Abstract
This chapter addresses the various aspects that are associated with producing titanium as a commercial material (hence “Technological Aspects”). It commences with a short discussion of the production of metallic titanium (titanium sponge), then continues with a discussion of all aspects of titanium production ranging from melting, including alloying (Sect. 3.2), to processing into useful product forms (Sect. 3.3). Included are products, such as billet, bar, plate, and sheet. Section 3.4 describes shaping processes for the manufacture of components. The emphasis in Sect. 3.5 is on near net shape processes, since these are one means of reducing the cost of using titanium alloys, which is a principal constraint to their increased use. Section 3.6 addresses the joining methods most commonly used for titanium and its alloys, and in Sect. 3.7 various surface treatment processes are described. Section 3.8 illustrates some of the inspection methods used during production of titanium mill products and components. Especially those used for high performance applications are described. Finally, it concludes in Sect. 3.9 with a discussion of characterization methods, which are particular to titanium alloys.
Keywords
Titanium Alloy Friction Stir Welding Friction Stir Processing Shot Peening Electron Beam WeldingPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 3.1Kroll W. J.: Trans. El. Soc. 78, (1940) p. 35Google Scholar
- 3.2Hunter M. A.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 32, (1910) p. 330Google Scholar
- 3.3Cobel G., Fisher J., Snyder L. E.: Titanium ’80, Science and Technology, AIME, Warrendale, USA, (1980) p. 1969Google Scholar
- 3.4Rosenberg H. W., Green J. E.: Titanium ’92, Science and Technology, TMS, Warrendale, USA, (1993) p. 2371Google Scholar
- 3.5Chen G. Z., Fray D. J., Farthing T. W.: Nature 407, (2000) p. 361Google Scholar
- 3.6Sears J. W., Young J. M., Kearns M.: Titanium ’92, Science and Technolgy, TMS, Warrendale, USA, (1993) p. 2293Google Scholar
- 3.7Mitchell A.: Titanium ’98, International Academic Publisher, Beijing, China, (1990) p. 91Google Scholar
- 3.8Buttrell W. H., Shamblen C. E.: Titanium ’95, Science and Technology, The University Press, Cambridge, UK (1999) p. 1446Google Scholar
- 3.9Adams R. T., Rosenberg H. W.: Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Plenum Press, New York, USA, (1982) p. 127Google Scholar
- 3.10Chen C. C., Boyer R. R.: J. of Metals 31, no. 7, (1979) p. 33Google Scholar
- 3.11Boyer R., Welsch G., Collings E. W., eds.: Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, Technical Note 4: Forging, ASM, Materials Park, USA, (1994) p. 1083Google Scholar
- 3.12Kuhlmann G. W.: Forging Titanium Alloys, Metals Handbook, 9th edn, Vol. 14, ASM, Metals Park, USA, (1988) p. 267Google Scholar
- 3.13Machining Data Handbook, 2nd edn, Machinability Data Center, Metcut Research Associates, Inc., Cincinnati, USA, (1972)Google Scholar
- 3.14Boyer R., Welsch G., Collings E. W., eds.: Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, Technical Note 7: Machining, ASM, Materials Park, USA, (1994) p. 1119Google Scholar
- 3.15Boyer R., Welsch G., Collings E. W., eds.: Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, Technical Note 3: Casting, ASM, Materials Park, USA, (1994) p. 1079Google Scholar
- 3.16Eylon D., Froes F. H., Gardiner R. W.: Titanium Technology: Present Status and Future Trends, TDA, Dayton, USA, (1985) p. 35Google Scholar
