Schizophrene Psychosen

  • H. -J. Möller
  • A. Deister
  • A. Schaub
  • M. Riedel
Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Die Schizophrenie ist gekennzeichnet durch charakteristische, symptomatisch oft sehr vielgestaltige psychopathologische Querschnittsbilder mit Wahn, Halluzinationen, formalen Denkstörungen, Ich-Störungen, Affektstörungen und psychomotorischen Störungen. Oft kommt es im Verlauf rezidivierender Erkrankungsepisoden zur Ausbildung eines chronischen Residualsyndroms. In den neueren Klassifikationssystemen geht ein prognostisch ungünstiger Verlauf nicht als Definitionskriterium der Erkrankung ein, sie verlangen aber eine bestimmte Mindesterkrankungsdauer. Schizophrenieartige Episoden, die dieses Kriterium nicht erfüullen, werden als schizophrenieforme Erkrankung klassifiziert. Es handelt sich um eine funktionelle Erkrankung, d. h. im Einzelfall fehlen nachweisbare körperliche Ursachen im Sinne einer organischen Erkrankung.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Abi-Dargham A (2004) Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7: S1–S5PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Agid O, Kapur S, Arenovich T, Zipursky RB (2003) Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: a hypothesis tested and rejected. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 1228–1235PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Akhondzadeh S, Tabatabaee M, Amini H et al. (2007) Celecoxib as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res 90: 179–185PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Albus M, Hubman W, Ehrenberg C et al. (1996) Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 246: 249–255PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Allison DB, Casey DE (2001) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 62(Suppl 7): 22–31PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Chandler LP et al. (1999) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1686–1696PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Altshuler LL, Conrad A, Kovelman JA, Scheibel A (1987) Hippocampal pyramidal cell orientation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 1094–1098PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Altshuler LL, Casanova MF, Goldberg TE, Kleinman JE (1990) The hippocampus and parahippocampus in schizophrenic, suicide and control brains. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1029–1034PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. American Diabetes Association, American PsychiatricAssociation, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association fot the Study of Obesity (2004) Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:596–601CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Anderson CM, Hogarty GE, Reiss DJ (1980) Family treatment of adult schizophrenic patients: a psycho-educational approach. Schizophren Bull 6: 490–505Google Scholar
  11. Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Hogarty GE (1986) Schizophrenia in the family: a practitioner’s guide to psychoeducation and management. Guilford, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  12. Andreasen NC (1982) Negative syndromes in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 784–788PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Atkinson JM, Coia DA, Gilmour WH, Harper JP (1996) The impact of education groups for people with schizophrenia on social functioning and quality of life. Br J Psychiatry 168: 199–204PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Awad AG, Voruganti LN, Heslegrave RJ (1997) A conceptual model of quality of life in schizophenia: description and preliminary clinical validation. Qual Life Res 6: 21–26PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Ayllon T, Azrin N (1968) The token economy: a motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  16. Bäuml J, Pitschel-Walz G (2003) Psychoedukation bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Schattauer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  17. Bäuml J, Pitschel-Walz G, Kissling W (1996) Psychoedukative Gruppen bei schizophrenen Psychosen für Patienten und Angehörige. In: Stark A (Hrsg) Verhaltenstherapeutische und psychoedukative Ansätze im Umgang mit schizophrenen Erkrankungen. DGVT, Tübingen, S 217–255Google Scholar
  18. Bäuml J, Pitschel-Walz G, Basan A et al. (2003) Die Auswirkungen des protektiven Potentials von Angehörigen auf den Langzeitverlauf schizophrener Psychosen: Ergebnisse der 7-Jahreskatamnese der Münchner PIP-Studie. In: Binder W, Bender W (Hrsg) Die dritte Dimension in der Psychiatrie — Angehörige, Betroffene und Professionelle auf einem gemeinsamen Weg. Claus Richter, KölnGoogle Scholar
  19. Bäuml J, Pitschel-Walz G, Berger H et al. (2005) Arbeitsbuch Psychoedukation bei Schizophrenie (APES). Schattauer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  20. Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What is the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Baldessarini RJ, Katz B, Cotton P (1984) Dissimilar dosing with high-potency and low-potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 113: 748–752Google Scholar
  22. Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH (1988) Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 79–91PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Barta PE, Pearlson GD, Powers RE et al. (1990) Reduced volume of superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia; relationship to auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1457–1462PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Basan A, Pitschel-Walz G, Bäuml J (2000) Psychoedukative Gruppen bei schizophrenen Patienten und anschließende ambulante Langzeitbehandlung. Eine 4-Jahres-Katamnese und Literaturübersicht. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 68: 537–545PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Bateson G, Jackson DD, Haley J, Weakland J (1956) Towards a theory of schizophrenia. Behav Science 1: 251–264Google Scholar
  26. Bebbington P, Kuipers L (1994) The predictive utility of expressed emotion in schizophrenia: an aggregate analysis. Psychol Med 24: 707–718PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Bebbington P, Kuipers E (2003) Schizophrenia and psychosocial stresses. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. 2. edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 613–636Google Scholar
  28. Becker T, Elmer K, Mechela B et al. (1990) MRI findings in medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1: 83–86PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Beckmann H, Haas S (1980) High dose diazepam in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 71: 79–82PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Behrendt B (2001 a) »Meine persönlichen Warnsignale«. Ein psychoedukatives Therapieprogramm zur Rezidivprophylaxe bei schizophrener und schizoaffektiver Erkrankung. Manual für Gruppenleiter. DGVT-Verlag, TübingenGoogle Scholar
  31. Behrendt B (2001 b) »Meine persönlichen Warnsignale«. Ein psychoedukatives Therapieprogramm zur Vorbeugung von Rückfällen bei schizophrener oder schizoaffektiver Erkrankung. Arbeitsbuch für Gruppenteilnehmer. DGVT-Verlag, TübingenGoogle Scholar
  32. Behrendt B (2004) Psychoedukative Gruppen für Angehörige schizophren oder schizoaffektiv Erkrankter. Manual für Gruppenleiter. DGVT-Verlag, TübingenGoogle Scholar
  33. Behrendt B, Schaub A (2005) Handbuch Psychoedukation & Selbstmanagement. Verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze für die klinische Praxis. DGVT-Verlag, TübingenGoogle Scholar
  34. Bell M, Bryson G, Greig T et al. (2001) Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 763–768PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Bellack AS, Mueser KT (1993) Psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19: 317–336PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Bellack AS, Mueser KT, Morrison RL et al. (1990) Remediation of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1650–1655PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Bellucci DM, Glaberman K, Haslam N (2002) Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation reduces negative symptoms in the severely mentally ill. Schizophr Res 59: 225–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Bender S, Dittmann-Balcar A, Prehn G et al. (2004) Subjektives Erleben eines computergestützten kognitiven Trainings durch Patienten mit Schizophrenien. Nervenarzt 75: 44–50PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Benedetti G (1983) Todeslandschaften der Seele. Psychopathologie, Psychodynamik und Psychotherapie der Schizophrenie, 2. Aufl. Verlag für Medizinische Psychologie, GöttingenGoogle Scholar
  40. Benedetti G (1987) Psychotherapeutische Behandlungsmaßnahmen. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer JR, Stromgren E (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart. Schizophrenien. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 285–323Google Scholar
  41. Benes FM (1987) An analysis of the arrangement of neurons in the cingulated cortex of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 608–616PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Benes FM, Davidson B, Bird ED (1986) Quantitative cytoarchitectural studies of the cerebral cortex of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 31–35PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Benkert O, Hippius H (2000) Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  44. Benkert O, Hippius H (2006) Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie, 6. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  45. Bisette G, Nemeroff CB (1988) Neurotensin and the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. In: Kalivas PW, Nemeroff CB (eds) The mesocorticolimbic system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 537: 397–404Google Scholar
  46. Bleich A, Brown SL, Kahn R, Praag van HM (1988) The role of Serotonin in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 14: 297–315PubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Bleuler M (1972) Die schizophrenen Geistesstörungen im Lichte langjähriger Kranken-und Familiengeschichten. Thieme, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  48. Bogerts B (1984) Zur Neuropathologie der Schizophrenien. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 52: 428–437PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Bogerts B (1995) Hirnstrukturelle Untersuchungen an schizophrenen Patienten. In: Lieb K, Riemann D, Berger M (Hrsg) Biologisch-psychiatrische Forschung. Ein Überblick. Fischer, Stuttgart Jena, S 123–144Google Scholar
  50. Bogerts B, Liebermann J (1993) Neuropathology in the study of psychiatric disease. In: Costa e Silva ACJ, Nadleson CC (eds) International review of psychiatry, 1. edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington/DCGoogle Scholar
  51. Bogerts B, Meertz E, Schünfeld-Bausch R (1985) Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychaitry 42: 784–791Google Scholar
  52. Bogerts B, Falkai P, Haupts M et al. (1990 a) Post-mortem volume measurements of limbic system and basal ganglia structures in chronic schizophrenics. Schiophr Res 3: 295–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G et al. (1990 b) Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 35: 1–13PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Bogerts B, Lieberman J, Ashtari M et al. (1993) Temporal limbic structure volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychaitry 33: 236–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Borison RL (1985) Pharmacology of antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 46: 25–28PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Boteva K, Lieberman J (2003) Reconsidering the classification of schizophrenia and manic depresive illness — a critical analysis and new conceptual model. World J Biol Psychiatry 4: 81–92PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Bottlender R, Möller HJ (2003) The impact of duration of untreated psychosis on short-and long-term outcome in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 16(Suppl 2): S39–S43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Bottlender R, Wegner U, Wittmann J et al. (1999) Deficit syndromes in schizophrenic patients 15 years after their first hospitalisation: preliminary results of a follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249(Suppl 4): 27–36PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Bottlender R, Strauss A, Möller HJ (2000 a) Impact of duration of symptoms prior to first hospitalization on acute outcome in 998 schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 44: 145–150PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Bottlender R, Strauss A, Möller HJ (2000 b) Prevelance and backround factors of depression in first admitted schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101: 153–160PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Bottlender R, Sato T, Jäger M et al. (2002) The impact of duration of untreated psychosis and premorbid functioning on outcome of first inpatient treatment in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Eur Arch Clin Neurosci 252: 226–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Bottlender R, Sato T, Möller HJ (2003 a) Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160: 594–595PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Bottlender R, Sato T, Jäger M et al. (2003 b) The impact of the duration of untreated psychosis prior to first psychiatric admission on the 15-year outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 62: 37–44PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Braff DL, Geyer MA, Light GA et al. (2001) Impact of prepulse characteristics on the detection of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49: 171–178PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Braff DL, Light GA, Swerdlow NR (2006) Prepulse inhibition and P50 suppresion are both deficit but not correlated in schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 61: 1204–1207PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Braus DF, Brassen S (2005) Funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie und Antipsychotika Überblick und eigene Daten. Radiologe 45: 178–185PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Braus DF, Ende G, Weber-Fahr W et al. (2002) Functioning and neuronal viability of the anterior cingulate neurons following antipsychotic treatment: MR-spectroscopic imaging in chronic schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12: 145–152PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Breier A, Buchanan RW, Elkashef A et al. (1992) Brain morphology and schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study of limbic, prefrontal cortex and caudate structures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 921–926PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Breyer-Pfaff (1987) Klinische Pharmakokinetik der Neuroleptika: Ergebnisse und Probleme. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 37–46Google Scholar
