. 1216.
    J.J. Croat: Magnetic hardening of Pr-Fe and Nd-Fe alloys by melt-spinning. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 3161–3169 (1982) ADSGoogle Scholar
  43. 1217.
    L. Schultz, J. Wecker, E. Hellstern: Formation and properties of NdFeB prepared by mechanical alloying and solid-state reaction. J. Appl. Phys. 61, 3583–3585 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  44. 1218.
    L. Schultz, K. Schnitzke, J. Wecker: Mechanically alloyed isotropic and anisotropic Nd-Fe-B magnetic material. J. Appl. Phys. 64, 5302–5304 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  45. 1219.
    L. Schultz, K. Schnitzke, J. Wecker, M. Katter, C. Kuhrt: Permanent magnets by mechanical alloying. J. Appl. Phys. 70, 6339–6344 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  46. 1220.
    P.G. McCormick, J. Ding, E.H. Feutrill, R. Street: Mechanically alloyed hard magnetic materials. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 157, 7–10 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  47. 1221.
    T. Takeshita, R. Nakayama: Magnetic properties and microstructure of the NdFeB magnet powder produced by hydrogen treatment. 10th Int. Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and their Applications (Kyoto, 1989) Vol. 1, p. 551–557 Google Scholar
  48. 1222.
    O. Gutfleisch, I.R. Harris: Fundamental and practical aspects of hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination process. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29, 2255–2265 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  49. 1223.
    R.W. Lee, E.G. Brewer, N.A. Schaffel: Processing of neodymium-iron-boron melt-spun ribbons to fully dense magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 21, 1958–1963 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  50. 1224.
    Y. Nozawa, K. Iwasaki, S. Tanigawa, M. Tokunaga, H. Harada: Nd-Fe-B die-upset and anisotropic bonded magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 64, 5285–5289 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  51. 1225.
    T. Takeshita, R. Nakayama: Magnetic properties and microstructures of the Nd-Fe-B magnet powders produced by the hydrogen treatment-(III). 11th Int. Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and their Applications (Pittsburgh, 1990). Carnegie Mellon Univ. Vol. 1, p. 49–71 Google Scholar
  52. 1226.
    R. Nakayama, T. Takeshita: Nd-Fe-B anisotropic magnet powders by the HDDR process. J. Alloys Comp. 193, 259–261 (1993) Google Scholar
  53. 1227.
    C. Short, P. Guegan, O. Gutfleisch, O.M. Ragg, I.R. Harris: HDDR processes in Nd16Fe76−xZrxB8 alloys and the production of anisotropic magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4368–4370 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  54. 1228.
    M. Uehara, T. Tomida, H. Tomizawa, S. Hirosawa, Y. Maehara: Magnetic domain structure of anisotropic Nd2Fe14B-based magnets produced via the hydrogenation, decomposition, desorption and recombination (HDDR) process. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 159.3, L304–308 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  55. 1229.
    P. Thompson, O. Gutfleisch, J.N. Chapman, I.R. Harris: Domain studies in thin sections of HDDR processed Nd-Fe-B-type magnets by TEM. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 177, 978–979 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  56. 1230.
    R.W. McCallum, A.M. Kadin, G.B. Clemente, J.E. Keem: High performance isotropic permanent magnet based on Nd-Fe-B. J. Appl. Phys. 61, 3577–3579 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  57. 1231.
    G.B. Clemente, J.E. Keem, J.P. Bradley: The microstructural and compositional influence upon HIREM behavior of Nd2Fe14B. J. Appl. Phys. 64, 5299–5301 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  58. 1232.
    H. Kronmüller: Micromagnetism of hard magnetic nanocrystalline materials. Nanostruct. Mater. 6, 157–168 (1995) Google Scholar
  59. 1233.
    W. Rave, K. Ramstöck: Micromagnetic calculation of the grain size dependence of remanence and coercivity in nanocrystalline permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 171, 69–82 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  60. 1234.
    R. Fischer, T. Schrefl, H. Kronmüller, J. Fidler: Grain-size dependence of remanence and coercive field of isotropic nanocrystalline composite permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 153, 35–49 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  61. 1235.
    R. Coehoorn, D.B. de Mooij, J.P.W.B. Duchateau, K.H.J. Buschow: Novel permanent magnetic materials made by rapid quenching. J. de Phys. (Colloque) 49, C8–669–670 (1989) Google Scholar
  62. 1236.
    W. Coene, F. Hakkens, R. Coehoorn, D.B. de Mooij, C. de Waard, J. Fidler, R. Grössinger: Magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Fe3B, Fe2B and Fe1.4Co0.6B as studied by Lorentz electron microscopy, singular point detection and magnetization measurements. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 96, 189–196 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  63. 1237.
    J. Wecker, K. Schnitzke, H. Cerva, W. Grogger: Nanostructured Nd-Fe-B magnets with enhanced remanence. Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 563–565 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  64. 1238.
    D. Eckert, K.-H. Müller, A. Handstein, J. Schneider, R. Grössinger, R. Krewenka: Temperature dependence of the coercive force in Nd4Fe77B19. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 1834–1836 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  65. 1239.
    K.-H. Müller, D. Eckert, A. Handstein, M. Wolf, S. Wirth, L.M. Martinez: Viscosity and magnetization processes in annealed melt-spun Nd4Fe77B19. 8th Int. Symp. on Magnetic Anisotropy and Coercivity in RE-TM Alloys (Birmingham, 1994), p. 179–187 Google Scholar
  66. 1240.
    S. Hirosawa, H. Kanekiyo, M. Uehara: High-coercivity iron-rich rare-earth permanent magnet material based on (Fe, Co)3B-Nd-M (M = Al, Si, Cu, Ga, Ag, Au). J. Appl. Phys. 73, 6488–6490 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  67. 1241.