- 3.17Savage S. J., Froes F. H.: Titanium Technology: Present Status and Future Trends, TDA, Dayton, USA, (1985) p. 60Google Scholar
- 3.18Froes F. H., Eylon D.: Titanium Technology: Present Status and Future Trends, TDA, Dayton, USA, (1985) p. 49Google Scholar
- 3.19Paton N. E., Hamilton C. H., eds.: Superplastic Forming of Structural Alloys, AIME, Warrendale, USA, (1982)Google Scholar
- 3.20Mahoney M. W.: Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, Technical Note 5A: Superplastic Forming of Titanium Alloys, ASM, Materials Park, USA, (1994) p. 1101Google Scholar
- 3.21Winkler P.-J.: Sixth World Conference on Titanium, Les Editions de Physique, Les Ulis, France, (1988) p. 1135Google Scholar
- 3.22Lee D., Backofen W. A.: Trans. AIME 239, (1967) p. 1034Google Scholar
- 3.23Tisler R. J., Lederich R. J.: Titanium ’95, Science and Technology, The University Press, Cambridge, UK, (1996) p. 596Google Scholar
- 3.24Ashby M. F., Verrall R. A.: Acta Met. 21, (1973) p. 149Google Scholar
- 3.25Kearns W. H., ed.: Welding Handbook, 7th edn, Vol. 4, American Welding Society, Miami, USA, (1982) p. 43Google Scholar
- 3.26Boyer R., Welsch G., Collings E. W., eds.: Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, Technical Note 10: Welding and Brazing, ASM, Materials Park, USA, (1994) p. 1159Google Scholar
- 3.27Helm D., Lütjering G.: Titanium ’99, Science and Technology, CRISM “Prometey”, St. Petersburg, Russia, (2000) p. 1726Google Scholar
- 3.28Juhas M. C., Viswanathan G. B., Fraser H. L.: Friction Stir Welding, CD-ROM, TWI, Cambridge, UK, (2000)Google Scholar
- 3.29Wagner L., Lütjering G.: Second International Conference on Shot Peening, American Shot Peening Society, USA, (1984) p. 194Google Scholar
- 3.30Niku-Lari A., ed.: First International Conference on Shot Peening, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, (1981)Google Scholar
- 3.31Clauer A. H., Holbrook J. H., Fairand B. P.: Shock Waves and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Metals, Plenum Press, New York, USA, (1981) p. 675Google Scholar
- 3.32Clauer A. H.: Surface Performance of Titanium, TMS, Warrendale, USA, (1996) p. 217Google Scholar
- 3.33Krautkramer J., Krautkramer H.: Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, 4th edn, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, (1990)Google Scholar
- 3.34Mester M. L., McIntire P., eds.: Ultrasonic Testing, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 2nd edn, Vol. 7, ASNT, Columbus, USA, (1991)Google Scholar
- 3.35Buck O., Thompson D. O., Paton N. E., Williams J. C.: Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Crystalline Solids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, (1975) p. 451Google Scholar
- 3.36Moyers J. C., Seagle S. R., Copley D. C., Gilmore R. S.: Titanium ’95, Science and Technology, The University Press, Cambridge, UK, (1996) p. 1521Google Scholar
- 3.37Libby H. L.: Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods, Krieger, Malabar, USA, (1979)Google Scholar
- 3.38Birks A. S., Green R. E., eds.: Electromagnetic Testing, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 2nd edn, Vol. 4, ASNT, Columbus, USA, (1986)Google Scholar
- 3.39Thomas G.: Transmission Electron Microscopy of Metals, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, (1962)Google Scholar
- 3.40Rhodes C. G., Williams J. C.: Met. Trans. 6A, (1975) p. 2103Google Scholar
- 3.41Banerjee D., Williams J. C.: Scripta Met. 17, (1983) p. 1125Google Scholar
- 3.42Blackburn M. J., Williams J. C.: ASM Quart. Trans. 60, (1967) p. 373Google Scholar