  70. Brown GW, Birley JLT (1970) Social precipitans of severe psychiatric disorders. In: Hare EH, Wing JK (eds) Psychiatric epidemiology. Oxford University Press, London, pp 321–325Google Scholar
  71. Brown GW, Birley JLT, Wing JK (1972) Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: a replication. Br J Psychiatry 121: 241–258PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Brown R, Colter N, Corselli JAN et al. (1986) Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Differences in brain weight, temporal horn area and parahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 36–42PubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. Brunnauer A, Geiger E, Laux G (2004 a) Atypical antipsychotics and driving-related psychomotor skills in schizophrenic patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 14(Suppl 3): S274–S275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Brunnauer A, Laux G, Geiger E, Möller HJ (2004 b) The impact of antipsychotics on psychomotor performance with regards to car driving skills. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24: 155–160PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Bryant N et al. (1996) Fluoxetine augmentation of clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 125: 1242–1243Google Scholar
  76. Buchkremer G, Böser H (1995) Der Einfluß sozialer Faktoren auf den Krankheitsverlauf und Möglichkeiten therapeutischer Intervention. In: Häfner H (Hrsg) Was ist Schizophrenie? Fischer, Stuttgart Jena New York, S 213–228Google Scholar
  77. Buchkremer G, Klingberg S, Holle R et al. (1997) Psychoeducational psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients and their key relatives or care-givers: results of a 2-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 96: 483–491PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Buchsbaum MS, Haier RJ (1983) Psychopathology. Biological approaches. Ann Rev Psychology 34: 401–430CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Bunney BS (1992) Clozapine: A hypothesised mechanism for its unique clinical profile. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 17: 17–21PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Lem EB et al. (2002) Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59: 1002–1010PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Cahn W, van Haren NE, Hulshoff Pol HE et al. (2006) Brain volume changes in the first year of illness and 5-year outcome of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 189: 381–382PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. Cannon TD, Zorilla LE, Shtasel D et al. (1994) Neuropsychological functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 651–661PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. Carlsson A (1988) The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1: 179–186PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Carlsson A (1998) Schizophrenie und Neurotransmitter-Störungen. Neue Perspektiven und therapeutische Ansätze. In: Möller HJ, Müller N (Hrsg) Schizophrenie — Moderne Konzepte zu Diagnose, Pathogenese und Therapie. Springer, Wien New York, S 93–116Google Scholar
  85. Carlsson A, Lindqvist M (1963) Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3-methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 20: 140–144Google Scholar
  86. Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM (1988) Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am J Psychiatry 145: 578–583PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B et al. (1991) Negative symptoms: a critique of current approaches. In: Marneros A, Andreasen NC, Tsuang MT (eds) Negative vs. positive schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 126–133Google Scholar
  88. Chadwick P, Trower P, Birchwood M (2001) Cognitive Therapy for Delusions, Voices, and Paranoia, 6. edn. Wiley, Chichester UKGoogle Scholar
  89. Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E et al. (2001) Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatmentresistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 158: 518–526PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Chouinard G, Jones BD (1980) Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis: clinical and pharmacological characteristics. Am J Psychiatry 137: 16–21PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Christison GW, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR et al. (1989) A quantitative investigation of hippocampal pyramidal cell size, shape and variability of orientation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 1027–1032PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Clark DH (1965) The therapeutic community — Concept, practice and future. Br J Psychiatry 111: 947–954PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Cohen R, Florin J, Grusche A et al. (1973) Dreijährige Erfahrungen mit einem Münzsystem auf einer Station für extrem inaktive, chronisch schizophrene Patienten. Z Klin Psychol 2: 243–256Google Scholar
  94. Cole JO, Goldberg SC, Klerman GL, NIMH (1964) Phenothiazine treatment in acute schizophrenia — effectiveness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 10: 246–261Google Scholar
  95. Cole JO, Goldberg SC, Davis JM (1966) Drug in the treatment of psychosis: Controlled studies. In: Solomon P (ed) Psychiatric drugs. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 153–180Google Scholar
  96. Colter N, Battal S, Crow TJ et al. (1987) White matter reduction in the parahippocampal gyrus of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 1023PubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. Cooper B (2005) Schizophrenia, social class and immigrant status: the epidemiological evidence. Epidemol Psychiatr Soc 14: 137–144Google Scholar
  98. Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM (2004) Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry 161: 414–425PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Cranach M v (1981) Psychiatrische Versorgung durch niedergelassene Ärzte und ambulante Dienste. In: Bauer M, Rose HK (Hrsg) Ambulante Dienste für psychisch Kranke. Rheinland Verlag, Köln, S 31–41Google Scholar
  100. Crow TJ (1980) Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopamine. Br J Psychiatry 137: 383–386PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. Crow TJ (1985) The two syndrome concept: origins and current status. Schizophr Bull 11: 471–486PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Crow TJ, Ball J, Bloom SR et al. (1989) Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 1145–1150PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. Csernansky JG, Mohmoud R, Brenner R, Risperidone-USA-79 Study Group (2002) A comparison of risperidone and haloperidol for the prevention of relapse in patients witj schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 346: 16–22PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Daniel DG, Wozniak P, Mack RJ, McCarthy BG (1998) Long-term efficacy and safety comparison of sertindole and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 34: 61–69PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. Daniel DG, Zimbroff DL, Potkin SG et al. (1999) Ziprasidone 80mg/day and 160 mg/day in the acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a 6-week placebo-controlled trial. Ziprasidone Study Group. Neuropsychopharmacology 20: 491–505PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. Dauphinais ID, DeLissi LE, Crow TJ et al. (1990) Reduction in temporal lobe size in siblings with schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 35: 137–147PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Davis JM, Casper R (1977) Antipsychotic drugs: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 14: 260–282PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Davis JM, Garver DL (1978) Neuroleptics: clinical use in psychiatry. In: Iversen LL, Oversen SD, Snyder SH (eds) Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol 10. Plenum, New York, pp 129–164Google Scholar
  109. Davis JM, Schaffer CB, Killian GA et al. (1980) Important issues in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 6: 70–87PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. Davis KL, Kahn RS, Grant K, Davidson M (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 148: 1474–1486PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID (2003) A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 553–564PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Davison GL, Neale JM (1994) Klinische Psychologie. Psychologie Verlags Union, München WeinheimGoogle Scholar
  113. Dean K, Bramon E, Murray RM (2003) The causes of schizophrenia: neurodevelopment and other risk factors. Psychiatr Pract 9: 442–454CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Deister A (1994) Subtypen schizophrener Psychosen. Ein Vergleich verschiedener diagnostischer Systeme unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Langzeitverlaufs. Habilitationsschrift, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGoogle Scholar
  115. Deister A, Marneros A (1993) Long-term stability of subtypes in schizophrenic disorders: a comparison of four diagnostic systems. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 242: 184–190PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. Deister A, Möller HJ (1997) Schizophrenie und verwandte Psychosen. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  117. Deister A, Marneros A, Rohde A (1991) Affektive, schizoaffektive und schizophrene Psychosen. Eine vergleichende Langzeitstudie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  118. DeLisi LE, Dauphinais ID, Gershon E (1988) Perinatal complications and reduced size of brain limbic structures in familial schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 14: 185–191PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. DeLisi LE, Hoff AL, Schwartz JE et al. (1991) Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 29: 159–175PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. Delini-Stula A (1986) Neuroanatomical, neuropharmacological and neurobiochemical target systems for antipsychotic activity of neuroleptics. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 134–139PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. Demling J (1988) Zur Suizidalität schizophren Erkrankter: klinische und biologische Aspekte. In: Kaschka WP, Joraschky P, Lungershausen E (Hrsg) Die Schizophrenie. Biologische und familiendynamische Konzepte zur Pathogenese. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 95–102Google Scholar
  122. Dilling H (1977) Leistungsbeurteilung und Bezahlung in der Arbeitstherapie. In: Reimer F (Hrsg) Arbeitstherapie — Praxis und Probleme in der Psychiatrie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 65–73Google Scholar
  123. Dilling H, Albrecht J, Deneux R (1973) Untersuchungen zur Leistungsbeurteilung und Bezahlung in der Arbeitstherapie chronisch Schizophrener. Social Psychiatry 8: 41–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH (1991) Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-A0 Kapitel V (F). Klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien (der World Health Organisation/WHO). Huber, Bern Stuttgart Göttingen TorontoGoogle Scholar
  125. Dorenwend BP, Shrout PE, Link BG, Skodol AE (1987) Social and psychosocial risk factors for episodes of schizophrenia. In: Hafner H, Gattaz WF, Janzarik W (eds) Search for the causes of schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 275–296Google Scholar
  126. Dose M, Apelt S, Emrich H (1987) Carbamazepine as an adjunct of antipsychotic therapy. Psychiatry Res 22: 303–310PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R (2000) Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 177: 8–14PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Dudley J, Rauw G, Hames EM et al. (1983) Correlation of fluphenazine plasma levels versus clinical response in patients: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7: 791–795PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. Dunham HW (1965) Community and schizophrenia. An epidemiological analysis. Wayne State University, DetroitGoogle Scholar
  130. Eccleston D, Fairbairn AF, Hassanyeh F et al. (1985) The effect of propranolol and thioridazine on positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 147: 623–630PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. Eckman TA, Liberman RP, Phipps CC, Blair KE (1990) Teaching medication management skills to schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10: 33–38PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Eikelmann B (1987) Arbeit — Ihre Bedeutung in Therapie und Rehabilitation chronisch seelisch Kranker. Psychiatr Prax 14: 8–12PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Elia J, Katz ER, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586PubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. Ericksen E, Hurt SW, Chang C (1979) Haloperidol dose, plasma levels and clinical response: a double-blind study. Psychopharmacol Bull 14: 177–190Google Scholar
