Abstarct
Psychological approaches have played a central role in electoral research at least since the publication of The American Voter (Campbell et al. 1976). The early work drew from the then dominant currents in social psychology. In the 1960s, this meant a heavy emphasis on beliefs and attitudes. Thus, the Michigan voting model gave a central place to partisan attachments, perceptions of the issues, and appraisals of political candidates. It also took a close look at the manner in which voters reasoned about political parties, candidates, and issues, demonstrating for the United States that ideological constraint played a relatively minor role. While the early attempts at psychologizing the vote choice were not without detractors, their success and impact can be measured by their continued appeal and the large volume of studies that have been produced in this framework.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Abelson, Robert P./Kinder, Donald R./Peters, Mark D. (1982): Affective and Semantic Components in Political Person Perception. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, 619–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Adolphs, Ralph (2003): Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Social Behaviour. In: Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 165–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alvarez, Michael R./Brehm, John (1995): American Ambivalence towards Abortion Policy. Development of a Heteroskedastic Probit Model of Competing Values. In: American Journal of Political Science 39, 1055–1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Anderson, John R. (1983): The Architecture of Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Arcuri, Luciano/Castelli, Luigi/Galdi, Silvia/Zogmaister, Cristina/Amadori, Alessandro (2008): Predicting the Vote. Implicit Attitudes as Predictors of the Future Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters. In: Political Psychology 29, 369–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bargh, John A./Chaiken, Shelly/Govender, Rajen/Pratto, Felicia (1992): The Generality of the Automatic Attitude Activation Effect. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62, 893–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bartels, Larry M. (2000): Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952–1996. In: American Journal of Political Science 44, 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Basinger, Scott J./Lavine, Howard (2005): Ambivalence, Information, and Electoral Choice. In: American Political Science Review 99, 169–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berelson, Bernard (1958): Democratic Theory and Public Opinion. In: Public Opinion Quarterly 16, 313–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Berelson, Bernard R./Lazarsfeld, Paul F./McPhee, William N. (1986): Voting. A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Brader, Ted (2005): Striking a Responsive Chord. How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions. In: American Journal of Political Science 49, 388–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brader, Ted (2006): Campaigning for Hearts and Minds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Burdein, Inna/Lodge, Milton/Taber, Charles S. (2006): Experiments on the Automaticity of Political Beliefs and Attitudes. In: Political Psychology 27, 359–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Campbell, Angus/Converse, Philip E./Miller, Warren E./Stokes, Donald E. (1976): The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Chen, Serena/Chaiken, Shelly (1999a): The Heuristic-Systematic Model in its Broader Context. In: Chaiken, Shelly/Trope, Yaacov (Hrsg.) (1999): Dual-Process Theories in Social and Cognitive Psychology. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
- Chen, Serena/Chaiken, Shelly (1999b): Motivated Heuristic and Systematic Processing. In: Psychological Inquiry 10, 44–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Collins, Allan M./Loftus, Elizabeth F. (1975): A Spreading-Activation Theory of Semantic Processing. In: Psychological Review 82, 407–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Conover, Pamela J./Feldman, Stanley (1984): How People Organize the Political World. A Schematic Model. In: American Journal of Political Science 28, 95–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Conover, Pamela J./Feldman, Stanley (1986): The Role of Inference in the Perception of Political Candidates. In: Lau, Richard R./Sears, David O. (Hrsg.) (1986): Political Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Converse, Philip E. (1964): The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics. In: Apter, David E. (Hrsg.) (1964): Ideology and Discontent. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
- Cutler, Frank (2002): The Simplest Shortcut of All. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Electoral Choice. In: Journal of Politics 64, 466–490.Google Scholar
- Damasio, Antonio R. (1994): Descartes’ Error. Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: G.P. Putnam.Google Scholar
