Heart and Coronary Arteries

  • Massimo Lombardi
  • Matteo Milanesi
Chapter
Part of the Diagnostic Imaging book series (MEDRAD)

Abstract

The current status of technological development is such that coronary magnetic resonance angiog-raphy (MRA) has a marginal role in the field of noninvasive evaluation of this arterial district. Nevertheless, in several clinical applications, such as congenital abnormalities of coronaries or pathologies affecting young patients, coronary MRA is considered as the fi rst choice tools and accredited with high diagnostic accuracy. New technical improvements such as high-field scanners (3 T) and multichannel surface coils may turn in favor of coronary MRA because of the intrinsic fl exibility and lack of ionizing radiations. In this chapter, the main technological aspects as well the more relevant clinical applications and limitations are commented.

Keywords

Coronary Artery Image Coronary Artery Angiography Systolic Peak Velocity Ratio Nominal Voxel Subject Heart Rate 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Araoz PA, Glockner JF, McGee K P, et al. (2005) 3 Tesla MR imaging provides improved contrast in first-pass myocar-dial perfusion imaging over a range of gadolinium doses. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7(3):559–564CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Aurigemma G P, Reichek N, Axel L, et al. (1989) Noninvasive determination of coronary artery bypass graft patency by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 80(6):1595–1602PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Bluemke DA, Achenbach S, Budoff M, et al. (2008) Noninvasive coronary artery imaging: magnetic resonance angiography and multidetector computed tomography angiography: a scientific statement from the American heart association committee on cardiovascular imaging and intervention of the council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention, and the councils on clinical cardiology and cardiovascular disease in the young. Circulation 118:586–606CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Bornstedt A, Hombach V, Kouwenhoven M, et al. (2008) Whole-heart coronary angiography at isotropic spatial resolution: high sense acceleration at 3T utilizing a 32 element cardiac receive coil. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Toronto, Canada, p 941Google Scholar
  5. Brenner P, Wintersperger B, von Smekal A, et al. (1999) Detection of coronary artery bypass graft patency by contrast enhanced magneticresonance angiography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 15(4):389–393CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Debatin JF, Strong JA, Sostman HD, et al. (1993) MR characterization of blood flow in native and grafted internal mammary arteries. J Magn Reson Imaging 3:443–450CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Foo TK, Ho VB, Saranathan M, et al. (2005) Feasibility of integrating high-spatial-resolution 3D breath-hold coronary MR angiography with myocardial perfusion and viability examinations. Radiology 235:1025–1030CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Galjee MA, van Rossum AC, Doesburg T, et al. (1996) Value of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing patency and function of coronary artery bypass grafts: an angiographi-cally controlled study. Circulation 93:660–666.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Gharib AM, Herzka DA, Ustun AO, et al. (2007 Oct) Coronary MR angiography at 3T during diastole and systole. J Magn Reson Imaging 26(4):921–926CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Goldfarb JW, Edelman RR. (1998) Coronary arteries: breath-hold, gadolinium-enhanced, three-dimensional MR angriog-raphy. Radiology 206:830–834PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Hardy CJ, Cline HE, Giaquinto RO, et al. (2006) 32-Element receiver-coil array for cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 55:1142–1149CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Hoffman MBM, Henson RE, Kovaks SJ, et al. (1999) Blood poll agent strongly improves 3D magnetic resonance coronary angiography using an inversion pre-pulse. Magn Reson Med 41(2):360–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Ishida N, Sakuma H, Cruz BP, et al. (2001) Mr flow measurement in the internal mammary artery-to-coronary artery bypass graft: comparison with graft stenosis at radio-graphic angiography. Radiology 220(2):441–447PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Kawada N, Sakuma H, Cruz BC, et al. (1999) Noninvasive detection of significant stenosis in the coronary artery bypass grafts using fast velocity-encoded cine MRI. In: Book of Abstracts, 2nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, p 82Google Scholar
  15. Kessler W, Achenbach S, Moshage W, et al (1997) Usefulness of respiratory gated magnetic resonance coronary angiogra-phy in assessing narrowings > or = 50% in diameter in native coronary arteries and in aortocoronary bypass conduits. Am J Cardiol 80(8):989–993CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M, et al. (2001) Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J Med 345:1863–1869CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Kreitner KF, Voigtländer T, Wittlinger T, et al (2000) Flow quantification in coronary and bypass vessels with MR phase contrast technique Radiologe 40(2):143–149CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Langerak SE, Vliegen HW, de Roos A, et al. (2002) Detection of vein graft disease using high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography. Circulation 105(3):328–333CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Li D, Dolan R P, Walkovitch RC, et al. (1998) Three-dimensional MRI of coronary arteries using an intravascular contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 39:1014–1018CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Nagel E, Thouet T, Klein C, et al. (2003) Noninvasive determination of coronary blood flow velocity