  135. Essock SM, Hargreaves WA, Covell NH, Goethe J (1996) Clozapine’s effectiveness for patients in state hospitals: results from a randomized trial. Psychopharmacol Bull 32: 683–697PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. Falkai P, Bogerts B (1986) Cell loss in the hippocampus of schizophrenics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 236: 154–161PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M (1988 a) Cell loss and volume reduction in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 24: 515–521PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Roberts GW, Crow TJ (1988 b) Measurement of the alpha-cell-migration in the entorhinal region: a marker for developmental disturbances in schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 1: 157–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J et al. (2005) World Federation Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 6: 132–191PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J et al. (2006) World Federation Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: long-term treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 7: 4–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Falloon IRH, Boyd JL, McGill CW (1984) Family care of schizophrenia: A problem-solving approach to the treatment of mental illness. Guilford, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  142. Falloon IRH, Boyd JL, McGill CW et al. (1985) Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia. Clinical outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 887–896PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Farde L, Wiesel FA, Halldin C, Sedvall G (1988) Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 71–76PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. Farde L, Nordström AL, Wiesel FA et al. (1992) Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1-and D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in patient treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 538–544PubMedGoogle Scholar
  145. Fecke M (1981) Beschäaftigungs-und Arbeitstherapie. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Kritische Stichwörter zur Psychotherapie. Fink, München, S 43–49Google Scholar
  146. Fleischhacker WW, Naber N, Lambert M (2006) Schizophrenie-Pharmakotherapie (ICD-10 F2). In: Voderholzer U, Hohagen F (Hrsg) Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen. State of the Art. Urban & Fischer, München Jena, S 49–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  147. Fowler D, Garety P, Kuipers E (1995) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis. Theory and Practice. Wiley, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  148. Freud S (1917) Allgemeine Neurosenlehre. (Gesammelte Werke Bd11, 1948) LondonGoogle Scholar
  149. Friedman JI (2004) Cholinergic targets for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia: focus on cholinesterase inhibitors and muscarinic agonists. Psychopharmacology 174: 45–53PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Friedrich J, Gunia H, Berger H (2004) Psychoedukative Familienintervention. Manual zu Grundlagen und Praxis. Schattauer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  151. Frith CD, Stevens M, Johnstone EC, Grow TF (1979) Skin conductance responsivity during acute episodes of schizophrenics are a predictor of symptomatic improvement. Psychol Med 9: 101–106PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  152. Fritze J (1992) Neurobiochemie. Wirkungsmechanismen. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Pöldinger W (Hrsg) Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd 4, Neuroleptika. Springer, Wien New York, S 59–80Google Scholar
  153. Fromm-Reichmann F (1950) Principles of intensive psychotherapy. University of Chiacago Press, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
  154. Gaebel W, Frick U, Köpcke W et al. (1993) Early neuroleptic intervention in schizophrenia: are prodromal symptoms valid predictors of relapse? Br J Psychiatry Suppl 163: 8–12Google Scholar
  155. Gaebel W, Falkai P, Weinmann S, Wobrock T (2006) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie PuNH (Hrsg) S3-Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Bd 1, Behandlungsleitlinie Schizophrenie. Steinkopff, DarmstadtGoogle Scholar
  156. Garbutt JC, Kammen DP van (1983) The interaction between GABA and dopamine: implications for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 9: 336–353PubMedGoogle Scholar
  157. Gardos G (1974) Are antipsychotic drugs interchangeable? J Nerv Ment Dis 159: 343–348PubMedGoogle Scholar
  158. Garety PA, Fowler D, Kuipers E (2000) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication-resistant symptoms. Schizophr Bull 26: 73–86PubMedGoogle Scholar
  159. Gitlin MJ, Midha KK, Fogelson D, Nuechterlein K (1988) Persistance of fluphenazine in plasma after decanoate withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 8: 53–56PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. Goff DC, Midha KK, Sarid SO et al. (1995) A placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine added to neuroleptic in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 117: 417–423PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. Goodnick PJ, Meltzer HY (1984) Treatment of schizoaffective disorders. Schizophr Bull 10: 30–48PubMedGoogle Scholar
  162. Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Hogarty OE, Roper M (1977) Prediction of relapse in schizophrenic outpatients treated by drug and sociotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 171–184PubMedGoogle Scholar
  163. Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH, Evans JR et al. (1978) Drug and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1169–1177PubMedGoogle Scholar
  164. Gottfries CG (1978) Flupentixoldekanoat — Pharmakokinetik und klinische Anwendung. In: Heinrich K, Tegeler J (Hrsg) Die Praxis der Depotneurolepsie. Das äarztliche Gespräch 25. Tropon, Köln, S 26–39Google Scholar
  165. Götze P (2006) Psychoanalytische Therapieverfahren. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 84–93Google Scholar
  166. Gunderson JG, Frank A, Katz HM et al. (1984) Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: II. Comparative outcome of two forms of treatment. Schizophr Bull 10: 564–598PubMedGoogle Scholar
  167. Grawe K, Donati R, Bernauer F (1994) Psychotherapie im Wandel. Von der Konfession zur Progression. Hogrefe, Göttingen Bern TorontoGoogle Scholar
  168. Green MF, Hellman S, Kern RS (1996) Untersuchungen zur Durchführbarkeit »kognitiver Remedikation« bei Schizophrenie: Was sagen sie uns bereits? In: Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Integrativen der Schizophrenie. Huber, Bern Göttingen Toronto Seattle, S 119–135Google Scholar
  169. Greil W, Haag H, Rüther E (1989) Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Behandlung von Spätdyskinesie. In: Hippius H, Rüther E, Schmausß M (Hrsg) Katatone und dyskinetische Syndrome. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 213–223Google Scholar
  170. Grinspoon L, Ewalt JR, Shader RI (1972) Schizophrenia: pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Williams & Wilkins, BaltimoreGoogle Scholar
  171. Grohmann R, Rüther E, Schmidt LG (1994) Unerwünschte Wirkungen von Pychopharmaka. Ergebnisse der AMÜP-Studie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  172. Gunderson JG, Frank A, Katz HM et al. (1984) Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: II. Comparative outcome of two forms of treatment. Schizophr Bull 10: 564–598PubMedGoogle Scholar
  173. Haase HJ (1972) Therapie mit Psychopharmaka und anderen psychotropen Medikamenten. Schattauer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  174. Haddock G, Tarrier N, Morrison AP et al. (1999) A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of individual inpatient cognitive-behavioural therapy in early psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34: 254–258PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. Häfner H (1993 a) Schizophrenie — Suche nach Versuchen und Auslösern. Spektrum der Wissenschaft 10: 50–58Google Scholar
  176. Häfner H (1993 b) What is schizophrenia? Neurology, Psychopharmacology and Brain Research 2: 36–52Google Scholar
  177. Häfner H (1995) Was ist Schizophrenie? In: Häfner H (Hrsg) Was ist Schizophrenie? Fischer, Stuttgart Jena New York, S 1–56Google Scholar
  178. Häfner H (2005) Das Rätsel Schizophrenie. Eine Krankheit wird entschlusselt, 3. Aufl. C.H. Beck, MünchenGoogle Scholar
  179. Häfner H, an der Heiden W (2003) Course and outcome of schizophrenia. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia, 2. edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 101–141Google Scholar
  180. Häfner H, Maurer K (1991) Are there two types of schizophrenia? True onset and sequence of positive and negative syndromes prior to first admission. In: Marneros A, Andreasen NC, Tsuang MT (eds) Negative versus positive schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 134–160Google Scholar
  181. Häfner H, Riecher A, Maurer K et al. (1991) Geschlechtsunterschiede bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 59: 343–360PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. Häfner H, Reicher-Rössler A, Maurer K et al. (1992) First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and Sex Differences. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 242: 109–118PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  183. Häfner H, Maurer K, Löffler W, Riecher-Rössler A (1993) The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 12: 80–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  184. Häfner H, Maurer K, Löffler W et al. (1995) Onset and early course of schizophrenia. In: Häner H, Gattaz WF (eds) Search for the causes of schizophrenia III. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 43–66Google Scholar
  185. Hahlweg K, Goldstein MJ, Nuechterlein KH et al. (1989) Expressed emotion and patient-relative interactions in families of recent onset schizophrenics. J Consult Clin Psychol 57: 11–18PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  186. Hahlweg K, Dürr H, Dose M, Müller U (2006) Familienbetreuung schizophrener Patienten. Ein verhaltenstherapeutischer Ansatz zur Ruckfallprophylaxe, 2. Aufl. Hogrefe, GöttingenGoogle Scholar
  187. Halford WK, Hayes R (1991) Psychological rehabilitation of chronic schizophrenic patients: Recent findings on social skills training and family psychoeducation. Clin Psychology Rev 11: 23–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. Hamann J, Loh A, Kasper J et al. (2006) Implikationen des Modells des »Shared Decision Making« für Psychiatrie und Neurologie. Nervenarzt 77: 1071–1078PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  189. Hansgjerd S (1994) Can psychoanalytic theory contribute to the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 90(Suppl 384): 153–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  190. Harrigan EP, Miceli JJ, Anziano R et al. (2004) A randomized evaluation of the effects of six antipsychotic agents on QTc, in the absence and presence of metabolic inhibition. J Clin Psyschopharmacology 24: 62–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  191. Hartmann W (1980) Schizophrene Dauerpatienten. Enke, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  192. Hartwich P (1987) Kognitive Gesichtspunkte. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer JE et al. (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 175–196Google Scholar
  193. Hayes RL, McGrath J (2006) Cognitive rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions (Cochrane Review) Oxford: The Cochrane Library 4: 1–29, Update SoftwareGoogle Scholar
  194. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen YC, Beckmann H (1990 a) Morphometry of the parahippocampal gyrus in schizophrenics and controls. Some anatomical considerations. J Neural Transm 80: 151–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  195. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen YC, Beckmann H (1990 b) Limbic structures and lateral ventricle in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1016–1022PubMedGoogle Scholar
  196. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen YC, Beckmann H (1991) Cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia in schizophrenia: a volumetric postmortem study. Biol Psychiatry 29: 556–566PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  197. Hegerl U, Frodl-Bauch T, Möller HJ (1998) P300 bei schizophrenen Psychosen: Ein Indikator neuronaler und kognitiver Dysfunktionen. In: Möller HJ, Müller N (Hrsg) Schizophrenie — Moderne Konzepte zur Diagnostik, Pathogenese und Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio,S 175–183Google Scholar
  198. Heiden W an der, Häfner H (2000) The epidemiology of onset and course of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250: 292–303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  199. Heiden W an der, Krumm B, Häbner H (1989) Die Wirksamkeit ambulanter psychiatrischer Versorgung. Ein Modell zur Evaluation extramuraler Dienste. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  200. Heim E (1988) Milieutherapie — Auf Gedeih oder Verderb. In: Bender W, Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Schizophrene Erkrankungen. Therapie, Therapieresistenz — eine Standortbestimmung. Vieweg, Braunschweig Stuttgart, S 86–97Google Scholar
  201. Heiß WD (1995) Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET). Klinische Wertigkeit in Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Dtsch Arztebl 92: A510–A522Google Scholar
  202. Hellewell JS (2002) Patient’s subjective experiences of antipsychotics: clinical relevance. CNS Drugs 16: 457–471PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  203. Helmchen H (1978) Forschungsaufgaben bei psychiatrischer Langzeit-Medikation. Nervenarzt 49: 534–538PubMedGoogle Scholar
  204. Hemsley DR (1993) A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia. Behav Res Therapy 31: 633–645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  205. Herz MI, Melville C (1980) Relapse in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 137: 801–805PubMedGoogle Scholar
  206. Herz MI, Szymanski HV, Simon JC (1982) Intermittant medication for stable schizophrenic outpatients: An alternative to maintenance medication. Am J Psychiatry 139: 918–922PubMedGoogle Scholar
  207. Herz MI, Lamberti S, Mintz J et al. (2000) A program for relapse prevention in schizophrenia. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 277–283PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  208. Hiemke C, Dobmeier M, Eckermann G, Haen E (2006) Interaktionen in der Psychopharmakotherapie. Springer, Heidelberg, CD-ROMGoogle Scholar
  209. Hirscch SR, Weinberger DR (2003) Schizophrenia, 2. edn. Blackwell, OxfordGoogle Scholar
  210. Hogarty GE, Goldberg SC, Schoola NR, Ulrich RF (1974) Drug and sociotherapie in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. II. Two-year relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatr 31: 603–608PubMedGoogle Scholar
  211. Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF, Mussare F, Aristigueta N (1976) Drug discontinuation among long-term, successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Dis Nerv Syst 37: 494–500PubMedGoogle Scholar