- Delli Carpini, Michael X./Keeter, Scott (1996): What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Devine, Patricia G. (1989): Stereotypes and Prejudice. Their Automatic and Controlled Components. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56, 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fazio, Russel H./Sanbonmatsu, David M./Powell, Martha/Kardes, Frank R. (1986): On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, 229–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fischle, Mark (2000): Mass Response to the Lewinsky Scandal. Motivated Reasoning or Bayesian Updating? In: Political Psychology 21, 135–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fiske, Susan T. (1986): Schema-Based Versus Piecemeal Politics. A Patchwork Quilt, but Not a Blanket, of Evidence. In: Lau, Richard R./Sears, David O. (Hrsg.) (1986): Political Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Fiske, Susan T./Kinder, Donald R. (1981): Involvement, Expertise, and Schema Use. Evidence from Political Cognition. In: Cantor, Nancy/Kiglstrom, John (Hrsg.) (1981): Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Fiske, Susan T./Kinder, Donald R./Larter, W. Michael (1983): The Novice and the Expert. Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19, 381–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fiske, Susan T./Neuberg, Steven (1990): A Continuum Model of Impression Formation from Category-Based to Individuating Responses. Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation. In: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 23, 1–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fiske, Susan T./Ruscher, Janet B. (1989): On-Line Processes in Category-Based and Individuating Impressions. Some Basic Principles and Methodological Reflections. In: Bassili, John N. (Hrsg.) (1989): On-Line Cognition in Person Perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Fiske, Susan T./Taylor, Shelley E. (1991): Social Cognition. 2. Auflage. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
- Frey, Dieter (1986): Recent Research on Selective Exposure to Information. In: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 19, 41–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gomez, Brad T./Wilson, J. Matthew (2001): Political Sophistication and Economic Voting in the American Electorate. A Theory of Heterogeneous Attribution. In: American Journal of Political Science 45, 899–914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gordon, Stacy B./Segura, Gary M. (1997): Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals. Capability or Choice? In: Journal of Politics 59, 126–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goren, Paul (2003): Race, Sophistication, and White Opinion on Government Spending. In: Political Behavior 25, 201–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goren, Paul (2004): Political Sophistication and Policy Reasoning. A Reconsideration. In: American Journal of Political Science 48, 462–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Granberg, Donald/Brown, Thad A. (1989): On Affect and Cognition in Politics. In: Social Psychology Quarterly 52, 171–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hamill, Ruth/Lodge, Milton (1986): Cognitive Consequences of Political Sophistication. In: Lau, Richard R./Sears, David O. (Hrsg.) (1986): Political Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Heberlein, Andrea S./Adolphs, Ralph/Pennebaker, James W./Tranel, Daniel (2003): Effects of Damage to Right-Hemisphere Brain Structures on Spontaneous Emotional and Social Judgments. In: Political Psychology 24, 705–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Herstein, John A. (1981): Keeping the Voter’s Limits in Mind. A Cognitive Process Analysis of Decision Making in Voting. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40, 843–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hertel, Guido/Bless, Herbert (2000): ‘On-line’ und erinnerungsgestützte Urteilsbildung. Auslösefaktoren und Empirische Unterscheidungsmöglichkeiten. In: Psychologische Rundschau 51, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Isbell, Linda M./Ottati, Victor C. (2002): The Emotional Voter. In: Ottati, Victor C./Tindale, Scott/Edwards, John/Bryant, Fred B./Heath, Linda/O’Connell, Daniel C./Suarez-Balcazar, Yolanda/Posavac, Emil J. (Hrsg.) (2002): The Social Psychology of Politics. New York: Kluwer.Google Scholar
- Isbell, Linda M./Ottati, Victor C./Burns, Kathleen C. (2006): Affect and Politics. Effects on Judgement, Processing and Information Seeking. In: Redlawsk, David P. (Hrsg.) (2006): Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Izard, Carroll E. (1977): Human Emotions. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
- Jerit, Jennifer/Barabas, Jason/Bolsen, Toby (2006): Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment. In: American Journal of Political Science 50, 266–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Klapper, Joseph T. (1960): The Effects of Mass Communication. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
- Krosnick, Jon A. (1990): Government Policy and Citizen Passion. A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America. In: Political Behavior 12, 59–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kuklinski, James H./Hurley, Norman L. (1994): On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messahes. A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking. In: Journal of Politics 56, 729–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kuklinski, James H./Luskin, Robert C./Bolland, John (1991): Where Is the Schema? Going beyond the “S” Word in Political Psychology. In: American Political Science Review 85, 1341–1356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kunda, Ziva (1990): The Case for Motivated Reasoning. In: Psychological Bulletin 108, 480–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladd, Jonathan McDonald/Lenz, Gabriel S. (2008): Reassessing the Role of Anxiety in Vote Choice. In: Political Psychology 29, 275–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lau, Richard R. (1986): Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior. In: Lau, Richard R./Sears, David O. (Hrsg.) (1986): Political Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Lau, Richard R./Redlawsk, David P. (1997): Voting Correctly. In: American Political Science Review 91, 585–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lau, Richard R./Redlawsk, David P. (2001): Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making. In: American Journal of Political Science 45, 951–971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lau, Richard R./Redlawsk, David P. (2006): How Voters Decide. Information Processing during