    R. Skomski, J.M.D. Coey: Nucleation field and energy product of aligned two-phase magnets – Progress towards the ‘1 MJ/m3’ magnet. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 2860–2862 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  68. 1242.
    R. Skomski: Aligned two-phase magnets: Permanent magnetism of the future? J. Appl. Phys. 76, 7059–7064 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  69. 1243.
    E.F. Kneller, R. Hawig: The exchange spring magnet: A new material principle for permanent magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 27, 3588–3600 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  70. 1244.
    R. Skomski, J.M.D. Coey: Giant energy product in nanostructured two-phase magnets. Phys. Rev. B 48, 15812–15816 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  71. 1245.
    T. Leineweber, H. Kronmüller: Micromagnetic examination of exchange coupled ferromagnetic nanolayers. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 176, 145–154 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  72. 1246.
    J. Schneider, D. Eckert, K.-H. Müller, A. Handstein, H. Mühlbach, H. Sassik, H.R. Kirchmayr: Magnetization processes in Nd4Fe77B19 permanent magnetic materials. Materials Lett. 9, 201–203 (1990) Google Scholar
  73. 1247.
    S. Hirosawa, A. Kanekiyo: Exchange-coupled permanent magnets based on α−Fe/Nd2Fe14B nanocrystalline composite. 13th Int. Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and their Applications (Birmingham, 1994) p. 87–94 Google Scholar
  74. 1248.
    E.H. Feutrill, P.G. McCormick, R. Street: Magnetization behavior in exchange-coupled Sm2Fe14Ga3C2/α-Fe. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29, 2320–2326 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  75. 1249.
    I. Panagiotopoulos, L. Withanawasam, G.C. Hadjipanayis: Exchange spring behavior in nanocomposite hard magnetic materials. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 152, 353–358 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar

Recording Media

  1. 1250.
    E. Köster, T.C. Arnoldussen: Recording media, in: Magnetic Recording, Vol. I, ed. by C.D. Mee, E.D. Daniel (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987) p. 98–243 Google Scholar
  2. 1251.
    G. Bate: Magnetic recording materials since 1975. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 100, 413–424 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  3. 1252.
    K.E. Johnson: Fabrication of low noise thin-film media, in: Noise in Digital Magnetic Recording, ed. by T.C. Arnoldussen, L.L. Nunnelley (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 7–63 Google Scholar
  4. 1253.
    T.C. Arnoldussen, L.L. Nunnelley (Ed.): Noise in Digital Magnetic Recording (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) Google Scholar
  5. 1254.
    C.D. Mee, E.D. Daniel (Ed.): Magnetic Recording, Vol. I (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987) Google Scholar
  6. 1255.
    H.N. Bertram: Theory of Magnetic Recording (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994) Google Scholar
  7. 1256.
    S.Y. Chou, M.S. Wei, P.R. Krauss, P.B. Fischer: Single-domain magnetic pillar array of 35 nm diameter and 65 Gbits/in2 density for ultrahigh density quantum magnetic storage. J. Appl. Phys. 76, 6673–6675 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  8. 1257.
    R.M.H. New, R.F.W. Pease, R.L. White: Lithographically patterned single-domain cobalt islands for high-density magnetic recording. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 155, 140–145 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  9. 1258.
    M. Löhndorf, A. Wadas, G. Lütjering, D. Weiss, R. Wiesendanger: Micromagnetic properties and magnetization switching of single domain Co dots studied by magnetic force microscopy. Z. Phys. B 101, 1–2 (1996) [Erratum: Z. Phys. B 102 (1997) 289] ADSGoogle Scholar
  10. 1259.
    S.Y. Chou, P.R. Krauss, L. Kong: Nanolithographically defined magnetic structures and quantum magnetic disk. J. Appl. Phys. 79, 6101–6106 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  11. 1260.
    R.L. White, R.M.H. New, R.F.W. Pease: Patterned media: A viable route to 50 Gbit/in2 and up for magnetic recording? IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 990–995 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  12. 1261.
    P.-L. Lu, S.H. Charap: Thermal instability at 10 Gbit/in2 magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 4230–4232 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. 1262.
    J.F. Smyth, S. Schultz, D.R. Fredkin, D.P. Kern, et al.: Hysteresis in lithographic arrays of Permalloy particles: Experiment and theory. J. Appl. Phys. 69, 5262–5266 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. 1263.
    R.M.H. New, R.F.W. Pease, R.L. White: Submicron patterning of thin cobalt films for magnetic storage. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 12, 3196–3201 (1994) Google Scholar
  15. 1264.
    M.A.M. Haast, J.R. Schuurhuis, L. Abelmann, J.C. Lodder, T.J. Popma: Reversal mechanism of submicron patterned CoNi/Pt multilayers. IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 1006–1008 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  16. 1265.
    R.W. Chantrell, K. O’Grady: Magnetic characterization of recording media. J. Phys. D 25, 1–23 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  17. 1266.
    E.P. Wohlfarth: Relations between different modes of acquisition of the remanent magnetization of ferromagnetic particles. J. Appl. Phys. 29, 595–596 (1958) ADSGoogle Scholar
  18. 1267.
    O. Henkel: Remanenzverhalten und Wechselwirkungen in hartmagnetischen Teilchenkollektiven. Phys. Status Solidi 7, 919–929 (1964) (Remanence behaviour and interactions of hard magnetic particle assemblies) Google Scholar
  19. 1268.
    E.P. Wohlfarth: A review of the problem of fine-particle interactions with special reference to magnetic recording. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 783–790 (1964) ADSGoogle Scholar
  20. 1269.