  212. Hogarty GE, Andason CM, Reiss DJ et al. (1986) Family psychoeducation, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenia: I. One year effects of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 633–642PubMedGoogle Scholar
  213. Hogarty G, Anderson CM, Reiss D et al. (1991) Family Psychoeducation, Social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia: II. Two year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 340–347PubMedGoogle Scholar
  214. Hogarty GE, Kornbluth SJ, Greenwald D et al. (1995) Personal therapy: a disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 21: 379–393PubMedGoogle Scholar
  215. Hogarty GE, Greenwald D, Ulrich RF et al. (1997 a) Three-Year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, II: Effects on adjustment of patients. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1514–1524PubMedGoogle Scholar
  216. Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D et al. (1997 b) Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I: Description of study and effects on relapse rates. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1504–1513PubMedGoogle Scholar
  217. Hooley JM (1986) Expressed emotion and depression: Interactions between patients and high vs. low expressed emotion spouses. J Abnorm Psychol 95: 237–246PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  218. Horacek J, Dockery C, Kopecek M et al. (2006) Regional brain metabolism as the predictor of performance on the Trail Making Test in Schizophrenia. A 18FDG PET covariation study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 27: 587–594PubMedGoogle Scholar
  219. Hornung WP, Buchkremer G, Holle R et al. (1995) Psychoedukativ-psychotherapeutische Behandlung von schizophrenen Patienten und ihren Bezugspersonen — Ergebnisse einer Ein-Jahres-Katamnese. Nervenarzt 66: 828–834PubMedGoogle Scholar
  220. Hornung WP, Feldmann R, Klingberg S et al. (1999) Long-term effects of a psychoeducational psychotherapeutic intervention for schizophrenic outpatients and their key-persons-results of a five-year follow-up. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249: 162–167PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  221. Huber G (1983) Das Konzept substratnaher Basis-Symptome und seine Bedeutung für Theorie und Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 54: 23–32PubMedGoogle Scholar
  222. Huber G (1994) Psychiatrie. Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, 5. Aufl. Schattauer, Stuttgart New YorkGoogle Scholar
  223. Huber G, Gross G, Schüttler R (1979) Schizophrenie. Eine verlaufs-und sozialpsychiatrische Langzeitstudie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New YorkGoogle Scholar
  224. Hudson CJ, Young LT, Li PP, Warsh JJ (1993) CNS signal transduction in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Synapse 13: 278–293PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  225. Hyttel J, Larsen JJ, Christensen AV, Arnt J (1985) Receptor-binding profiles of neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology Suppl 2: 9–18PubMedGoogle Scholar
  226. Itil TM (1977) Quantitative and qualitative EEG in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 3: 61–69PubMedGoogle Scholar
  227. Jackson JH (1889) On postepileptic states: a contribution to the comparative study of insanities. J Ment Sci 34: 490–500Google Scholar
  228. Jäger M, Riedel M, Messer T et al. (2007) Psychopathological characteristics and treatment response of first episode compared with multiple episode schizophrenic disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci E-pubGoogle Scholar
  229. Jann MW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR (1985) Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics. Clin Pharmacokinet 10: 315–333PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  230. Jeste DV, Lohr JB (1989) Hippocampal pathologic findings in schizophrenia. A morphometric study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 1019–1024PubMedGoogle Scholar
  231. Johnson DAW (1975) Observations on the dose regiments of fluphenazine decanoate in maintencance therapy of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 126: 457–461PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  232. Jones C, Cormac I, da Mota Neto S, Campbell C (2006) Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia (review). The Cochrane Library 4: 1–56, Update SoftwareGoogle Scholar
  233. Jones PB, Barnes TR, Davies L et al. (2006) Randomized controlled trial of the effect on quality of life of second-vs. first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUtLASS 1). Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 1079–1087PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  234. Juul-Povlsen U, Noring U, Fog R, Gerlach J (1985) Tolerability and therapeutic effect of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 71: 176–185PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  235. Kane FJ (1985) Wochenbett-Psychosen. In: Freedman AM, Kaplan HI, Sandock BJ, Peters UH (Hrsg) Psychiatrie in Praxis und Klinik, Bd 1. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 380–389Google Scholar
  236. Kane JM, McGlashan TH (1995) Treatment of schizophrenia. Lancet 346: 820–825PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  237. Kane JM, Woerner M, Borenstein M et al. (1986) Integrating incidence and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 254–258PubMedGoogle Scholar
  238. Kane JM, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer HY (1988) Clorazil collaborative study group: Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 789–796PubMedGoogle Scholar
  239. Kane JM, Moller HJ, Awouters F (1996) Serotonin in antipsychotic treatment — Mechanisms and clinical practice. Dekker, New York Basel Hong KongGoogle Scholar
  240. Kapfhammer HP, Rüther E (1987) Depot-Neuroleptika. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  241. Karon BP, Vandenbos GR (1972) The consequences of psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients. Psychother Theory Res Pract 9: 111–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  242. Karon BP, Vandenbos GR (1975) Issues in current research on psychotherapy vs. medication in treatment of schizophrenics. Psychother Theory Res Pract 12: 143–148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  243. Karson CN, Casanova MF, Kleinman JE, Griffin WST (1993) Choline acetyltransferase in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 150: 454–459PubMedGoogle Scholar
  244. Kaschka WP (1989) Die Virushypothese der endogenen Psychosen — aktueller Stand der Forschung. In: Saletu B (Hrsg) Biologische Psychiatrie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 137–142Google Scholar
  245. Kasper S, Möller HJ, Hale A (eingereicht) The European Post-Marketing Observational Serdolect (EPOS) study: an investigation of the safety of antipsychotic drug treatment. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug SafetyGoogle Scholar
  246. Kates J, Rockland LW (1994) Supportive psychotherapy of the schizophrenic patient. Am J Psychother 48: 543–561PubMedGoogle Scholar
  247. Kavanagh DJ (1992) Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 160: 601–620PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  248. Keefe RS, Silva SG, Perkins DO, Lieberman JA (1999) The effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 25: 201–222PubMedGoogle Scholar
  249. Kellam SG (1961) A method for assessing social contact: It’s application during a rehabilitation program on a psychiatric ward. J Nerv Ment Dis 132: 4–18Google Scholar
  250. Kellam G, Goldberg SC, Schooler NR et al. (1967) Ward atmosphere and outcome of treatment of acute schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 5: 145–163PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  251. Kernberg O (1981) Objektbeziehungen und Praxis der Psychoanalyse. Klett-Cotta, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  252. Kemp R, Kirov G, Everitt B et al. (1998) Randomised controlled trial of compliance therapy. 18-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 172: 413–419Google Scholar
  253. Kim JS, Kornhuber HH, Schmid-Burg W, Holzmüller B (1980) Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients and a new hypothesis on schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 20: 379–382PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  254. Kingdon D, Turkington D (2002) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Schizophrenia. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hove (UK)Google Scholar
  255. Kinon BJ, Kane JM, Johns C et al. (1983) Treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic relapse. Psychopharmacol Bull 29: 309–314Google Scholar
  256. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, McKenney PD et al. (1989) The Schedule for the deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 30: 119–123PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  257. Kissling W, Möller HJ, Walter K et al. (1985) Double-blind comparison of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate: effectiveness, side-effects, dosage and serum levels during a six-months treatment for relapse prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 240–245PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  258. Klass DB, Grove GA, Strizich M (1977) Ward treatment milieu and posthospital functioning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 1047–1052PubMedGoogle Scholar
  259. Klingberg S, Schaub A, Conradt B (2003) Rezidivprophylaxe bei schizophrenen Stös rungen. Ein kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Behandlungsmanual. Weinheim, Beltz PVUGoogle Scholar
  260. Klosterkotter J (1988) Basissymptome und Endphänomene der Schizophrenie. Eine empirische Untersuchung der psychopathologischen Übergangsreihen zwischen defizitären und produktiven Schizophrenie-Symptomen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  261. Klosterkötter J (1990) Minussymptomatik und kognitive Basis-Symptome. In: Möller HJ, Pelzer E (Hrsg) Neure Ansätze zur Diagnostik und Therapie schizophrener Minussymptomatik. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 15–24Google Scholar
  262. Klosterkötter J (2006) Jeder Schizophreniekranke sollte so früh wie moglich behandelt werden. Psychiatr Prax 33: 106–107Google Scholar
  263. Klosterkötter J, Albers M (1994) Klinische Differential-Diagnostik schizophrener Minussymptomatik. In: Möller HJ, Laux G (Hrsg) Fortschritte in der Diagnostik und Therapie schizophrener Minussymptomatik. Springer, Wien New York, S 1–13Google Scholar
  264. Klosterkötter J, Gross G, Huber G, Steinmeyer EM (1997) Sind selbst wahrnehmbare neuropsychologische Defizite bei Patienten mit Neurose-oder Persönlichkeitsstörungsdiagnosen für spätere schizophrene Erkrankungen prädiktiv? Nervenarzt 68: 196–204PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  265. Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Schutze-Lutter F (2000) Ist die Diagnose schizophrener Störungen schon in der initialen Prodromalphase vor der psychotischen Erstmanifestation möglich? Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 68(Suppl 1): S13–S21PubMedGoogle Scholar
  266. Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, Schultze-Lutter F (2001) Diagnosing Schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 158–164PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  267. Knudsen P, Bolvig Hansen L et al. (1985) Perphenazine decanoate vs perphenazine enanthate: efficacy and side effects in a 6 week double-blind comparative study of 50 drug monitored psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 72(Suppl 322): 15–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  268. Kornhuber HH, Kornhuber J, Kim JS, Kornhuber ME (1984) Zur biochemischen Theorie der Schizophrenie. Nervenarzt 55: 602–606PubMedGoogle Scholar
  269. Kornhuber J, Weller M (1994) Aktueller Stand der biochemischen Hypothesen zur Pathogenese der Schizophrenien. Nervenarzt 65: 741–754PubMedGoogle Scholar
  270. Kornhuber J, Mack-Burckhardt F, Riederer P et al. (1989) [3H]MK-01 binding sites in postmortem brain regions of schizophrenia patients. J Neural Transm 77: 231–236PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  271. Kovelmann JA, Scheibel AB (1984) A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 19: 1601–1621Google Scholar
  272. Krabbendam L, Aleman A (2003) Cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia: a quantitative analysis of controlled studies. Psychopharmacology 169: 376–382PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  273. Krüger H (1975) Therapeutische Gemeinschaft. In: Kisker KP, Meyer JE, Müller C, Strögren E (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd 3. Soziale und angewandte Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 711–742Google Scholar
  274. Krueger RB, Sackeim HA (1995) Electroconvulsive therapy and schizophrenia. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 503–545Google Scholar
  275. Lambert M, Naber D (2004) Current issues in schizophrenia; overview of patient acceptability, functioning capacity and quality of life. CNS Drugs 18(Suppl 2): 5–17PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  276. Largent BL, Wikström H, Snowman AM, Synder SH (1988) Novel antipsychotic drugs share high affinity for σ receptors. Eur J Pharmacol155: 345–347PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  277. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A (1999) Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol 13: 358–371PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  278. Leff J (1987) A modell of schizophrenic vulnerability to environmental factors. In: Häfner H, Gattaz WF, Janzarik W (eds) Search fpr the cuases of schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 317–330Google Scholar
  279. Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R et al. (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 141: 121–134PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  280. Lehmann HE (1984) Schizophrenie: Klinisches Bild. In: Freedman AM, Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Peters UH (Hrsg) Psychiatrie in Klinik und Praxis. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 93–142Google Scholar