- 3.43Blackburn M. J., Williams J. C.: Trans. AIME 239, (1967) p. 287Google Scholar
- 3.44Spurling R. A., Rhodes C. G., Williams J. C.: Met. Trans. 5, (1974) p. 2597Google Scholar
- 3.45Adams B. L., Wright S. I., Kunze K.: Met. Trans. 24A, (1993) p. 819Google Scholar
- 3.46Cullity B. D.: Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd edn, Addison-Wesley, Reading, USA, (1978)Google Scholar
- 3.47Kocks U. F., Tome C. N., Wenk H.-R.: Texture and Anisotropy, The University Press, Cambridge, UK, (1998)Google Scholar
- 3.48Dieter G. E.: Mechanical Metallurgy, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, (1976)Google Scholar
- 3.49Hertzberg R. W.: Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 4th edn, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, (1996)Google Scholar
- 3.50Lütjering G., Gysler A.: Titanium Science and Technology, DGM, Oberursel, Germany, (1985) p. 2065Google Scholar
- 3.51Hyodo T., Ichihasi H.: Ti-2003, Science and Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, (2004) p. 141Google Scholar
- 3.52EHK Technologies: Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. Report ORNL/Sub/40 000 236 941, (2003)Google Scholar
- 3.53Kraft E. H.: TITANIUM 2005, CD-ROM, ITA, Broomfield, USA, (2005)Google Scholar
- 3.54Ginatta M. V.: Ti-2003, Science and Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, (2004) p. 237Google Scholar
- 3.55Cardarelli F.: World Patent WO 03/046 258 A2, (2003)Google Scholar
- 3.56Sadoway D.: US Patent 4 999 097, (1991)Google Scholar
- 3.57Suzuki R. O.: Ti-2003, Science and Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, (2004) p. 245Google Scholar
- 3.58Abiko T., Park I., Okabe T. H.: Ti-2003, Science and Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, (2004) p. 253Google Scholar
- 3.59Lienert T. J., Jata K. V., Wheeler R., Seetharaman V.: Proceedings of the Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials III, ASM International, Materials Park, USA, (2001) p. 160Google Scholar
- 3.60Prevey P. S.: US Patent 5 826 453, (1998)Google Scholar
- 3.61Prevey P. S.: US Patent 6 415 486, (2002)Google Scholar
- 3.62Prevey P. S., Jayaraman N., Cammett J.: 9th International Conference on Shot Peening, IITT-International, Noisy-le-Grand, France, (2005) p. 267Google Scholar
- 3.63Gianuzzi L. A., Stevie F. A., eds.: Introduction to Focused Ion Beams, Springer, New York, USA, (2005)Google Scholar
- 3.64Uchic M. D., Dimiduk D. M., Florando J. N., Nix W. D.: Mat. Res Soc. Symp. Proc. 753, (2003) p.27Google Scholar
- 3.65Uchic M. D., Dimiduk D. M., Florando J. N., Nix W. D.: Science 305, (2004) p. 986Google Scholar
- 3.66Williams J. C., Froes F. H., Chesnutt J. C., Rhodes C. G., Berryman R. G.: ASTM STP 651, (1978) p. 64Google Scholar
- 3.67Bhadeshia H. K. D. H.: ISIJ International 39, (1999) p. 966Google Scholar
- 3.68MacKay D. J. C.: Neural Computation, (1992) p. 415Google Scholar
- 3.69MacKay D. J. C.: Neural Computation, (1992) p. 448Google Scholar
- 3.70Tiley J. S., Banerjee R., Searles T., Kar S., Fraser H.: Ti-2003, Science and Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, (2004) p. 1413Google Scholar
- 3.71Kar S., Searles T., Lee E., Viswanathan G. B, Tiley J., Banerjee R., Fraser H. L.: Met. Trans. 37 A, (2006) p. 559Google Scholar
- 3.72Collins P. C., Kar S., Koduri S., Viswanathan G. B, Tiley J., Banerjee R., Fraser H. L.: Frontiers in the Design of Metals, Indian Inst. of Metals, Univ. Press, Hyderabad, India, (2007) p. 19Google Scholar