    H.C. Tong, R. Ferrier, P. Chang, J. Tzeng, K.L. Parker: The micromagnetics of thin film disk recording tracks. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 1831–1832 (1984) ADSGoogle Scholar
  21. 1270.
    R.A. Baugh, E.S. Murdock, B.R. Natarajan: Measurement of noise in magnetic media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 19, 1722–1724 (1983) ADSGoogle Scholar
  22. 1271.
    N.R. Belk, P.K. George, G.S. Mowry: Noise in high performance thin-film longitudinal recording media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 21, 1350–1355 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  23. 1272.
    N.R. Belk, P.K. George, G.S. Mowry: Measurement of the intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio for high-performance rigid recording media. J. Appl. Phys. 59, 557–563 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  24. 1273.
    T.C. Arnoldussen, H.C. Tong: Zigzag transition profiles, noise, and correlation statistics in highly oriented longitudinal film media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 22, 889–891 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  25. 1274.
    Y.-S. Tang, L. Osse: Zig-zag domains and metal film disk noise. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 2371–2373 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  26. 1275.
    K. Tang, M.R. Visokay, C.A. Ross, R. Ranjan, T. Yamashita, R. Sinclair: Lorentz transmission electron microscopy study of micromagnetic structures in real computer hard disks. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4130–4132 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. 1276.
    J.C. Lodder: Magnetic recording hard disk thin film media, in: Handbook of Magnetic Materials, Vol. 11.2, ed. by K.H.J. Buschow (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998) p. 291–405 Google Scholar
  28. 1277.
    T. Wielinga, J.C. Lodder, J. Worst: Characteristics of rf-sputtered CoCr films. IEEE Trans. Magn. 18, 1107–1109 (1982) ADSGoogle Scholar
  29. 1278.
    H. Aoi, M. Saitoh, N. Nishiyama, R. Tsuchiya, T. Tamura: Noise characteristics in longitudinal thin-film media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 22, 895–897 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  30. 1279.
    T. Yogi, G.L. Gorman, C. Hwang, M.A. Kakalec, S.E. Lambert: Dependence of magnetics, microstructures and recording properties on underlayer thickness in CoNiCr/Cr media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 2727–2729 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  31. 1280.
    B.R. Natarajan, E.S. Murdock: Magnetic and recording properties of sputtered Co-P/Cr thin film media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 2724–2726 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  32. 1281.
    M.F. Doerner, T. Yogi, D.S. Parker, S. Lambeth, B. Hermsmeier, O.C. Allegranza, T. Nguyen: Composition effects in high density CoPtCr media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 3667–3669 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  33. 1282.
    P.S. Alexopoulos, R.H. Geiss: Micromagnetic and structural studies of sputtered thin-film recording media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 22, 566–569 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  34. 1283.
    P.S. Alexopoulos, I.R. McFadyen, I.A. Beardsley, T.A. Nguyen, R.H. Geiss: Micromagnetics of longitudinal recording media, in: Science and Technology of Nanostructured Magnetic Materials, ed. by G.C. Hadjipanayis, G.A. Prinz (Plenum Press, New York, 1991) p. 239–247 Google Scholar
  35. 1284.
    J.-G. Zhu: Micromagnetic modeling of thin film recording media, in: Noise in Digital Magnetic Recording, ed. by T.C. Arnoldussen, L.L. Nunnelley (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 181–232 Google Scholar
  36. 1285.
    J.J. Miles, M. Wdowin, J. Oakley, B.K. Middleton: The effect of cluster size on thin film media noise. IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 1013–1024 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  37. 1286.
    H.N. Bertram, J.-G. Zhu: Fundamental magnetization processes in thin-film recording media. Sol. State Phys.: Adv. Res. Appl. Suppl. 46, 271–371 (1992) Google Scholar
  38. 1287.
    K. Shinohara, H. Yoshida, M. Odagiri, A. Tomaga: Columnar structure and some properties of metal-evaporated tape. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 824–826 (1984) ADSGoogle Scholar
  39. 1288.
    H.J. Richter: An approach to recording on tilted media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 2258–2265 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  40. 1289.
    H.J. Richter: An analysis of magnetization processes in metal evaporated tape. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 21–33 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  41. 1290.
    S.B. Luitjens, S.E. Stupp, J.C. Lodder: Metal evaporated tape — State of the art and prospects. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 155, 261–265 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  42. 1291.
    B.K. Middleton, J.J. Miles, S.R. Cumpson: Models of metal evaporated tape. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 155, 266–272 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  43. 1292.
    I.B. Puchalska, A. Hubert, S. Winkler, B. Mirecki: Strong stripe domains in 80Co20Ni obliquely deposited films. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 1787–1789 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  44. 1293.
    H. Aitlamine, L. Abelmann, I.B. Puchalska: Induced anisotropies in NiCo obliquely deposited films and their effect on magnetic domains. J. Appl. Phys. 71, 353–361 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  45. 1294.
    T. Kohashi, H. Matsuyama, K. Koike, T. Takayama: Observation of domains in obliquely evaporated Co-CoO films by spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 7915–7921 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  46. 1295.
    L. Abelmann: Oblique evaporation of Co80Ni20 films for magnetic recording. PhD Thesis, University of Twente, The Netherlands (1994) Google Scholar
  47. 1296.
    S. Porthun, L. Abelmann, C. Lodder: Magnetic force microscopy of thin film media for high density magnetic recording. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 182, 238–273 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  48. 1297.
    N. Nouchi, H. Yoshida, K. Shinohara, A. Tomago: Analysis due to vector magnetic field for recording characteristic of metal evaporated tape. IEEE Trans. Magn. 22, 385–387 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  49. 1298.
    G. Krijnen, S.B. Luitjens, R.W. de Bie, J.C. Lodder: Correlation between anisotropy direction and pulse shape for metal evaporated tape. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 1817–1819 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  50. 1299.