  281. Lesch A, Bogerts B (1984) The diencephalon in schizophrenia: Evidence for reduced thickness of the periventricular grey matter. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 234: 401–425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  282. Letemendia FJ, Harris AD, Willems PJ (1967) The clinical effects on a population of schizophrenic patients of administrative changes in hospital. Br J Psychiatry 113: 959–971PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  283. Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Engel RR, Kissling W (2002) Amisulpride, an unusual »atypical« antipsychotic: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 159: 180–190PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  284. Leucht S, Barnes TR, Kissling W et al. (2003) Relapse prevention in schizophenia with new-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1209–1222PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  285. Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH et al. (2003) Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 73: 34–48PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  286. Lewis SW, Barnes TR, Davies L et al. (2006) Randomized controlled trial of effect of prescription of clozapine versus other second-generation antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 32: 715–723PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  287. Liberman RP (1988) Social and independent living skills. The symptom management module. Trainer’s manual and patient’s handbook. Los Angeles, Clinical Research Center for Schizophrenia and Psychiatric RehabilitationGoogle Scholar
  288. Liberman RP, Wallace CJ, Blackwell GA et al. (1993) Innovations in skills training for the seriously mentally ill: the UCLA social and independent living skills modules. Innovations & Research 2: 43–59Google Scholar
  289. Liberman RP, Wallace CJ, Blackwell G et al. (1998) Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 155: 1087–1091PubMedGoogle Scholar
  290. Liddle P, Pantelis C (2003) Brain imaging in schizophrenia. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. 2. edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 403–417Google Scholar
  291. Lieberman JA (2006) Neurobiology and the natural history of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 67: e14PubMedGoogle Scholar
  292. Lieberman J, Chakos M, Wu H et al. (2001) Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 49: 487–499PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  293. Lieberman J, Stroup TS, Mc Evoy et al. (2005) Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 35: 1209–1223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  294. Lincoln T (2006) Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie der Schizophrenie. Hogrefe, GöttingenGoogle Scholar
  295. Linden M, Saupe R, Etter J (1989) Psychopathologie-orientierte Ergotherapie. Am Beispiel der Behandlung schizophrener Minussymptomatik mittels Batiktechnik. Psychiatr Prax 16: 141–147PubMedGoogle Scholar
  296. Lindstrom LH (1988) The effect of long-term-treatment with clozapine in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 524–529PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  297. Linn MW, Klett CJ, Hogarty GE, Lamb HR (1979) Day treatment and psychotropic drugs in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1055–1066PubMedGoogle Scholar
  298. Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM et al. (1992) Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 149: 1183–1188PubMedGoogle Scholar
  299. Macpherson R, Jerrom B, Hughes A (1996) A controlled study of education about drug treatment in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 168: 709–717PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  300. Maier W, Rietschel M, Lichtermann D, Wildenauer DB (1999 a) Family and genetic studies on the relationship of schizophrenia to affective disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 248(Suppl 4): 57–61Google Scholar
  301. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Rietschel M et al. (1999 b) Genetik schizophrener Störungen. Neuere Konzepte und Befunde. Nervenarzt 70: 955–969PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  302. Maier W, Zobel A, Kuhn KU (2006) Clinical impact of recently detected susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 8: 79–84PubMedGoogle Scholar
  303. Marder SR, Meibach RC (1994) Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151: 825–835PubMedGoogle Scholar
  304. Marder SR, Hubbard JW, Putten T van et al. (1986) Plasma fluphenazine levels in patients receiving two doses of fluphenazine decanoate. Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 264–266PubMedGoogle Scholar
  305. Marder SR, Wirshing WC, Mintz J et al. (1996) Two-year outcome of social skills training and group psychotherapy for outpatients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 153: 1585–1592PubMedGoogle Scholar
  306. Marder SR, Glynn SM, Wirshing WC et al. (2003) Maintenance treatment of schizophrenia with risperidone or haloperidol: 2-year outcomes. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1405–1412PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  307. Mari JDJ, Streiner DL (1994) An overview of family interventions and relapse on schizophrenia, Meta-analysis of research findings. Psychol Med 24: 565–578PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  308. Marker K (2006) Handbuch zum Programmpaket COGPACK, Version 7.6. Heidelberg und Ladenburg: marker softwareGoogle Scholar
  309. Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A (1991) Affektive, schizoaffektive und schizophrene Psychosen. Eine vergleichende Langzeitstudie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  310. Mattes JA, Nayak D (1984) Lithium vs fluphenazine for prophylaxis in mainly schizophrenic schizoaffectives. Biol Psychiatry 19: 445–449PubMedGoogle Scholar
  311. Matussek P, Triebel A (1976) Die Wirksamkeit der Psychotherapie in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der familiären Ausgangssituation. In: Matussek P (Hrsg) Psychotherapie schizophrener Patienten. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg, S 267–279Google Scholar
  312. Maurer K, Häfner H (1995) Epidemiologie positiver und negativer Symptome in der Schizophrenie. In: Häfner H (Hrsg) Was ist Schizophrenie? Fischer, Stuttgart Jena New York, S 77–105Google Scholar
  313. May PRA (1968) Treatment of schizophrenia. A comparative study of five treatment methods. Science House, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  314. May PRA, Goldberg SC (1978) Prediction of schizophrenic patients, response to pharmacotherapy. In: Lipton MA, DiMascio A, Killam KF (eds) Psychopharmacology: a generation of progress. Raven, New York, pp 1139–1153Google Scholar
  315. McCue RE, Waheed R, Urcuyo L et al. (2006) Comparative effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics and haloperidol in acute schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 189: 433–440PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  316. McEvoy HP, Hogarty GE, Steingard S (1991) Optimal dose of neuroleptics in acute schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 739–745PubMedGoogle Scholar
  317. McFarlane WR, Lukens E, Link B et al. (1995) Multi-family groups and psychoeducation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52: 679–687PubMedGoogle Scholar
  318. McGlashan TH (1984) The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study II. Longterm outcome of schizophrenia and the affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 586–601PubMedGoogle Scholar
  319. McKenna K, Koren G, Tetelbaum MS et al. (2005) Pregnancy outcome of woman using atypical antipsychotic drugs: a prospective comparative study. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 444–449PubMedGoogle Scholar
  320. Medalia A, Aluma M, Tryon W, Merriam AE (1998) Effectiveness of attention training in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24: 147–152PubMedGoogle Scholar
  321. Mednick SA, Schulsinger F (1965) A longitudinal study of children with a high risk for schizophrenia: a preliminary report. In: Vangenberg S (ed) Methods and goal in human behavior genetics. Academic, New York, pp 255–296Google Scholar
  322. Meichenbaum D, Cameron RC (1973) Training schizophrenics to talk to themselves: A means of developing attentional controls. Behav Ther 4: 515–534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  323. Meisenzahl EM, Möller HJ (2006) Bildgebende Verfahren in der Schizophrenieforschung. In: Möller HJ, Müller N (Hrsg) Aktuelle Aspekte der Pathogenese und Therapie der Schizophrenie. Springer, New York, S 55–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  324. Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T, Greiner J et al. (1999) Corpus callosum size in schizophrenia — a magnet resonance imaging analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249: 305–312PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  325. Meisenzahl EM, Dresel S, Frodl T et al. (2000 a) D2 receptor occupancy under recommended and high doses of olanzapine: an iodine-123-iodobenamide SPECT study. Psychopharmacology 14: 364–370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  326. Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T, Greiner J et al. (2000 b) Quantitative MRT des Corpus callosum bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Maier W, Engel RR, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Methodik von Verlaufs-und Therapiestudien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Hogrefe, Göttingen S 241–244Google Scholar
  327. Meisenzahl EM, Scheuerecker J, Zipse M et al. (2006) Effects of treatment with the atypical neuroleptic quetiapine on working memory function: a functional MRI follow-up investigation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256: 522–531PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  328. Meisenzahl EM, Ottes KHS, Frodl T et al. (2007) Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy control subjects: A 6-year follow-up structural MRI study. Am J Psychiatry (eingereicht)Google Scholar
  329. Meltzer HY (1989) Clinical studies on the mechanism of action of Clozapine: The dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 99: 18–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  330. Meltzer HY (2002) Commentary on »clinical studies on the mechanism of action of clozapine; the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia«. Psychopharmacology 163: 1–3PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  331. Meltzer HY, McGurk SR (1999) The effects of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25: 233–255PubMedGoogle Scholar
  332. Meltzer HY, Li Z, Kaneda Y, Ichikawa J (2003) Serotonin receptors: their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27: 1159–1172PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  333. Messer T, Schmauß M (2006) Polypharmazie in der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen. Springer, Wien New YorkGoogle Scholar
  334. Merinder LB (2000) Patient education in schizophrenia: a review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102: 98–106PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  335. Merinder LB, Viuff AG, Laugesen HD et al. (1999) Patient and relative education in community psychiatry: a randomized controlled trial regarding its effectiveness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34: 287–294PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  336. Möller HJ (1981) Milieutherapie. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Kritische Stichworter zur Psychotherapie. Fink, Munchen, S 214–219Google Scholar
  337. Möller HJ (1983) Psychologische und soziale Aspekte der klinisch-psychiatrischen Forschung: Forschungsaktivitäten in der BRD in ihrer Beziehung zur internationalen Forschung. In: Häfner H (Hrsg) Forschung für die seelische Gesundheit. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 98–122Google Scholar
  338. Möller HJ (1984) Extremitätengangrän nach intravenöser Injektion von Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt 55: 43–45PubMedGoogle Scholar
  339. Möller HJ (1987) Indikation und Differentialindikation der neuroleptischen Langzeitmedikation. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–198. Künftige Entwicklungen, Möglichkeiten und Probleme der Neuroleptikatherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 63–79Google Scholar
  340. Möller HJ (1990) Neuroleptische Langzeit-Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen. In: Heinrich K (Hrsg) Leitlinien neuroleptischer Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 97–115Google Scholar
  341. Möller HJ (1991) Typical neuroleptics in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms. In: Marneros A, Andreasen NC, Tsuang MT (eds) Negative versus positive schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 341–364Google Scholar
  342. Möller HJ (1992) Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen im Zeitalter der Neuroleptika-Therapie. Ergebnisse kontrollierter und naturalistischer Untersuchungen. Krankenhauspsychiatrie 3 (Sonderheft 1): 2–13Google Scholar
  343. Möller HJ (1993) Therapieresistenz unter Neuroleptikabehandlung. Springer, Wien New YorkGoogle Scholar
  344. Möller HJ (1996) Review: treatment of schizophrenia: state of the art. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 246: 229–234PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  345. Möller HJ (1997) Atypische Neuroleptika: Ist der Begriff gerechtfertigt? Psychopharmakotherapie 4: 130–132Google Scholar
  346. Möller HJ (1998 a) Atypische Neuroleptika: Definitionsprobleme, Wirkungsmechanismen und Wirksubstanzen. In: Möller HJ, Müller N (Hrsg) Schizophrenie — Moderne Konzepte zu Diagnostik, Pathogenese und Therapie. Münchener Kraepelin Symposium. Springer, Wien New York, S 207–226Google Scholar
  347. Möller HJ (1998 b) Der Stellenwert und die Grenzen neuer Neuroleptika in der Akuttherapie schizophrener Erkrankungen. In: Bandelow B, Rüther E (Hrsg) Therapie mit klassischen Neuroleptika — heute und morgen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 67–79Google Scholar
  348. Möller HJ (1999) Atypical neuroleptics: a new aproach in the treatment of negative symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249(Suppl 4): IV/99–IV/107Google Scholar