with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients after stent deployment. Circulation 107:1738–1743CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Nguyen TD, Spincemaille P, Prince MR, et al. (2006) Cardiac fat navigator-gated steady-state free precession 3D magnetic resonance angiography of coronary arteries. Magn Reson Med 56:210–215CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Niendorf T, Hardy C., Giaquinto RO, et al. (2006) Toward single breath-hold whole-heart coverage coronary MRA using highly accelerated parallel imaging with a 32-channel MR system. Magn Reson Med 56:167–176CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Okada T, Kanao S, Ninomiya A, et al. (2009) Whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography with parallel imaging: comparison of acceleration in one-dimension vs. two-dimensions. Eur J Radiol doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.06.005Google Scholar
  24. Paulin S, von Schulthess GK, Fossel E, et al. (1987) MR imaging of the aortic root and proximal coronary arteries. Am J Roentgenol 148(4):665–670Google Scholar
  25. Redberg RF, Walsh J (2008) Pay now, benefits may follow—the case of cardiac computed tomographic angiography. N Engl J Med 359(22):2309–2311CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. van Rossum AC, Bedaux WLF, Hofman MBM (1999) Morphologic and functional evaluation of coronary artery bypass conduits. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:734–740CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Sakuma H, Globits S, O'Sullivan M, et al. (1996) Breath-hold MR measurements of blood flow velocitiy in internal mammary arteries and coronary artery bypass grafts. J Magn Reson Imaging 6:219–222CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Sakuma H, Ichikawa Y, Suzawa N, et al. (2005) Assessment of coronary arteries with total study time of less than 30 minutes by using whole-heart coronary MR angiography. Radiology 237(1):316–321CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Sakuma H, Kawada N, Takeda K, et al. (1999) MR measurement of coronary blood flow. J Magn Reson Imaging 10(5):728–733CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Santos JM, Cunningham CH, Lustig M, et al. (2006) Single breath-hold whole-heart MRA using variable-density spirals at 3T. Magn Reson Med 55(2):371–379CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Shankaranarayanan A, Fung M, Beatty P, et al. (2008) 128-Channel highly-acceerated breah-held 3D coronary MR imaging. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Toronto, Canada, p 314Google Scholar
  32. von Smekal A, Knez A, Seelos KC, et al. (1997) A comparison of ultrafast computed tomography, magnetic resonance angiography and selective angiography for the detection of coronary bypass patency. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 166(3):185–191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Spuentrup E, Katoh M, Buecker A, et al. (2004) Free-breathing 3D steady-state free precession coronary MR angiography with radial k-space sampling: comparison with cartesian k-space sampling and cartesian gradient-echo coronary MR angiography-pilot study. Radiology 231:581–586CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Spuentrup E, Ruebben A, Mahnken A, et al. (2005) Artifact-free coronary magnetic resonance angiography and coronary vessel wall imaging in the presence of a new, metallic, coronary magnetic resonance imaging stent. Circulation 111:1019–1026CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Stehning C, Bornert P, Nehrke K, et al. (2004) Fast isotropic volumetric coronary MR angiography using free-breathing 3D radial balanced FFE acquisition. Magn Reson Med 52(1):197–203CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Stehning C, Bornert P, Nehrke K, et al. (2005) Free-breathing whole-heart coronary MRA with 3D radial SSFP and self-navigated image reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 54:476–480CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Stuber M, Botnar RM, Danias PG, et al. (1999a) Submillimiter three-dimensional coronary MR angiography with realtime navigator correction: comparison of navigator locations. Radiology 212:579–587Google Scholar
  38. Stuber M, Botnar RM, Danias PG, et al. (1999b) Contrast agent-enhanced free breathing, three dimensional coronary magnetic resonance angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 10(5):790–799CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Voigtländer T, Kreitner KF, Wittlinger T, et al (2001) MR angiography and flow measurement in coronary arteries and coronary bypass grafts Z Kardiol 90(12):929–938CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Walpoth BH, Müller MF, Genyk I, et al. (1999) Evaluation of coronary bypass flow with color-Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging techniques: comparison with intraop-erative flow measurements. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 15(6):795–802CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Weber OM, Martin AJ, Higgins CB (2004) Whole-heart steady-state free precession coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography. Magn Reson Med 50(6):1223–1228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Wittlinger T, Martinovic I, Noeske R, et al. (2005) High-field MR angiography on an in vitro stenosis model determination of the spatial resolution on 1.5 and 3T in correlation to flow velocity and contrast medium concentration. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 7(4):623–630PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. White RD, Caputo GR, Mark AS, et al. (1987) Coronary artery bypass graft patency: noninvasive evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 164(3):681–686PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • Massimo Lombardi
    • 1
  • Matteo Milanesi
    • 1
  1. 1.U.O.C. Cardiovascular RMC.N.R./“G. Monasterio” FoundationPisaItaly

Personalised recommendations