    S.-I. Iwasaki, K. Takemura: An analysis for the circular mode of magnetization in short wavelength recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11, 1173–1175 (1975) ADSGoogle Scholar
  51. 1300.
    S.-I. Iwasaki: Perpendicular magnetic recording – Evolution and future. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 657–662 (1984) ADSMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  52. 1301.
    W. Cain, A. Payne, M. Baldwinson, R. Hempstead: Challenges in the practical implementation of perpendicular magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 97–102 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  53. 1302.
    H. Schewe, D. Stephani: Thin-film inductive heads for perpendicular recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 2966–2971 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  54. 1303.
    J. Šimšová, R. Gemperle, J.C. Lodder, J. Kaczér, L. Murtinová, S. Saic, I. Tomáš: Domain period determination in CoCr films. Thin Solid Films 188, 43–56 (1990) Google Scholar
  55. 1304.
    J. Šimšová, R. Gemperle, J. Kaczér, J.C. Lodder: Stripe and bubble domains in CoCr films. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 30–32 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  56. 1305.
    J. Šimšová, V. Kamberský, R. Gemperle, J.C. Lodder, W.J.M.A. Geerts, B. Otten, P. ten Berge: Domain structure of Co-Cr films on minor loops. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 101, 196–198 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  57. 1306.
    H. Hoffmann: Thin-film media (CoCr films with perpendicular anisotropy). IEEE Trans. Magn. 22, 472–477 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  58. 1307.
    J.C. Lodder, D. Wind, G.E. v. Dorssen, T.J.A. Popma, A. Hubert: Domains and magnetic reversals in CoCr. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 214–216 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  59. 1308.
    Y. Maeda, M. Takahashi: Compositional microstructures within Co-Cr film grains. J. Magn. Soc. Japan 13, 673–678 (1989) Google Scholar
  60. 1309.
    Y. Maeda, M. Takahashi: Selective chemical etching of latent compositional microstructures in sputtered Co-Cr films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 29, 1705–1710 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  61. 1310.
    D.E. Speliotis, J.P. Judge, W. Lynch, J. Burbage, R. Keirsted: Magnetic and recording characterization of Ba-ferrite particulate rigid disk media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 3625–3627 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  62. 1311.
    W. Andrä, H. Danan, R. Mattheis: Theoretical aspects of perpendicular magnetic recording media. Phys. Status Solidi A 125, 9–55 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  63. 1312.
    Y. Hirayama: Development of high resolution and low noise single-layered perpendicular recording media for high density recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 996–1001 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  64. 1313.
    M.H. Kryder: Magneto-optical storage materials. Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 23, 411–436 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  65. 1314.
    M.H. Kryder: Magnetic information storage, in: Applied Magnetism, ed. by R. Gerber, et al. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994) p. 39–112 Google Scholar
  66. 1315.
    R. Carey, D.M. Newman, B.W.J. Thomas: Magneto-optic recording. J. Phys. D 28, 2207–2227 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  67. 1316.
    M. Mansuripur: The Physical Principles of Magneto-Optical Recording (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995) Google Scholar
  68. 1317.
    T. Suzuki: Magneto-optic recording materials. MRS Bull. 21.9, 42–47 (1996) Google Scholar
  69. 1318.
    D. Raasch, J. Reck, C. Mathieu, B. Hillebrands: Exchange stiffness constant and wall energy density of amorphous GdTb–FeCo films. J. Appl. Phys. 76, 1145–1149 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  70. 1319.
    J.C. Suits, R.H. Geiss, C.J. Lin, D. Rugar, A.E. Bell: Observation of laser-written magnetic domains in amorphous TbFe films by Lorentz microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 61, 3509–3513 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  71. 1320.
    H.W. van Kesteren, A.J. de n Boef, W.B. Zeper, J.H.M. Spruit, B.A.J. Jacobs, P.F. Carcia: Scanning magnetic force microscopy on Co/Pt magneto-optical disks. J. Appl. Phys. 70, 2413–2422 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  72. 1321.
    K. Tsutsumi, T. Fukami: Direct overwrite in magneto-optic recording. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 118, 231–247 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  73. 1322.
    H.-P.D. Shieh, M.H. Kryder: Magneto-optic recording materials with direct overwrite capability. Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 473–474 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  74. 1323.
    H.-P.D. Shieh, M.H. Kryder: Operating margins for magneto-optic recording materials with direct overwrite capability. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 171–173 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  75. 1324.
    D. Mergel: Magnetic interface walls under applied magnetic fields. J. Appl. Phys. 70, 6433–6435 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  76. 1325.
    M. Kaneko, K. Aratani, M. Ohta: Multilayered magneto-optical disk for magnetically induced superresolution. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 568–575 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  77. 1326.
    T.D. Milster, C.H. Curtis: Analysis of superresolution in magneto-optic data storage devices. Appl. Optics 31, 6272–6279 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  78. 1327.
    Y. Murakami, A. Takahashi, S. Terashima: Magnetic super-resolution. IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3215–3220 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  79. 1328.
    J. Hirokane, A. Takahashi: Magnetically induced superresolution using interferential in-plane magnetization readout layer. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Pt. 1 35, 5701–5704 (1996) Google Scholar
  80. 1329.
    K. Takahashi, K. Katayama: The influence of the rear mask on copying recorded marks for magnetically induced superresolution disks. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Pt. 1 36, 6329–6338 (1997) Google Scholar
  81. 1330.
    H. Awano, S. Ohnuki, H. Shirai, N. Ohta, A. Yamaguchi, S. Sumi, K. Torazawa: Magnetic domain expansion readout for amplification of an ultra high density magneto-optical recording signal. Appl. Phys. Lett. 69.27, 4257–4259 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  82. 1331.