  349. Möller HJ (2000 a) State of the art of drug treatment of schizophrenia and the future position of the novel atypical antipsychotics. World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 204–214PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  350. Möller HJ (2000 b) Neue bzw. atypische Neuroleptika bei schizophrener Negativsymtpomatik. Nervenarzt 71: 345–353PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  351. Möller HJ (2000 c) Definition, psychopharmacological basis and clinical evaluation of novel/atypical neuroleptics: methodological issues and clinical consequences. World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 75–91PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  352. Möller HJ (2001) Are atypicals better than antipsychotics in long-term schizophrenia? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11(Suppl 3): S119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  353. Möller HJ (2003) Management of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. New treatment options. CNS Drugs 17: 793–823PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  354. Möller HJ (2004 a) Course and long-term treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. Pharmacopsychiatry 37: 126–135PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  355. Möller HJ (2004 b) Novel antipsychotics in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 5: 9–19PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  356. Möller HJ (2004 c) Non-neuroleptic approaches to treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254: 108–116PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  357. Möller HJ (2005 a) Occurence and treatment of depressive comorbidity/cosyndromality in schizophrenic psychoses: conceptual and treatment issues. World J Biol Psychiatry 6: 247–263PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  358. Möller HJ (2005 b) Antipsychotic and antidepressive effects of second generation antipsychotics. Two different pharmacological mechanisms? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 255: 190–201PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  359. Möller HJ (2005 c) Neue Antipsychotika nicht besser als die klassischen Neuroleptika? Die problematische Antwort der amerikanischen CATIE-Studie. Psychopharmakotherapie 12: 233–234Google Scholar
  360. Möller HJ (2005 d) Antidepressive effects of traditional and second generation antipsychotics: a review of the clinical data. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 255: 83–93PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  361. Möller HJ (2005 e) Schizophrenie und andere wahnhafte funktionelle Psychosen. In: Bergner M, Hampel H, Möller HJ, Zaudig M (Hrsg) Gerontopsychiatrie. Grundlagen, Klinik und Praxis. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 522–554Google Scholar
  362. Möller HJ (2007 a) The clinical relevance of long-acting injectable risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia: review of the indication and practical use. CNS Drugs (in press)Google Scholar
  363. Möller HJ (2007 b) »Effectiveness«-Studien: Ihre methodischen Mängel und ihre negativen Kosequenzen auf die Versorgung. Psychopharmakotherapie (im Druck)Google Scholar
  364. Möller HJ, Kasper S (2000) Die Rolle der Kognition in der Therapie schizophrener Störungen. Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
  365. Möller HJ, Kissling W (1986) Advantages and disadvantages of depotneuroleptics as maintenance medication for chronic schizophrenics. Clin Neuropharmacol 9(Suppl 4): 259–262PubMedGoogle Scholar
  366. Möller HJ, Kissling W (1987) Zur Frage der Beziehung zwischen Haloperidol-Serumspiegel und antipsychotischem Effekt. In: Heinrich K, Klieser E (Hrsg) Probleme der neuroleptischen Dosierung. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 85–95Google Scholar
  367. Möller HJ, Zerssen D von (1986 a) Der Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen unter den gegenwärtigen Behandlungsbedingungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York TokioGoogle Scholar
  368. Möller HJ, Zerssen D von (1986 b) Depression in schizophrenia. In: Burrows GD, Norman TR, Rubinstein G (eds) Handbook of studies on schizophrenia, Part I. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 183–191Google Scholar
  369. Möller HJ, Zerssen D von (1995) Course and outcome of schizophrenia. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 107–127Google Scholar
  370. Möller HJ, Nobis E, Moller C (1981) Erfahrungen beim Aufbau eines Realitätstrainings für schizophrene Patienten [Experiences in establishing a skill-training programme for schizophrenic inpatients (author’s transl)]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 31: 74–82PubMedGoogle Scholar
  371. Möller HJ, Kissling W, Lang C et al. (1982) Efficacy and side effects of haloperidol in psychotic patients: oral versus intravenous administration. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1571–1575PubMedGoogle Scholar
  372. Möller HJ, Kissling W, Zerssen D von (1983) Die prognostische Bedeutung des frühen Ansprechens schizophrener Patienten auf Neuroleptika für den weiteren stationären Behandlungsverlauf. Pharmacopsychiatria 16: 46–48PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  373. Möller HJ, Kissling W, Kockott G, Wittmann D (1985) Depot-neuroleptics in acute psychiatry. In: Pichot P, Berner P, Wolf R, Thau K (eds) Psychiatry. The state of the art, 3. edn. Plenum, New York, pp 764–769Google Scholar
  374. Möller HJ, Schmid-Bode W, Wittchen HU, Zerssen D von (1986) Outcome and prediction of outcome in schizophrenia: results from the literature and from two personal studies. In: Goldstein MJ, Hand I, Hahlweg K (eds) Treatment of schizophrenia. Family assessment and intervention. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 11–24Google Scholar
  375. Möller HJ, Müller H, Borison RL et al. (1995) A path-analytical approach to differentiate between direct and indirect drug effects on negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients. A re-evaluation of the North American Risperidone Study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 245: 45–49PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  376. Möller HJ, Boyer P, Fleurot O, Rein W (1997) Improvement of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia with amisulpride: a comparison with haloperidol. PROD-ASLP Study Group. Psychopharmacol 132: 396–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  377. Möller HJ, Bottlender R, Wagner U et al. (2000) Long-term course of schizophrenic, affective and schizoeaffective psychosis: focus on negative symptoms and their impact on global indicators of outcome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 102(Suppl 407): 54–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  378. Möller HJ, Müller N, Bandelow B (2001) Neuroleptika. Pharmakologische Grundlagen, klinisches Wissen und therapeutisches Vorgehen. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  379. Möller HJ, Bottlender R, Groß A et al. (2002) The Kreapelinian dichotomy: preliminary results of a 15-year-follow-up study on functional psychoses: focus on negative symptoms. Schizophr Res 56: 87–94PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  380. Möller HJ, Gaebel W, Naber D, Ruther E (2006) Atypische Antipsychotika in Deutschland. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Psychopharmakotherapie 13: 164–168Google Scholar
  381. Möller HJ, Riedel M, Jäger M et al. (2007) Comparison of risperidone and (low dose) haloperidol in the treatment of first-episode schizophrenia (In Vorbereitung)Google Scholar
  382. Möller-Leimkühler AM (2005) Burden of relatives and predictors of burden. Baseline results from the Munich 5-year-follow-up study on relatives of first hospitalized patients with schizophrenis or depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 255: 223–231PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  383. Möller-Leimkühler AM (2006) Mulitvariate prediction of relatives’ stress outcome on year after first hospitalization of schizophrenic and depressed patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256: 122–130PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  384. Moos RH (1974) Evaluating treatment environments. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  385. Moos R, Schwartz J (1972) Treatment environment and treatment outcome. J Nerv Ment Dis 154: 264–275PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  386. Moreno-Iniguez M, Ortuno F, Arbizu J et al. (2005) Regional cerebral blood flow SPECT study, at rest and during Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) performance, in schizophrenia naive patients or treated with atypical neuroleptics. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 33: 343–351PubMedGoogle Scholar
  387. Mueser KT (2004) Letter to the editor. Psychological Medicine 34: 1365–1367PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  388. Mueser KT, Berenbaum H (1990) Psychodynamic treatment of schizophrenia. Is there a future? Psychol Med 20: 253–262PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  389. Müller N, Schwarz MJ (2006) Neuroimmune-endocrine crosstalk in schizophrenia and mood disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 6: 1017–1038PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  390. Müller N, Riedel M, Gruber R et al. (2000) The immune system and schizophrenia. An integrative view. Ann N Acad Sci 917: 456–467Google Scholar
  391. Müller N, Riedel M, Scheppach C et al. (2002) Beneficial antipsychotic effects of celecoxib add-on therapy compared to risperidone alone in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 159: 1029–1034PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  392. Müller P (1983) Was sollen wir Schizophrenen raten? Medikamentöse Langzeitprophylaxe oder Intervallbehandlung? Nervenarzt 54: 477–485PubMedGoogle Scholar
  393. Müller P (1991) Psychotherapie bei schizophrenen Psychosen — historische Entwicklung, Effizienz und gegenwärtig Anerkanntes. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 59: 277–285PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  394. Müller WE (1987) Neurobiochemie der Neuroleptika. In: Pichot P, Moller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Kunftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 9–26Google Scholar
  395. Müller-Spahn F (1990) Die Bedeutung von Neuroleptika der neueren Generation in der Therapie schizophrener Patienten mit Minussymptomatik. In: Möller HJ, Pelzer E (Hrsg) Neuere Ansätze zur Diagnostik und Therapie schizophrener Minussymptomatik. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 207–215Google Scholar
  396. Mundt C, Kasper S (1987) Zur Schizophreniespezifität von negativen und Basis-Symptomen. Nervenarzt 58:489–495PubMedGoogle Scholar
  397. Murray RM, Lewis SW (1987) Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J 295: 681–682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  398. Myers K, Clark DH (1972) Results in a therapeutic community. Br J Psychiatry 120: 51–58PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  399. Naber D, Karow A (2001) Good tolerability equals good results: the patient’s perspective. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11(Suppl 4): S391–S396PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  400. Naber D, Lambert M, Karow A (2004) Subjektive Befindlichkeit unter neuroleptischer Behandlung und ihre Bedeutung für Compliance und Krankheitsverlauf. Psychiatr Prax 31(Suppl 2): S230–S232PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  401. Nedopil N, Rüther E (1981) Initial improvement as predictor of outcome of neuroleptic treatment. Pharmacopsychiatria 14: 205–207PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  402. Nedopil N, Eben E, Klein H et al. (1985) High-dosage neuroleptic therapy for acute schizophrenic patients — two double-blind studies with benperidol. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 63–66PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  403. Nemeroff CB (1997) Dosing the antipsychotic medication olanzapine. J Clin Psychiatry 58(Suppl 10): 45–49PubMedGoogle Scholar
  404. Northoff G, Water H, Mooren I et al. (1999) Cortical sulcal enlargement in catatonic schizophrenia: a planimetric CT study. Psychiatry Res 91: 45–54PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  405. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME (1984) Informations processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 10: 160–203PubMedGoogle Scholar
  406. Oehl M, Hummer M, Fleischhacker WW (2000) Compliance with antipsychotic treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 407: 83–86PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  407. Olbrich R, Mussgay L (1990) Reduction of schizophrenic deficits by cognitive training: An evaluative study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 239: 366–369PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  408. Olney JW, Labruyere J, Price MT (1989) Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs. Science 244: 1360–1362PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  409. Ortuno F, Moreno-Iniguez M, Millan M et al. (2006) Cortical blood flow during rest and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance in schizophrenia. Wien Med Wochenschr 156: 179–184PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  410. Pantelis C, Yucel M, Wood SJ et al. (2005) Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 31: 672–696PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  411. Paul G, Lentz R (1977) Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients. Milieu vs. Social-learning-programs. Harvard University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
  412. Pekkala E, Merinder L (2006) Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). Oxford: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Update SoftwareGoogle Scholar
  413. Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, Lieberman JA (2005) Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1785–1804PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  414. Peuskens J, Bech P, Möller HJ et al., Amisulpride study group (1999) Amisulpride vs. Risperidone in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 88: 107–117PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  415. Pharoah FM, Mari JJ, Streiner DL (2006) Family intervention for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). Oxford: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, Update SoftwareGoogle Scholar
  416. Pietzcker A (1978) Langzeit-Medikation bei schizophrenen Kranken. Nervenarzt 49: 518–533PubMedGoogle Scholar
