Social Order and Adaptability in Animal and Human Cultures as Analogues for Agent Communities: Toward a Policy-Based Approach

  • Paul J. Feltovich
  • Jeffrey M. Bradshaw
  • Renia Jeffers
  • Niranjan Suri
  • Andrzej Uszok
Conference paper
Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 3071)

Abstract

In this paper we discuss some of the ways social order is maintained in animal and human realms, with the goal of enriching our thinking about mechanisms that might be employed in developing similar means of ordering communities of agents. We present examples from our current work in human-agent teamwork, and we speculate about some new directions this kind of research might take. Since communities also need to change over time to cope with changing circumstances, we also speculate on means that regulatory bodies can use to adapt.

Keywords

Joint Activity Social Order Agent Autonomy Artificial Agent Human Culture 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Acquisti, A., Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W.J., Bradshaw, J.M.: Agent-based modeling of collaboration and work practices onboard the International Space Station. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Computer-Generated Forces and Behavior Representation, Orlando, FL, USA (2002)Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Allen, J.F., Ferguson, G.: Human-machine collaborative planning. In: Proceedings of the NASA Planning and Scheduling Workshop, Houston, TX, USA (2002)Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Asimov, I.: Runaround. In: Asimov, I. (ed.) I, Robot, pp. 33–51. Grafton Books, London (1942/1968); Originally published in Astounding Science Fiction, pp. 94- 103 (1942)Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Barber, K.S., Gamba, M., Martin, C.E.: Representing and analyzing adaptive decision-making frameworks. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 23–42. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Boella, G.: Obligations and cooperation: Two sides of social rationality. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 57–78. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Boman, M.: Norms in artificial decision-making. Artificial Intelligence and Law 7, 17–35 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Bradshaw, J.M., Beautement, P., Raj, A., Johnson, M., Kulkarni, S., Suri, N.: Making agents acceptable to people. In: Zhong, N., Liu, J. (eds.) Intelligent Technologies for Information Analysis: Advances in Agents, Data Mining, and Statistical Learning, Springer, Berlin (2003) (in press)Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Bradshaw, J.M., Boy, G., Durfee, E., Gruninger, M., Hexmoor, H., Suri, N., Tambe, M., Uschold, M., Vitek, J. (eds.): Software Agents for the Warfighter. ITAC Consortium Report. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2003)Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Bradshaw, J.M., Jung, H., Kulkarni, S., Taysom, W.: Dimensions of adjustable autonomy and mixed-initiative interaction. In: Klusch, M., Weiss, G., Rovatsos, M. (eds.) Computational Autonomy, Springer, Berlin (2004) (in press)Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Bradshaw, J.M., Sierhuis, M., Acquisti, A., Feltovich, P., Hoffman, R., Jeffers, R., Prescott, D., Suri, N., Uszok, A., Van Hoof, R.: Adjustable autonomy and human-agent teamwork in practice: An interim report on space applications. In: Hexmoor, H., Falcone, R., Castelfranchi, C. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 243–280. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Bradshaw, J.M., Sierhuis, M., Gawdiak, Y., Jeffers, R., Suri, N., Greaves, M.: Adjustable autonomy and teamwork for the Personal Satellite Assistant. In: Proceedings of the IJCAI 2001 Workshop on Autonomy, Delegation, and Control: Interacting with Autonomous Agents, Seattle, WA, USA (2001)Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Bradshaw, J.M., Suri, N., Breedy, M.R., Canas, A., Davis, R., Ford, K.M., Hoffman, R., Jeffers, R., Kulkarni, S., Lott, J., Reichherzer, T., Uszok, A.: Terraforming cyberspace. In: Marinescu, D.C., Lee, C. (eds.) Process Coordination and Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 165–185. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2002); Updated and expanded version of an article that originally appeared in IEEE Intelligent Systems, pp. 49-56 (July 2001)Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Breazeal, C., Scassellati, B.: How to build robots that make friends and influence people. In: IROS, Kyonjiu, Korea (1999)Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Calmet, J., Daemi, A., Endsuleit, R., Mie, T.: A liberal approach to openess in societies of agents. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds.) ESAW 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3071, pp. 81–92. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Clark, H.H.: Using Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Clarke, R.: Asimov’s laws of robotics: Implications for information technology, Parts 1 and 2. IEEE Computer, 53-61/57-66 (December/January 1993-1994)Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Cohen, P.R., Levesque, H.J.: Teamwork. Technote 504. SRI International, Menlo Park (March 1991)Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Cohen, R., Fleming, M.: Adjusting the autonomy in mixed-initiative systems by reasoning about interaction. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 105–122. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Conte, R., Castelfranchi, C.: Cognitive and social action. UCL Press, London (1995)Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Cook, R.I., Woods, D.D.: Operating at the sharp end: The complexity of human error. In: Bogner, S.U. (ed.) Human Error in Medicine, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1994)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    d’Inverno, M., Luck, M.: Understanding Agent Systems. Springer, Berlin (2001)MATHGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Damianou, N., Dulay, N., Lupu, E.C., Sloman, M.S.: Ponder: A Language for Specifying Security and Management Policies for Distributed Systems, Version 2.3. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of Computing, October 20 (2000)Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Dorais, G., Bonasso, R.P., Kortenkamp, D., Pell, B., Schrekenghost, D.: Adjustable autonomy for human-centered autonomous systems on Mars. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Agents with Adjustable Autonomy. AAAI Technical Report SS-99-06, AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1999)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Dorais, G., Desiano, S.D., Gawdiak, Y., Nicewarmer, K.: An autonomous control system for an intra-vehicular spacecraft mobile monitor prototype. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS 2003), Nara, Japan (2003)Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Falcone, R., Castelfranchi, C.: From automaticity to autonomy: The frontier of artificial agents. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 79–103. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Feltovich, P., Bradshaw, J.M., Jeffers, R., Uszok, A.: Order and KAoS: Using policy to represent agent cultures. In: Proceedings of the AAMAS 2003 Workshop on Humans and Multi-Agent Systems, Melbourne, Australia (2003)Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Fox, J., Das, S.: Safe and Sound: Artificial Intelligence in Hazardous Applications. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Menlo Park, CA (2000)Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Gawdiak, Y., Bradshaw, J.M., Williams, B., Thomas, H.: R2D2 in a softball: The Personal Satellite Assistant. In: Lieberman, H. (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2000), pp. 125–128. ACM Press, New York (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Geertz, C.: The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, New York (1973)Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Greaves, M., Holmback, H., Bradshaw, J.M.: What is a conversation policy? In: Greaves, M., Bradshaw, J.M. (eds.) Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents 1999 Workshop on Specifying and Implementing Conversation Policies, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 1–9 (1999)Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Hancock, P.A., Scallen, S.F.: Allocating functions in human-machine systems. In: Hoffman, R., Sherrick, M.F., Warm, J.S. (eds.) Viewing Psychology as a Whole, pp. 509–540. American Psychological Association, Washington (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Hohfeld, W.N.: Fundamental legal conceptions as applied in judicial reasoning. Yale Law Journal, 23 (1913)Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Horvitz, E.: Principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 1999), Pittsburgh, PA, ACM Press, New York (1999)Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Horvitz, E., Jacobs, A., Hovel, D.: Attention-sensitive alerting. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty and Artificial Intelligence (UAI 1999), Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 305–313 (1999)Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Johnson, M., Chang, P., Jeffers, R., Bradshaw, J.M., Soo, V.-W., Breedy, M.R., Bunch, L., Kulkarni, S., Lott, J., Suri, N., Uszok, A.: KAoS semantic policy and domain services: An application of DAML to Web services-based grid architectures. In: Proceedings of the AAMAS 2003 Workshop on Web Services and Agent-Based Engineering, Melbourne, Australia (2003)Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Jordan, M., Atkinson, M.: Orthogonal persistence for Java—A mid-term report. Sun Microsystems Laboratories (1998)Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Kagal, L., Finin, T., Joshi, A.: A policy language for pervasive systems. In: Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks, Lago di Como, Italy (2003), http://umbc.edu/~finin/papers/policy03.pdf
  38. 38.
    Kahn, M., Cicalese, C.: CoABS Grid Scalability Experiments. In: Rana, O.F. (ed.) Second International Workshop on Infrastructure for Scalable Multi-Agent Systems at the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York (2001)Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Knoll, G., Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M.: Path-based security for mobile agents. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop onthe Security of Mobile Multi-Agent Systems (SEMAS 2001) at the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents 2001), pp. 54–60. ACM Press, New York (2001)Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Krogh, C., Herrestad, H.: Hohfeld in Cyberspace and other applications of normative reasoning in agent technology. Artificial Intelligence and Law 7(1), 81–96 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Lopez y Lopez, F., Luck, M., d’Inverno, M.: A framework for norm-based inter-agent dependence. In: Proceedings of the Third Mexican Internation Conference on Computer Science (2001)Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Lopez y Lopez, F., Luck, M., d’Inverno, M.: Constraining autonomy through norms. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Bologna, Italy, pp. 674–681 (2002)Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Maes, P.: Agents that reduce work and information overload. In: Bradshaw, J.M. (ed.) Software Agents, pp. 145–164. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Mayr, E.: This Is Biology. Belkamp Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    McBurney, P., Parsons, S.: Engineering democracy in open agent systems. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds.) ESAW 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3071, pp. 66–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Morris, D.: Peoplewatching. Vintage, London (2002)Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Murphy, R.R.: Introduction to AI Robotics. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Myers, K., Morley, D.: Directing agents. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 143–162. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2003)Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Neville, B., Pitt, J.: A computational framework for social agents in agent-mediated ecommerce. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds.) ESAW 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3071, pp. 376–391. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Norman, D.A.: Turn signals are the facial expressions of automobiles. In: Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles, pp. 117–134. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1992)Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Norman, D.A.: How might people interact with agents? In: Bradshaw, J.M. (ed.) Software Agents, pp. 49–55. The AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Pynadath, D., Tambe, M.: Revisiting Asimov’s first law: A response to the call to arms. In: Meyer, J.-J.C., Tambe, M. (eds.) ATAL 2001. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2333, p. 307. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Sawyer, R.K.: Creating Conversations: Improvisation in Everyday Discourse. Hampton Press, Cresskill (2001)Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Scerri, P., Pynadath, D., Tambe, M.: Adjustable autonomy for the real world. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 163–190. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Schreckenghost, D., Martin, C., Bonasso, P., Kortenkamp, D., Milam, T., Thronesbery, C.: Supporting group interaction among humans and autonomous agents (2003) (submitted for publication)Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Schreckenghost, D., Martin, C., Thronesbery, C.: Specifying organizational policies and individual preferences for human-software interaction (2003) (submitted for publication)Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Sergot, M.: A computational theory of normative positions. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 2(4), 581–622 (2001)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Shoham, Y., Tennenholtz, M.: On the synthesis of useful social laws for artificial agent societies. In: Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 276–281 (1992)Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Sierhuis, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Acquisti, A., Van Hoof, R., Jeffers, R., Uszok, A.: Human-agent teamwork and adjustable autonomy in practice. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS), Nara, Japan (2003)Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Smith, W.J.: The Behavior of Communicating. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1977)Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Smith, W.J.: The biological bases of social attunement. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 6 (1995)Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M., Breedy, M.R., Groth, P.T., Hill, G.A., Jeffers, R.: Strong Mobility and Fine-Grained Resource Control in NOMADS. In: Kotz, D., Mattern, F. (eds.) MA 2000, ASA/MA 2000, and ASA 2000. LNCS, vol. 1882, pp. 2–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M., Breedy, M.R., Groth, P.T., Hill, G.A., Jeffers, R., Mitrovich, T.R., Pouliot, B.R., Smith, D.S.: NOMADS: Toward an environment for strong and safe agent mobility. In: Proceedings of Autonomous Agents 2000, ACM Press, New York (2000)Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M., Burstein, M.H., Uszok, A., Benyo, B., Breedy, M.R., Carvalho, M., Diller, D., Groth, P.T., Jeffers, R., Johnson, M., Kulkarni, S., Lott, J.: DAML-based policy enforcement for semantic data transformation and filtering in multi-agent systems. In: Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems Conference (AAMAS 2003), ACM Press, New York (2003)Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Suri, N., Carvalho, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Breedy, M.R., Cowin, T.B., Groth, P.T., Saavendra, R., Uszok, A.: Mobile code for policy enforcement. In: Policy 2003, Como, Italy (2003)Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Tambe, M., Shen, W., Mataric, M., Pynadath, D.V., Goldberg, D., Modi, P.J., Qiu, Z., Salemi, B.: Teamwork in cyberspace: Using TEAMCORE to make agents team-ready. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Agents in Cyberspace, The AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1999)Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Tonti, G., Bradshaw, J.M., Jeffers, R., Montanari, R., Suri, N., Uszok, A.: Semantic Web languages for policy representation and reasoning: A comparison of KAoS, Rei, and Ponder. In: Fensel, D., Sycara, K., Mylopoulos, J. (eds.) ISWC 2003. LNCS, vol. 2870, pp. 419–437. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Trevarthen, C.: Communication and cooperation in early infancy: A description of primary intersubjectivity. In: Bullowa, M. (ed.) Before Speech, pp. 321–348. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1979)Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Uszok, A., Bradshaw, J.M., Hayes, P., Jeffers, R., Johnson, M., Kulkarni, S., Breedy, M.R., Lott, J., Bunch, L.: DAML reality check: A case study of KAoS domain and policy services. Submitted to the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2003), Sanibel Island, FL, USA (2003)Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Vanderbilt, A.: Amy Vanderbilt’s New Complete Book of Etiquette: The Guide to Gracious Living. Doubleday and Company, Garden City (1952/1963)Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Verhagen, H.: Norms and artificial agents. Sixth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Agent-Based Social Simulation, ESPRIT Network of Excellence on Agent-Based Computing. Amsterdam, Holland (2001), http://abss.cfpm.org/amsterdam-01/abssnorms.pdf
  72. 72.
    Weld, D., Etzioni, O.: The firsts law of robotics: A call to arms. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 1994), pp. 1042–1047 (1994)Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Wohlmuth, P.C.: Traveling the highway: Sources of momentum in behavioral regulation. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 6, 1–9 (1995)Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004

Authors and Affiliations

  • Paul J. Feltovich
    • 1
  • Jeffrey M. Bradshaw
    • 1
  • Renia Jeffers
    • 1
  • Niranjan Suri
    • 1
  • Andrzej Uszok
    • 1
  1. 1.Institute for Human and Machine Cognition/University of West FloridaPensacolaUSA

Personalised recommendations