    X. Ying, K. Shimazaki, H. Awano, M. Yoshihiro, H. Watanabe, N. Ohta, K.V. Rao: Magnetic expansion readout of 0.2 μm packed domains on a magneto-optical disk with an in-plane magnetized readout layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 614–616 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  83. 1332.
    M. Birukawa, N. Miyatake, T. Suzuki: MSR high density recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 34, 438–443 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  84. 1333.
    I. Ichimura, S. Hayashi, G.S. Kino: High-density optical recording using a solid immersion lens. Appl. Opt. 36, 4339–4348 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar

Thin Film Devices

  1. 1334.
    F. Jeffers: High-density magnetic recording heads. Proc. IEEE 74, 1540–1586 (1986) Google Scholar
  2. 1335.
    A. Chiu, I. Croll, D.E. Heim, R.E. Jones, Jr., et al.: Thin-film inductive heads. IBM J. Res. Dev. 40, 283–300 (1996) Google Scholar
  3. 1336.
    F.H. Liu, M.H. Kryder: Dynamic domain instability and popcorn noise in thin film heads. J. Appl. Phys. 75, 6391–6393 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  4. 1337.
    F.H. Liu, M.H. Kryder: Inductance fluctuation, domain instability and popcorn noise in thin film heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3885–3887 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  5. 1338.
    H. Muraoka, Y. Nakamura: Artificial domain control of a single-pole head and its read/write performance in perpendicular magnetic recording. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 134, 268–274 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  6. 1339.
    K.B. Klaassen, J.C.L. van Peppen: Delayed relaxation in thin-film heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 25, 3212–3214 (1989) ADSGoogle Scholar
  7. 1340.
    P.L. Trouilloud, B.E. Argyle, B. Petek, D.A. Herman, Jr.: Domain conversion under high frequency excitation in inductive thin film heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 25, 3461–3463 (1989) ADSGoogle Scholar
  8. 1341.
    P.V. Koeppe, M.E. Re, M.H. Kryder: Thin film head domain structures versus Permalloy composition: Strain determination and frequency response. IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 71–75 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  9. 1342.
    B.E. Argyle, B. Petek, M.E. Re, F. Suits, D.A. Herman, Jr.: Bloch line influence on wall motion response in thin film heads. J. Appl. Phys. 64, 6595–6597 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  10. 1343.
    O. Shinoura, T. Koyanagi: Magnetic thin film head with controlled domain structure by electroplating technology. Electrochim. Acta 42, 3361–3366 (1997) Google Scholar
  11. 1344.
    J.C. Slonczewski: Micromagnetics of closed-edge laminations. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 1322–1327 (1990) ADSGoogle Scholar
  12. 1345.
    P. Deroux-Dauphin, J.P. Lazzari: A new thin film head generation IC head. IEEE Trans. Magn. 25, 3190–3193 (1989) ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. 1346.
    J.-P. Lazzari: Planar silicon heads / conventional thin-film heads recording behavior comparisons. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 80–83 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  14. 1347.
    W. Cain, A. Payne, G. Qiu, D. Latev, et al.: Achieving 1 Gbit/in2 with inductive recording heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 3551–3553 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  15. 1348.
    M.L. Mallary, S. Ramaswamy: A new thin film head which doubles the flux through the coil. IEEE Trans. Magn. 29, 3832–3836 (1993) ADSGoogle Scholar
  16. 1349.
    M.L. Mallary, L. Dipalma, K. Gyasi, A.L. Sidman, A. Wu: Advanced multi-via heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 287–290 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  17. 1350.
    U. Dibbern: Magnetoresistive sensors, in: Magnetic Sensors, Vol. 5, ed. by R. Boll, K. Overshott (VCH, Weinheim, 1989) p. 341–380 Google Scholar
  18. 1351.
    F. Rottmann, F. Dettmann: New magnetoresistive sensors: Engineering and applications. Sensors & Actuators 25, 763–766 (1991) Google Scholar
  19. 1352.
    D.J. Mapps: Magnetoresistive sensors. Sensors & Actuators A 59, 9–19 (1997) Google Scholar
  20. 1353.
    M.N. Baibich, J.M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, et al.: Giant magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr magnetic superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472–2475 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  21. 1354.
    G. Binasch, P. Grünberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn: Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828–4830 (1989) ADSGoogle Scholar
  22. 1355.
    J.K. Spong, V.S. Speriosu, R.E. Fontana, M.M. Dovek, T.L. Hylton: Giant magnetoresistive spin valve bridge sensor. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 366–371 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  23. 1356.
    H.A.M. van den Berg, W. Clemens, G. Gieres, G. Rupp, W. Schelter, M. Vieth: GMR sensor scheme with artificial antiferromagnetic subsystem. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4624–4626 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  24. 1357.
    H. Yamane, J. Mita, M. Kobayashi: Sensitive giant magnetoresistive sensor using ac bias magnetic field. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Pt. 2 36, L1591–L1593 (1997) Google Scholar
  25. 1358.
    R.P. Hunt: A magnetoresistive readout transducer. IEEE Trans. Magn. 7, 150–154 (1971) ADSGoogle Scholar
  26. 1359.
    D.A. Thompson, L.T. Romankiw, A.F. Mayadas: Thin film magnetoresistors in memory, storage, and related applications. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11, 1039–1050 (1975) D.A. Thompson: Magnetoresistive transducers in high-density magnetic recording. AIP Conf. Proc. 24, 528–533 (1975) ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. 1360.
    C.D. Mee, E.D. Daniel: Recording heads, in: Magnetic Recording, Vol. I, ed. by C.D. Mee, E.D. Daniel (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987) p. 244–336 Google Scholar
  28. 1361.