  417. Pietzcker A, Popenberg A, Schley J, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (1981) Outcome and risks of ultralong-term treatment with an oral neuroleptic drug. Relationship between perazine serum levels and clinical variables in schizophrenic outpatients. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 229: 315–329PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  418. Pishkin V (1972) Concept identification and psychophysiological parameters in depressed schizophrenics as functions of imipramine and nialamide. J Clin Psychiatry 36: 569–575Google Scholar
  419. Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E et al. (2002) Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation. Psychological Medicine 32: 783–791PubMedGoogle Scholar
  420. Pinto A, La Pia S, Mennella R et al. (1999) Cognitive-behavioral therapy and clozapine for clients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 50: 901–904PubMedGoogle Scholar
  421. Pitschel-Walz G, Leucht S, Bäuml J et al. (2001) The Effect of Family Interventions on Relapse and Rehospitalization in Schziophrenia — A Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull 27: 73–92PubMedGoogle Scholar
  422. Pitschel-Walz G, Bäuml J, Bender W et al. (2006) Psychoeducation and compliance in the treatment of schizophrenia: results of the Munich Psychosis Information Project Study. J Clin Psychiatry 67: 443–452PubMedGoogle Scholar
  423. Priebe S, Wildgrube C, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (1989) Lithiumprophylaxis and expressed emotion. Br J Psychiatry 154: 396–399PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  424. Propping P, Nöthen MM, Körner J et al. (1994) Assoziationsuntersuchungen bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 65: 725–740PubMedGoogle Scholar
  425. Prusoff BA, Williams DH, Weisman MM, Astrachan BA (1979) Treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline added to perphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 569–575PubMedGoogle Scholar
  426. Puech A, Fleurot O, Rein W, The Amisulprid Study Group (1998) Amisulpride and atypical antipsychotic in the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia: a dose ranging study vs. haloperidol. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98: 65–72PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  427. Putten T van, May PRA (1978) Subjective response as a predictor of outcome in pharmacopsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 477–480PubMedGoogle Scholar
  428. Putten T van, May PRA, Marder SR, Wittmann LA (1981) Subjective response to antipsychotic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 187–190PubMedGoogle Scholar
  429. Putten T van, May PRA, Marder SR (1984) Response to antipsychotic medication: the doctor’s and the consumer’s view. Am J Psychiatry 141: 16–19PubMedGoogle Scholar
  430. Rao ML, Möller HJ (1994) Biochemical findings of negative symptoms in schizophrenia and their putative relevance to pharmacological treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 30: 160–172Google Scholar
  431. Rapoport JL, Addington AM, Frangou S, Psych MR (2005) The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: Update 2005. Mol Psychiatry 10: 434–449PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  432. Razali MS, Yahya H (1995) Compliance with treatment in schizophrenia: a drug intervention program in a developing country. Acta Psychiatr Scand 91: 331–335PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  433. Reimer F, Müller O, Schelling U, Willis E (1975) Erste Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung über Leistungsausfälle bei chronisch psychisch Kranken. In: Huber G (Hrsg) Therapie, Rehabilitation und Prävention schizophrener Erkrankungen. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 217–228Google Scholar
  434. Reker T, Eikelmann B (2000) Ergotherapie: Arbeits-und Beschäftigungstherapie. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 122–138Google Scholar
  435. Resch F, Strobl R (1989) Selbstmord bei schizophrenen Patienten. Psychiatr Prax 16: 136–140PubMedGoogle Scholar
  436. Richelson E, Nelson A (1984) Antagonism by neuroleptics of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 103: 197–204PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  437. Riecher-Rössler A (2003 a) Oestrogens and schizophrenia — Review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 16: 187–192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  438. Riecher-Rössler A (2003 b) Östrogene und gonadale Achse — Implikation für die Therapie von Frauen mit Schizophrenie — Übersicht. Nervenarzt 74: 389–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  439. Riecher-Rössler A (2005) Östrogene and gonadal function in schizophrenia. Advances in Schizophrenia and Clinical Psychiatry 2: 10–16Google Scholar
  440. Riedel M, Strassnig M, Möller HJ, Müller N (2004) Elektrokonvulsionstherapie bei Neuroleptika-Therapie-Refraktärität schizophrener Erkrankungen. In: Baghai TC, Frey R, Kasper S, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Elektrokonvulsionstherapie. Klinische und wissenschaftliche Aspekte. Springer, Wien New York, S 428–443Google Scholar
  441. Riley B, Kendler KS (2006) Molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia. Eur J Human Gen 14: 669–680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  442. Roder V, Brenner HD, Kienzle N (2002) Integriertes psychologisches Therapieprogramm bei schizophren Erkrankten, IPT. Beltz, PVU, WeinheimGoogle Scholar
  443. Roder V, Mueller DR, Mueser KT, Brenner HD (2006) Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) for schizophrenia: Is it effective? Schizophr Bull 32: S81–S93PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  444. Rohde A, Schaefer C (2006) Psychopharmakotherapie in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, 2. Aufl. Thieme, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  445. Rosenheck R, Chang S, Choe Y et al. (2000) Medication continuation and compliance: a comparison of patients treated with clozapine and haloperidol. J Clin Psychiatry 61: 382–386PubMedGoogle Scholar
  446. Rosenheck R, Evans D, Herz L et al. (1999) How long to wait for response to clozapine: a comparison of time course of response to clozapine and conventional antipsychotic medication in refractory schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25: 709–719PubMedGoogle Scholar
  447. Ruhrmann S, Schultze-Lutter F, Klosterkötter J (2003) Early detection and intervention in the initial prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(Suppl 3): S162–S167PubMedGoogle Scholar
  448. Rujescu D, Bender A, Keck M et al. (2006) A pharmacological model for psychosis based on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction: molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral abnormalities. Biol Psychiatry 59: 721–729PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  449. Rümke HC (1958) Die klinische Differenzierung innerhalb der Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Nervenarzt 29: 49–53PubMedGoogle Scholar
  450. Rummel-Kluge C, Pitschel-Walz G, Bäuml J, Kissling W (2006) Psychoeducation in schizophrenia — results of a survey of all psychiatric institutions in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Schizophr Bull 32: 765–775PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  451. Rupprecht R, Soyka M, Grohmann R et al. (2004) Zur Problematik der Kombination von Clozapin mit enzodiazepinen. Nervenarzt 75: 857–860PubMedGoogle Scholar
  452. Saraceno B, Levav I, Kohn R (2005) The public mental health significance of research on socio-economic factors in schizophrenia and major depression. World Psychiatry 4: 181–185PubMedGoogle Scholar
  453. Saß H (1990) Operationale Diagnostik in der Psychiatrie. Nervenarzt 61: 255–258PubMedGoogle Scholar
  454. Schäfer M, Conca A (2004) Elektrokonvulsionstherapie bei der akuten Katatonie und akuten schizophrenen Erkrankungen. In: Baghai TC, Frey R, Kasper S, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Elektrokonvulsionstherapie. Klinische und wissenschaftliche Aspekte. Springer, Wien, New York, S 406–427Google Scholar
  455. Schaub A (1999) Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei schizophrenen Psychosen. Historischer Hintergrund und aktuelle Situation. Fundamenta Psychiatrica 13: 89–101Google Scholar
  456. Schaub A (2002) New Family Interventions and Associated Research in Psychiatric Disorders. Springer, WienGoogle Scholar
  457. Schaub A (2003) Coping-Forschung und bewältigungsorientierte Therapien bei schizophrenen Störungen. In: Bäuml J, Pitschel-Walz G (Hrsg) Psychoedukation bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 173–191Google Scholar
  458. Schaub A (2006) Spezialstationen in der Behandlung schizophrener Psychosen — historischer Hintergrund und aktuelle Situation in Deutschland. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Handbuch der Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 318–324Google Scholar
  459. Schaub A, Behrendt B, Brenner HD et al. (1998) Training schizophrenic patients manage their symptoms: predictors of treatment response to the German version of the symptom management module. Schizophr Res 31: 121–130PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  460. Schaub A, Bernhard B, Gauck L (2004) Kognitiv-psychoedukative Therapie bei bipolaren Erkrankungen. Ein Therapiemanual. Hogrefe, GöttingenGoogle Scholar
  461. Schaub A, Kümmler P, Goldmann U et al. (2005) Bewältigungsorientierte Ansätze bei depressiven, bipolaren und schizophrenen Erkrankungen. In: Behrendt B, Schaub A (Hrsg) Handbuch Psychoedukation und Selbstmanagement. Verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze in der Praxis. Tübingen, DGVT, S 193–207Google Scholar
  462. Schaub A, Roth E, Goldmann U (2006) Kognitiv-psychoedukative Therapie zur Bewältigung von Depressionen. Ein Therapiemanual. Hogrefe, GöttingenGoogle Scholar
  463. Schmitt GJE, Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T et al. (2005) The striatal dopamine transporter in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenic patients: evaluation by the new SPECT-ligand[99mTc]TRODAT-1. J Psychopharmacol 19: 488–493PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  464. Schmitt GJE, Dresel S, la Fougere C et al. (2007 a) The productive psychotic syndrome is associated with a strital hyperdopaminergic state: Evidence from dual isotope SPECT imaging. Schizophr Res (eingereicht)Google Scholar
  465. Schmitt GJE, Dresel S, Frodl T et al. (2007 b) Dual isotope SPECT imaging at the strital dopaminergic synapse: A comparative study between never treated and haloperidol treated first episode schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry (eingereicht)Google Scholar
  466. Schreiber H, Kornhuber HH (1995) Biologische Marker in der Psychiatrie: Forschungskonzept und bisherige Ergebnisse am Beispiel der Schizophrenie. In: Lieb K, Riemann D, Berger M (Hrsg) Biologischpsychiatrische Forschung. Ein Überblick. Fischer, Stuttgart Jena New York, S 196–218Google Scholar
  467. Schulz SC, Buckley PF (1995) Treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 469–484Google Scholar
  468. Schwarz F (1985) Effizenz psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen — derzeitiger Forschungsstand. In: Psychologische Hilfen für Behinderte. Weissenhof-Verlag Dr. Jens Kunow, Weinsberg, S 51–61Google Scholar
  469. Sedvall G (1990) Monoamines and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82(Suppl 358): 7–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  470. Seemann P (1986) Dopamine/neuroleptic receptors in schizophrenia. In: Burrows GD, Norman TR, Rubinstein G (eds) Handbook of studies on schizophrenia. Part 2: Management and research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 243–251Google Scholar
  471. Seemann P (1987) Dopamine receptors. In: Creese I, Fraser CM (eds) Receptor biochemistry and methodology, 8. edn. Alen R. Liss, New York, pp 233–245Google Scholar
  472. Seemann P, Tittler M, Tedesco J, Lee T (1977) Neuroleptic sites of membrane action: Non-specific (anesthetic) and specific dopamine receptors. In: Keverling-Buisman JA (ed) Biological activity and chemical structure. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 131–145Google Scholar
  473. Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF et al. (2003) Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III: Bipolar Disorder. Am J Hum Genet 73: 49–62PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  474. Shalev A, Hermesh H, Rothberg J, Munitz H (1993) Poor neuroleptic response in acutely exacerbated schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87: 86–91PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  475. Shapleske J, Rossell SL, Woodruff PW, David AS (1999) The planum temporale: a systemic, quantitative review of its structural, functional and clinical significance. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 29: 26–49PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  476. Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolez FA et al. (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 327: 604–612PubMedGoogle Scholar
  477. Simpson GM, Amin M, Angus JWS (1972) Role of antidepressants and neuroleptics in the treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27: 337–347PubMedGoogle Scholar
  478. Siris SG (2000) Depression in schizophrenia: perspective in the era of »atypical« antipsychotic agents. Am J Psychiatry 157: 1379–1389PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  479. Siris SG, van Kammen DP, Docherty JP (1978) Use of antidepressant drugs in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1368–1377PubMedGoogle Scholar
  480. Slone D, Siskind V, Heinonen OP et al. (1977) Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 486–488PubMedGoogle Scholar
  481. Soyka M, Winter C, Kagerer S et al. (2005) Effects of haloperidol and risperidone on psychomotor performance relevant to driving ability in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. J Psych Res 39: 101–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  482. Speller JC, Barnes TRE, Curson DA et al. (1997) One-year, low dose neuroleptic study of in-patient with chronic schizophrenia characterized by persistent negative symptoms — amisulpride vs. haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry 171: 564–568PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  483. Stanton AH, Gunderson JG, Knapp PH et al. (1984) Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: I. Design and implementation of a controlled study. Schizophr Bull 10: 520–563PubMedGoogle Scholar