Election Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Lavine, Howard (2001): The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence toward Presidential Candidates. In: American Journal of Political Science 45, 915–929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lavine, Howard/Steenbergen, Marco (2005): Group Ambivalence and Electoral Decision-Making. In: Craig, Stephen C./Martinez, Michael (Hrsg.) (2005): Ambivalence, Politics, and Public Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Lazarsfeld, Paul F./Berelson, Bernard/Gaudet, Hazel (1968): The People’s Choice. How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/Hamill, Ruth (1986): A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing. In: American Political Science Review 80, 505–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/McGraw, Kathleen M./Stroh, Patrick (1989): An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation. In: American Political Science Review 83, 399–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/Stroh, Patrick (1993): Inside the Mental Voting Booth. An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation. In: Iyengar, Shanto/McGuire, William J. (Hrsg.) (1993): Explorations in Political Psychology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/Taber, Charles S. (2000): Three Steps toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning. In: Lupia, Arthur/McCubbins, Mathew D./Popkin, Samuel L. (Hrsg.) (2000): Elements of Reason. Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/Taber, Charles S. (2005): The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues. An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis. In: Political Psychology 26, 455–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/Steenbergen, Marco R./Brau, Shawn (1995): The Responsive Voter. Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation. In: American Political Science Review 89, 309–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lodge, Milton/Taber, Charles S./Weber, Christopher (2006): First Steps Towards a Dual-Process Accessibility Model of Political Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavior. In: Redlawsk, David P. (Hrsg.) (2006): Feeling politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Lupia, Arthur/McCubbins, Mathew D. (1998): The Democratic Dilemma. Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Macdonald, Stuart/Rabinowitz, George/Listhaug, Ola (1995): Political Sophistication and Models of Issue Voting. In: British Journal of Political Science 25, 453–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Marcus, George E. (2003): The Psychology of Emotion and Politics. In: Sears, David O./Huddy, Leonie/Jervis, Robert (Hrsg.) (2003): Handbook of Political Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Marcus, George E./MacKuen, Michael B./Wolak, Jennifer/Keele, Luke (2006): The Measure and Mismeasure of Emotion. In: Redlawsk, David (Hrsg.) (2006): Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Marcus, George E./Neuman, W. Russell/MacKuen, Michael B. (2000): Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- McDermott, Monika L. (1998): Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections. In: Political Research Quarterly 51, 895–918.Google Scholar
- McDermott, Monika L. (2005): Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts. In: Journal of Politics 67, 201–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McDermott, Monika L. (2006): Not for Members Only. Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues. In: Political Research Quarterly 59, 249–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McGraw, Kathleen M./Lodge, Milton/Stroh, Patrick (1990): On-Line Processing in Candidate Evaluation. The Effects of Issue Order, Issue Importance, and Sophistication. In: Political Behavior 12, 41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McGraw, Kathleen M./Pinney, Neil (1990): The Effects of General and Domain-specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgment. In: Social Cognition 8, 9–30.Google Scholar
- McGraw, Kathleen M./Steenbergen, Marco R. (1995): Pictures in the Head. Memory Representations of Political Candidates. In: Lodge, Milton/McGraw, Kathleen M. (Hrsg.) (1995): Political Judgment. Structure and Process. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
- Meffert, Michael/Guge, Michael/Lodge, Milton (2003): The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent. In: Sniderman, Paul/Saris, Willem (Hrsg.) (2003): Studies in Public Opinion. Gauging Attitudes, Nonattitudes, and Measurement Error. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Miller, Arthur H./Wattenberg, Martin P./Malanchuk, Oksana (1986): Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates. In: American Political Science Review 80, 521–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mondak, Jeffery (1993): Source Cues and Policy Approval. The Cognitive Dynamics of Public Support for the Reagan Agenda. In: American Journal of Political Science 37, 186–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morgan, Rick/Heise, David R. (1988): Structure of Emotions. In: Social Psychology Quarterly 51, 19–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morris, James P./Squires, Nancy K./Taber, Charles S./Lodge, Milton (2003): Activation of Political Attitudes. A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis. In: Political Psychology 24, 727–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Moskowitz, Gordon B./Skurnik, Ian/Galinsky, Adam D. (1999): The History of Dual-Process Notions, and the Future of Preconscious Control. In: Chaiken, Shelly/Trope, Yaacov (Hrsg.) (1999): Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
- Nabi, Robin L. (2003): “Feeling” Resistance. Exploring the Role of Emotionally Evocative Visuals in Inducing Inoculation. In: Media Psychology 5, 199–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Natchez, Peter B. (1984): Images of Voting/Visions of Democracy. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