    F.B. Shelledy, J.L. Nix: Magnetoresistive heads for magnetic tape and disk recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 2283–2288 (1992) Google Scholar
  29. 1362.
    R.I. Potter: Digital magnetic recording theory. IEEE Trans. Magn. 10, 502–508 (1974) ADSGoogle Scholar
  30. 1363.
    J.-G. Zhu, D.J. O’Connor: Stability of soft-adjacent-layer magnetoresistive heads with patterned exchange longitudinal bias. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 4890–4892 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  31. 1364.
    J.A. Brug, T.C. Anthony, J.H. Nickel: Magnetic recording head materials. MRS Bull. 21.9, 23–27 (1996) Google Scholar
  32. 1365.
    J.A. Brug, L. Tran, M. Bhattacharyya, J.H. Nickel, T.C. Anthony, A. Jander: Impact of new magneto-resistive materials on magnetic recording heads. J. Appl. Phys. 79, 4491–4495 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  33. 1366.
    S. Demokritov: Biquadratic interlayer coupling in layered magnetic systems. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31, 925–941 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar
  34. 1367.
    W. Folkerts, J.C.S. Kools, T.G.S.M. Rijks, R. Coehoorn, et al.: Application of giant magnetoresistive elements in thin film tape heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 30, 3813–3815 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  35. 1368.
    T.R. Koehler, M.L. Williams: Micromagnetic simulation of 10 GB/in2 spin valve heads. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32.5, 3446–3448 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  36. 1369.
    J. McCord, A. Hubert, J.C.S. Kools, J.J.M. Ruigrok: Domain observations on NiFeCo/Cu/NiFeCo-sandwiches for giant magnetoresistive sensors. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 3984–3986 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  37. 1370.
    B.A. Gurney, V.S. Speriosu, D.R. Wilholt, H. Lefakis, R.E. Fontana, Jr., D.E. Heim, M. Dovek: Can spin valves be reliably deposited for magnetic recording applications? J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3998–4003 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  38. 1371.
    M.S. Blois, Jr.: Preparation of thin magnetic films and their properties. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 975–980 (1955) ADSGoogle Scholar
  39. 1372.
    S. Middelhoek, P.K. George, P. Dekker: Physics of Computer Memory Devices (Academic Press, London, New York, 1976) Google Scholar
  40. 1373.
    K.-U. Stein: Kohärente und inkohärente Drehung bei der Impulsummagnetisierung dünner Nickeleisenschichten. Z. Angew. Phys. 20, 36–46 (1965) (Coherent and incoherent rotation in pulse magnetization reversal of thin nickel iron films) Google Scholar
  41. 1374.
    T.R. Long: Electrodeposited memory elements for a nondestructive memory. J. Appl. Phys. (Suppl.) 31, 123S–124S (1960) ADSGoogle Scholar
  42. 1375.
    J.S. Mathias, G.A. Fedde: Plated-wire technology: A critical review. IEEE Trans. Magn. 5, 728–751 (1969) ADSGoogle Scholar
  43. 1376.
    S. Middelhoek, D. Wild: Review of wall creeping in thin magnetic films. IBM J. Res. Dev. 11, 93–105 (1967) Google Scholar
  44. 1377.
    D.S. Lo, G.J. Cosimini, L.G. Zierhut, R.H. Dean, M.C. Paul: A Y-domain magnetic thin film memory element. IEEE Trans. Magn. 21, 1776–1778 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  45. 1378.
    G.J. Cosimini, D.S. Lo, L.G. Zierhut, M.C. Paul, R.H. Dean, K.J. Matysik: Improved Y-domain magnetic film memory elements. IEEE Trans. Magn. 24, 2060–2067 (1988) ADSGoogle Scholar
  46. 1379.
    G.P. Cameron, W.J. Eberle: Characterization of chevron-shaped Permalloy magnetic memory elements by four magnetic imaging techniques. Scanning 13, 419–428 (1991) Google Scholar
  47. 1380.
    A.V. Pohm, C.S. Comstock: 0.75, 1.25 and 2.0 μm wide M-R transducers. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 54, 1667–1669 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  48. 1381.
    A.V. Pohm, J.M. Daughton, C.S. Comstock, H.Y. Yoo, J. Hur: Threshold properties of 1, 2 and 4 μm multilayer M-R memory cells. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 2575–2577 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  49. 1382.
    A.V. Pohm, J.M. Daughton, K.E. Spears: A high output mode for submicron m-r memory cells. IEEE Trans. Magn. 28, 2356–2358 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  50. 1383.
    J.M. Daughton: Magnetoresistive memory technology. Thin Solid Films 216, 162–168 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  51. 1384.
    M. Julliere: Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Phys. Lett. 54A, 225–226 (1975) ADSGoogle Scholar
  52. 1385.
    T. Miyazaki, N. Tezuka: Giant magnetic tunneling effect in Fe/Al2O3/Fe junction. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 139, L231–L234 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  53. 1386.
    J.S. Moodera, L.R. Kinder, T.M. Wong, R. Meservey: Large magnetoresistance at room temperature in ferromagnetic thin film tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3273–3276 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  54. 1387.
    D.J. Monsma, J.C. Lodder, T.J.A. Popma, B. Dieny: Perpendicular hot electron spin-valve effect in a magnetic field sensor: The spin valve transistor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 5260–5263 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  55. 1388.
    D.J. Monsma, R. Vlutters, T. Shimatsu, E.G. Keim, R.H. Mollema, J.C. Lodder: Development of the spin-valve transistor. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 3495–3499 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  56. 1389.
    J.L. Brown, A.V. Pohm: 1-MB memory chip using giant magnetoresistive memory cells. IEEE Trans Comp., Pack. & Man. Techn. 17, 373–378 (1994) Google Scholar
  57. 1390.
    D.D. Tang, P.K. Wang, V.S. Speriosu, S. Le, K.K. Kung: Spin valve RAM cell. IEEE Trans. Magn. 31, 3206–3208 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  58. 1391.
    K. Nordquist, S. Pendharkar, M. Durlam, D. Resnick, et al.: Process development of sub-0.5 μm nonvolatile magnetoresistive random access memory arrays. J. Vac. Sci. Techn. B 15, 2274–2278 (1997) Google Scholar
  59. 1392.
    Y. Zheng, J.-G. Zhu: Micromagnetics of spin valve memory cell. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32, 4237–4239 (1996) ADSGoogle Scholar
  60. 1393.
    J.O. Oti, S.E. Russek: Micromagnetic simulations of magnetoresistive behavior of sub-micrometer spin-valve MRAM devices. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 3298–3300 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  61. 1394.
    W.J. Gallagher, S.S.P. Parkin, Y. Lu, X.P. Bian, et al.: Microstructured magnetic tunnel junctions. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3741–3746 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  62. 1395.
    J.M. Daughton: Magnetic tunneling applied to memory. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 3758–3763 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  63. 1396.
    Z.G. Wang, D. Mapps, L.N. He, W. Clegg, D.T. Wilton, P. Robinson, Y. Nakamura: Feasibility of ultra-dense spin-tunneling random-access memory. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 4498–4512 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar

Domain Propagation Devices

  1. 1397.
    H. Jouve (Ed.): Magnetic Bubbles (Academic Press, New York, 1986) Google Scholar
  2. 1398.
    A.H. Bobeck, H.E.D. Scovil: Magnetic bubbles. Scient. American 224.6, 78–90 (1971) Google Scholar
  3. 1399.
    T.H. O’Dell: Magnetic-bubble domain devices. Rep. Progr. Phys. 49, 589–620 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  4. 1400.
    P. Chaudhari, J.J. Cuomo, R.J. Gambino: Amorphous metallic films for bubble domain applications. IBM J. Res. Develop. 17, 66–68 (1973) Google Scholar
  5. 1401.
    Y. Sugita: Magnetic bubble memories. Solid state file utilizing micromagnetic domains, in: Physics and Engineering Applications of Magnetism, Vol. 92, ed. by N. Miura, Y. Ishikawa (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991) p. 231–259 Google Scholar
  6. 1402.
    R. Suzuki: Recent development in magnetic-bubble memory. Proc. IEEE 74, 1582–1590 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  7. 1403.
    H. Chang (Ed.): Magnetic Bubble Technology: Integrated Circuit Magnetics for Digital Storage and Processing (IEEE Press, New York, 1975) Google Scholar
  8. 1404.
    R. Wolfe, J.C. North, W.A. Johnson, R.R. Spiwak, L.J. Varnerin, R.F. Fischer: Ion implanted patterns for magnetic bubble propagation. AIP Conf. Proc. 10, 339–343 (1973) ADSGoogle Scholar
  9. 1405.
    S. Orihara, T. Yanase: Field access Permalloy devices, in: Magnetic Bubbles, ed. by H. Jouve (Academic Press, New York, 1986) p. 137–213 Google Scholar
  10. 1406.
    S.C.M. Backerra, W.H. de Roode, U. Enz: The influence of implantation-induced stress gradients in magnetic bubble layers. Philips J. Res. 36, 112–121 (1980) Google Scholar
  11. 1407.
    Y. Hidaka, H. Matsutera: Charged wall formation mechanism in ion-implanted contiguous disk bubble devices. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 116–118 (1981) Google Scholar
  12. 1408.
    A. Hubert: Micromagnetics of ion-implanted garnet layers. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 1816–1821 (1984) ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. 1409.
    T.J. Nelson, D.J. Muehlner: Circuit design and properties of patterned ion-implanted layers for field access bubble devices, in: Magnetic Bubbles, ed. by H. Jouve (Academic Press, New York, 1986) p. 215–290 Google Scholar
  14. 1410.
    R. Suzuki: Recent development in magnetic-bubble memory. Proc. IEEE 74, 1582–1590 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  15. 1411.
    Y. Sugita, R. Suzuki, T. Ikeda, T. Tacheuki, et al.: Ion-implanted and Permalloy hybrid magnetic bubble memory devices. IEEE Trans. Magn. 22, 239–246 (1986) ADSGoogle Scholar
  16. 1412.
    Y.S. Lin, G.S. Almasi, G.E. Keefe, E.W. Pugh: Self-aligned contiguous-disk chip using 1 μm bubbles and charged wall functions. IEEE Trans. Magn. 15, 1642–1647 (1979) ADSGoogle Scholar
  17. 1413.
    K. Matsuyama, H. Urai, K. Yoshimi: Optimum design consideration for dual conductor bubble devices. IEEE Trans. Magn. 19, 111–119 (1983) ADSGoogle Scholar
  18. 1414.
    H. Chang: Magnetic Bubble Technology (Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, 1978) Google Scholar
  19. 1415.
    G.S. Almasi, G.E. Keefe, Y.S. Lin, D.A. Thompson: Magnetoresistive detector for bubble domains. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1268–1269 (1971) ADSGoogle Scholar
  20. 1416.
    A.H. Bobeck, I. Danylchuk, F.C. Rossol, W. Strauss: Evolution of bubble circuits processed by a single mask level. IEEE Trans. Magn. 9, 474–480 (1973) ADSGoogle Scholar
  21. 1417.
    S. Konishi: A new ultra-high-density solid state memory: Bloch line memory. IEEE Trans. Magn. 19, 1838–1840 (1983) ADSGoogle Scholar
  22. 1418.
    Y. Hidaka, K. Matsuyama, S. Konishi: Experimental confirmation of fundamental functions for a novel Bloch line memory. IEEE Trans. Magn. 19, 1841–1843 (1983) ADSGoogle Scholar
  23. 1419.
    F.B. Humphrey, J.C. Wu: Vertical Bloch line memory. IEEE Trans. Magn. 5, 1762–1766 (1985) ADSGoogle Scholar
  24. 1420.
    Y. Maruyama, T. Ikeda, R. Suzuki: Primary operation of R/W gate for Bloch line memory devices. IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan 4, 730–740 (1989) Google Scholar
  25. 1421.
    J.C. Wu, R.R. Katti, H.L. Stadler: Major line operation in vertical Bloch line memory. J. Appl. Phys. 69, 5754–5756 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  26. 1422.
    S. Konishi, K. Matsuyama, I. Chida, S. Kubota, H. Kawahara, M. Ohbo: Bloch line memory, an approach to gigabit memory. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20, 1129–1134 (1984) ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. 1423.
    L. Zimmermann, J. Miltat, P. Pougnet: Stability of information in Bloch line memories. IEEE Trans. Magn. 27, 5508–5510 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  28. 1424.
    B.S. Han, R. Dahlbeck, Y. Yuan, J. Engemann: On the mechanism of the critical temperature for the break-down of VBL chains. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 104, 305–306 (1992) ADSGoogle Scholar
  29. 1425.
    B.S. Han: Behavior of vertical Bloch-line chains of hard domains in garnet bubble films. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 100, 455–468 (1991) ADSGoogle Scholar
  30. 1426.
    K. Fujimoto, Y. Maruyama, R. Imura: Dependence of read/write operations on uniaxial anisotropy constant in Bloch line memories. IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 4469–4474 (1997) ADSGoogle Scholar
  31. 1427.
    R.J. Spain: Controlled domain tip propagation. Part I. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 2572–2583 (1966) ADSGoogle Scholar
  32. 1428.
    R.J. Spain, H.I. Javits: Controlled domain tip propagation. Part II. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 2584–2593 (1966) ADSGoogle Scholar
  33. 1429.
    R. Spain, M. Marino: Magnetic film domain-wall motion devices. IEEE Trans. Magn. 6, 451–463 (1970) ADSGoogle Scholar
  34. 1430.
    C.P. Battarel, R. Morille, A. Caplain: Increasing the density of planar magnetic domain memories. IEEE Trans. Magn. 19, 1509–1513 (1983) ADSGoogle Scholar
  35. 1431.
    H. Deichelmann: Ferromagnetic domain memories, in: Digital Memory and Storage, ed. by W.E. Proebster (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1978) p. 239–245 Google Scholar
  36. 1432.
    R.F. Hollman, M.C. Mayberry: Switching and signal characteristics of a zigzag-shaped crosstie RAM cell. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 245–249 (1987) ADSGoogle Scholar
  37. 1433.
    D.E. Lacklison, G.B. Scott, A.D. Giles, J.A. Clarke, R.F. Pearson, J.L. Page: The magnetooptic bubble display. IEEE Trans. Magn. 13, 973–981 (1977) ADSGoogle Scholar
  38. 1434.
    B. Hill, K.P. Schmidt: Fast switchable magneto-optic memory-display components. Philips J. Res. 33, 211–225 (1978) Google Scholar
  39. 1435.
    B. Hill: x−y addressing methods for iron-garnet display components. IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev. 27, 1825–1834 (1980) Google Scholar
  40. 1436.
    E.I. Nikolaev, A.I. Linnik, V.N. Sayapin: Magnetic bubble dynamics in an iron garnet film working as a spatial light modulator. Tech. Phys. 39, 580–583 (1994) [Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 64.6 (1994) 113–120] Google Scholar
  41. 1437.
    J.-P. Castera: Magneto-optical devices, in: Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, Vol. 9, ed. by G.L. Trigg (VCH, Weinheim, New York, 1994) p. 229–244 Google Scholar
  42. 1438.
    H. Hauser, F. Haberl, J. Hochreiter, M. Gaugitsch: Measurement of small distances between light spots by domain wall displacements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2448–2450 (1994) ADSGoogle Scholar
  43. 1439.
    A.F. Popkov, M. Fehndrich, M. Lohmeyer, H. Dötsch: Nonreciprocal TE-mode phase shift by domain walls in magnetooptic rib waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2508–2510 (1998) ADSGoogle Scholar

Domain Propagation Devices

  1. 1440.
    P. Weiss, J. de Freudenreich: Étude de l’aimantation initiale en fonction de la température. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles (Genève) 42, 449–470 (1916) (Study of the initial magnetization as a function of temperature) Google Scholar
  2. 1441.
    F. Preisach: Über die magnetische Nachwirkung. Z. Phys. 94, 277–302 (1935) (On magnetic aftereffect) ADSGoogle Scholar
  3. 1442.
    I.D. Mayergoyz: Mathematical Models of Hysteresis (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991) MATHGoogle Scholar
  4. 1443.
    D.C. Jiles: Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (Chapman & Hall, London, 1995) Google Scholar
  5. 1444.
    M. Esguerra: Computation of minor hysteresis loops from measured major loops. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 157, 366–368 (1995) ADSGoogle Scholar
  6. 1445.
    G. Bertotti: Hysteresis in Magnetism (Academic Press, New York, 1998) Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998

Authors and Affiliations

  • Alex Hubert
    • 1
  • Rudolf Schäfer
    • 2
  1. 1.Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften Lehrstuhl Werkstoffe der ElektrotechnikUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany
  2. 2.Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und WerkstoffforschungDresdenGermany

Personalised recommendations