  484. Stone MH (1986) Exploratory psychotherapy in schizophrenia-spectrum patients. Bull Menninger Clin 50: 287–306PubMedGoogle Scholar
  485. Stotz-Ingenlath G, Kind H (2006) Supportives ärztliches Gespräch. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 15–22Google Scholar
  486. Strehse W (1977) Der Versuch einer Systematik in der psychiaitrischen Rehabilitationsforschung. In: Reimer F (Hrsg) Arbeitstherapie — Praxis und Probleme in der Psychiatrie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 40–67Google Scholar
  487. Suddath RL, Christison GW, Torrey EF et al. (1990) Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 322: 62–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  488. Süllwold L, Herrlich J (1990) Psychologische Behandlung schizophren Erkrankter. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin KölnGoogle Scholar
  489. Sulz SKD (2006) Verhaltenstherapie. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. 3. Aufl., Thieme, Stuttgart, S 74–83Google Scholar
  490. Summerfelt AT, Alphs LD, Funderburk FR et al. (1991) Impaired Wisconsin Card Sort performance in schizophrenia may reflect motivational deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 282–283PubMedGoogle Scholar
  491. Swayze VW, Andreasen NC, Alliger RJ et al. (1992) Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 31: 221–240PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  492. Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Moran M et al. (1994) Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia: observations from human and animal model studies. J Clin Psychiatry 55(Suppl 9): 102–106PubMedGoogle Scholar
  493. Tandon R, Greden JF (1989) Cholinergic hyperactivity and negative schizophrenic symptoms. A model of cholinergic/dopaminergic interactions in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 745–753PubMedGoogle Scholar
  494. Tandon R, Harrigan E, Zorn SH (1997) Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic with unique pharmacology and therapeutic potential. J Serotonin Res 4: 159–177Google Scholar
  495. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Vaughan C et al. (1988) Community management of schizophrenia: A controlled trial of a behavioral intervention with families to reduce relapse. Br J Psychiatry 153: 532–542PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  496. Tarrier N, Beckett R, Harwood S et al. (1993 a) A trial of two cognitivebehavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. Outcome. Br J Psychiatry 162: 524–532PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  497. Tarrier N, Sharpe L, Beckett R et al. (1993 b) A trial of two cognitive behavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. II. Treatment-specific changes in coping and problem-solving skills. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 28: 5–10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  498. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Porceddu K, Fitzpatrick E (1994) The Salford family intervention project: relapse rates of schizophrenia at five and eight years. British Journal of Psychiatry 165: 829–832PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  499. Tegeler J (1987) Differentielle Indikation der neuroleptischen Akutbehandlung Schizophrener. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau, 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 47–61Google Scholar
  500. Tegeler J (1990) Empirische Befunde zum Einsatz von Antidepressiva zur Therapie von Minussymptomatik. In: Möller HJ, Pelzer E (Hrsg) Neuere Ansätze zur Diagnostok und Therapie schizophrener Minussymptomatik. Springer, Berlin Heidelber New York, S 241–252Google Scholar
  501. Tegeler J (1993) Vorgehen bei Neuroleptika-Nonrespondern. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Enke, Stuttgart, S 196–200Google Scholar
  502. Tegeler J, Lehmann E, Stockschläder M (1980) Zur Wirksamkeit der langfristigen ambulanten Behandlung Schizophrener mit Depotund Langzeit-Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt 51: 654–661PubMedGoogle Scholar
  503. Tienari P (1991) Gene-environment interaction in adoptive families. In: Häfner H, Gattaz WF (ed) Search for the causes of schizophrenia, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 126–143Google Scholar
  504. Tompkins LM, Goldman RS, Axelrod BN (1995) Modifiability of neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 38: 105–111PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  505. Tran PV, Dellva MA, Tollefson GD et al. (1998) Oral olanzapine vs. oral haloperidol in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 172: 499–505PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  506. Trixler M, Gati A, Fekete S, Tenyi T (2005) Use of antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia during pregnancy. Drugs 65: 1193–1206PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  507. Twarmley EW, Jeste DV, Bellack AS (2003) A review of cognitive training in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 29: 359–382Google Scholar
  508. Ungerstedt U, Herrera-Marschitz M, Stahle L et al. (1985) Functional classification of different receptors. Psychopharmacology Suppl 2: 19–30PubMedGoogle Scholar
  509. Vaughn C, Leff J (1976) The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients. Br J Soc Psychol 15: 157–165Google Scholar
  510. Volz H, Gaser C, Hager F et al. (1997) Brain activation during cognitive stimulation with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test — a functional MRI study of healthy volunteers and schizophrenics. Psychiatry Res 75: 145–157PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  511. Volz H, Gaser C, Hager F et al. (1999) Decreased frontal activation in schizophrenics during stimulation with the continuous performance test — a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Psychiatry 14: 17–24PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  512. Volz G, Gaser C, Sauer H (2000 a) Supporting evidence for the model of cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia — a structural magnetic resonance imaging study using deformation-based morphometry. Schizophr Res 46: 45–56PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  513. Volz H, Kasper S, Möller HJ et al. (2000 b) Die Rolle der Kognition in der Therapie schizophrener Störungen. Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
  514. Walker JM, Browen WD, Walker FO et al. (1990) Sigma receptors: biology and function. Pharmacol Rev 42: 355–402PubMedGoogle Scholar
  515. Watt DC, Katz K, Shepherd M (1983) The natural history of schizophrenia: a 5-year prospective follow-up of a representative sample of schizophrenics by means of a standardized clinical and social assessment. Psychol Med 13: 663–670PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  516. Weig W (2000) Die Rehabilitationseinrichtung für psychisch Kranke und Behinderte RPK-Eine Standortbestimmung. In: Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft für Rehabilitation (Hrsg) Rehabilitation psychisch Kranker und Behinderter. Frankfurt a.M., S 5–10Google Scholar
  517. Weig W (2002) Rehabilitation. In: Schmauß M (Hrsg) Schizophrenie — Pathognese, Diagnostik und Therapie. UNI-MED Science, Bremen London Boston, S 264–270Google Scholar
  518. Weig W (2003) Rehabilitation psychisch Kranker unter der Bedingung des deutschen Sozialrechts in Abgrenzung von der ambulanten Soziotherapie. Krankenhaustherapie 14: 134–137Google Scholar
  519. Weinberger DR, McClure RK (2002) Neurotoxicity, neuroplasticity and magnetic resonance imaging morphometry: what is happening in the schizophrenic brain? Arch Gen Psychiatry 59: 553–558PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  520. Weiner B (1984) Motivationspsychologie. Beltz, Weinheim BaselGoogle Scholar
  521. Weinmann S, Becker T (2006) Soziotherapeutisches Gesamtkonzept. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 113–123Google Scholar
  522. Wetzel H, Grunder G, Hillert A, Phillip M, The Amisulprid Study Group et al. (1998) Amisulpride vs. flupentixol in schizophrenia with predominantly positive symptomatology — a double-blind controlled study comparing a selective D2-like antagonist. Psychopharmacology 137: 223–232PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  523. Wiedemann G, Klingberg S (2003) Psychotherapie produktiver Symptomatik bei Patienten mit schizophrener Psychose. Nervenarzt 74: 76PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  524. Wiedemann G, Klingberg S, Pitschel-Walz G, Arbeitsgruppe Psychoedukation (2003) Psychoedukative Interventionen in der Behandlung von Patienten mit schizophrenen Störungen. Nervenarzt 74: 789–808CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  525. Wiegant VM, Ronken E, Kovacs G, de Wied D (1992) Endophins and schizophrenia. Prog Brain Res 93: 433–453PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  526. Wienhard K (1995) Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) in Psychiatrie und Neurologie. In: Lieb K, Riemann D, Berger M (Hrsg) Biologisch-psychiatrische Forschung. Ein Ü berblick. Fischer, Stuttgart Jena, S 167–182Google Scholar
  527. Wiesel FA, Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Sedvall G (1990) Die Bedeutung der D1-und D2-Dopaminrezeptor-Blockade für die antipsychotische Wirkung von Neuroleptika. Eine PET-Studie an schizophrenen Patienten. In: Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Möller HJ, Rüther E (Hrsg) Thiocanthene in der neuroleptischen Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 13–24Google Scholar
  528. Wiles DH, Kolakowska T, McNeilly AS et al. (1967) Clinical significance of plasma clorpromazine levels. I. Plasma levels of drug, some of its metabolits and prolactin during acute treatment. Psychol Med 6: 407–415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  529. Wing JK (1976) Eine praktische Grundlage für die Soziotherapie bei Schizophrenie. In: Huber G (Hrsg) Therapie, Rehabilitation und Prävention schizophrener Erkrankungen. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 31–54Google Scholar
  530. Wing JK (1978) Clinical concepts of schizophrenia. In: Wing JK (ed) Schizophrenia. Towards a new synthesis. Academic Press, London/Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 1–30Google Scholar
  531. Wing JK (1989) The concept of negative symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 155(Suppl 7): 10–14Google Scholar
  532. Wing JK, Brown GW (1970) Institutionalism and schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  533. Wing JK, Bennet DH, Denham J (1964) The industrial rehabilitation of long-stay schizophrenic patients. A study of 45 patients at an industrial unit. Memo Medical Research Council 42: 1–42Google Scholar
  534. Woggon B (1980) Veränderungen der psychopathologischen Symptomatik während 10tägiger antidepressiver oder neuroleptischer Behandlung. Psychiatria Clinica 13: 150–164PubMedGoogle Scholar
  535. Woggon B (1983) Prognose der Psychopharmakotherapie. Klinische Untersuchungen zur Voraussagbarkeit des Kurzzeittherapieerfolges von Neuroleptika und Antidepressiva. Enke, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
  536. Wolfersdorf M, Keller F (2000) Patientensuizide während stationärer psychiatrischer Therapie. Neue Entwicklungen. Psychiatr Prax 27: 277–281PubMedGoogle Scholar
  537. Wolkowitz OM, Breier A, Doran AR et al. (1988) Alprazolam augmentation of the antipsychotic effects of fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 664–671PubMedGoogle Scholar
  538. Woodward ND, Purdon SE, Meltzer HY, Zald DH (2005) A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8: 475–472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  539. World Health Organisation (WHO) (1991) Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH (eds) 10th revision of the International Classification of Deseases, Chapter V (F). Mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Huber, Bern Stuttgart Göttingen TorontoGoogle Scholar
  540. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PWR et al. (2000) Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157: 16–25PubMedGoogle Scholar
  541. Wunderlich U, Wiedemann G, Buchkremer G (1996) Sind psychosoziale Interventionen bei schizophrenen Patienten wirksam? Eine Metaanalyse. Verhaltenstherapie 6: 4–13Google Scholar
  542. Wykes T, Reeder C, Corner J et al. (1999) The effects of neurocognitive remediation on executive processing in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25: 291–307PubMedGoogle Scholar
  543. Xiong W, Phillips MR, Hu X et al. (1994) Family based intervention for schizophrenic patients in China: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 165: 239–247PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  544. Young AH, Blackwood DH, Roxborough H et al. (1991) A magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: brain structure and clinical symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 158: 158–64PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  545. Zhao J, He X, Liu Z, Yang D (2006) The effects of clozapine on cognitive funktion and regional cerebral blood flow in the negative symptom profile schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Med 36: 171–181PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  546. Zimbroff DL, Kane JM, Tamminga CA et al., Sertindol Study Group (1997) Controlled, dose-response study of sertindole and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154: 782–791PubMedGoogle Scholar
  547. Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V (2005) The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 77: 1–9PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  548. Zorn SH, Lebel LA, Schmidt AW, et al. (1999) Pharmacological and neurochemical studies with the new antipsychotic ziprasidone. In: Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Archer T (eds) Interactive Monoaminergic Brain Disorders. Madrid, Spain: Editorial Sintesis, pp 377–393Google Scholar
  549. Zubin J (1985) Negative symptoms: are they indigenous to schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 11: 461–470PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  • H. -J. Möller
    • 1
  • A. Deister
    • 2
  • A. Schaub
    • 1
  • M. Riedel
    • 1
  1. 1.Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und PsychotherapieKlinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMünchen
  2. 2.Abteilung für PsychiatrieKrankenhaus ItzehoeItzehoe

Personalised recommendations