- Nelson, John S./Boynton, G. R. (1997): Video Rhetorics. Televised Advertising in American Politics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
- Ottati, Victor C./Wyer, Robert S. (1990): The Cognitive Mediators of Political Choice. Toward a Comprehensive Model of Political Information Processing. In: Ferejohn, John A./Kuklinski, James H. (Hrsg.) (1990): Information and Democratic Processes. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
- Ottati, Victor C. (1990): Determinants of Political Judgments. The Joint Influence of Normative and Heuristic Rules of Inference. In: Political Behavior 12, 159–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ottati, Victor C./Steenbergen, Marco R./Riggle, Ellen (1992): The Cognitive and Affective Components of Political Attitudes. Measuring the Determinants of Candidate Evaluations. In: Political Behavior 14, 423–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Petty, Richard. E./Wegener, Duane T. (1999): The Elaboration Likelihood Model. Current Status and Controversies. In: Chaiken, Shelly/Trope, Yaacov (Hrsg.) (1999): Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
- Phelps, Elizabeth A./Thomas, Laura A. (2003): Race, Behavior, and the Brain. The Role of Neuroimaging in Understanding Complex Social Behaviors. In: Political Psychology 24, 747–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ragsdale, Lyn (1991): Strong Feelings. Emotional Responses to Presidents. In: Political Behavior 13, 33–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rahn, Wendy M. (1993): The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates. In: American Journal of Political Science 37, 472–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rahn, Wendy M. (1995): Candidate Evaluation in Complex Information Environments. Cognitive Organization and Comparison Process. In: Lodge, Milton/McGraw, Kathleen M. (Hrsg.) (1995): Political Judgment. Structure and Process. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
- Rahn, Wendy M./Aldrich, John H./Borgida, Eugene/Sullivan, John L. (1990): A Social-cognitive Model of Candidate Appraisal. In: Ferejohn, John A./Kuklinski, James H. (Hrsg.) (1990): Information and Democratic Processes. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
- Rahn, Wendy M./Aldrich, John H./Borgida, Eugene (1994): Individual and Contextual Variations in Political Candidate Appraisal. In: The American Political Science Review 88, 193–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rosenberg, Shawn W. (1988): Reason, Ideology, and Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Rubin, Donald B. (1974): Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies. In: Journal of Educational Psychology 66, 688–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schwarz, Norbert/Clore, Gerald (1988): How Do I Feel About It? Informative Functions of Affective States. In: Fiedler, Klaus/Forgas, Joseph (Hrsg.) (1988): Affect, Cognition, and Social Behavior. Toronto: Hofgrefe International.Google Scholar
- Sharp, Carol/Lodge, Milton (1985): Partisan and Ideological Belief Systems. Do They Differ? In: Political Behavior 7, 147–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Simon, Herbert A. (1955): A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics 69, 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sniderman, Paul M./Brody, Richard A./Tetlock, Philip E. (1991): Reasoning and Choice. Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Sniderman, Paul M./Hagen, Michael G./Tetlock, Philip E./Brady, Henry E. (1986): Reasoning Chains. Causal Models of Policy Reasoning in Mass Publics. In: British Journal of Political Science 16, 405–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Steenbergen, Marco R./Ellis, Chris (2006): Fear and Loathing in American Elections. Context, Traits, and Negative Candidate Affect. In: Redlawsk, David P. (Hrsg.) (2006): Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Steenbergen, Marco R./Lodge, Milton (2003): Process Matters. Cognitive Models of Candidate Evaluation. In: MacKuen, Michael B./Rabinowitz, George (Hrsg.) (2003): Electoral Democracy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
- Stone, William F./Schaffner, Paul E. (1988): The psychology of politics. 2. Auflage. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
- Sweeney, Paul D./Gruber, Kathy L. (1984): Selective Exposure. Voter Information Preferences and the Watergate Affair. In: Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 46, 1208–1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taber, Charles S./Lodge, Milton (2006): Motivated Scepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. In: American Journal of Political Science 50, 755–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taber, Charles S./Steenbergen, Marco R. (1995): Computational Experiments in Electoral Behavior. In: Lodge, Milton/McGraw, Kathleen M. (Hrsg.) (1995): Political Judgment. Structure and Process. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
- Valentino, Nicholas A./Hutchings, Vincent L./Banks, Antoine J./Davis, Anne K. (2008): Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet. In: Political Psychology 29, 247–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watson, David/Tellegen, Auke (1985): Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood. In: Psychological Bulletin 98, 219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wyer, Robert S./Ottati, Victor C. (1993): Political Information Processing. In: Iyengar, Shanto/McGuire, William J. (Hrsg.) (1993): Explorations in Political Psychology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
- Zaller, John R. (1991): Information, Values, and Opinion. In: The American Political Science Review 85, 1215–1237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zaller, John R. (1992): The Nature and Origin of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar