Measurements of the Friction Coefficient: Discussion on the Results in the Framework of the Time Series Analysis
Abstract
Tribology studies the interaction between surfaces in relative motion with a particular focus on the principles of friction, wear and lubrication. The measurement of the friction coefficient (COF) is extremely sensitive to experimental friction force fluctuations thus making COF direct measurement not a trivial task. In this manuscript, a novel approach toward the understanding of the friction coefficient behavior during reciprocating tests is proposed. The proposed procedure represents a first approach for a deep investigation about measured COF distribution during tribological tests. It is based on the analysis of COF data measured during the tests in the framework of time series analysis and it was applied to several real tests in dry-friction showed as example of application. Output parameters (i.e., friction, traction force) were investigated to detect trends, connected to running-in period of the tribo-couple, seasonal, connected to the periodicity induced from reciprocating motion, and residual components. After “smoothing” the COF data set by removing the trend and seasonal components, the residual component was analyzed to check the stationary of the COF data set which represents the most characteristic interval in friction measurements.
References
- 1.Ungureanu, M., Nasui, V.: Considerations on Certain Tribological Aspects of the System Brake Shoe–Drum (2013)Google Scholar
- 2.Ungureanu, M., Ungureanu, N.S., Crăciun, I.: Study on friction behaviour of brake shoe materials for mining hoist. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 174(1), 12016 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Jaber, S.A., Ruggiero, A., Battaglia, S., Affatato, S.: On the roughness measurement on knee prostheses. Int. J. Artif. Organs 38(1), 39–44 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Maruda, R.W., Krolczyk, G.M., Michalski, M., Nieslony, P., Wojciechowski, S.: Structural and microhardness changes after turning of the AISI 1045 steel for minimum quantity cooling lubrication. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 26(1), 431–438 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Nieslony, P., Krolczyk, G.M., Wojciechowski, S., Chudy, R., Zak, K., Maruda, R.W.: Surface quality and topographic inspection of variable compliance part after precise turning. Appl. Surf. Sci. 434, 91–101 (2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Krolczyk, G.M., Maruda, R.W., Krolczyk, J.B., Nieslony, P., Wojciechowski, S., Legutko, S.: Parametric and nonparametric description of the surface topography in the dry and MQCL cutting conditions. Measurement 121, 225–239 (2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Affatato, S., Ruggiero, A., De Mattia, J.S., Taddei, P.: Does metal transfer affect the tribological behaviour of femoral heads? Roughness and phase transformation analyses on retrieved zirconia and Biolox® Delta composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 92, 290–298 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Ruggiero, A., Merola, M., Affatato, S.: On the biotribology of total knee replacement: a new roughness measurements protocol on in vivo condyles considering the dynamic loading from musculoskeletal multibody model. Measurement 112, 22–28 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Krolczyk, G.M., Nieslony, P., Maruda, R.W., Wojciechowski, S.: Dry cutting effect in turning of a duplex stainless steel as a key factor in clean production. J. Clean. Prod. 142, 3343–3354 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Valášek, P., Ruggiero, A., Müller, M.: Experimental description of strength and tribological characteristic of EFB oil palm fibres/epoxy composites with technologically undemanding preparation. Compos. Part B Eng. 122, 79–88 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Blau, P.J.: Friction Science and Technology: From Concepts to Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2009)Google Scholar
- 12.Ruggiero, A., D’Amato, R., Merola, M., Valašek, P., Müller, M.: Tribological characterization of vegetal lubricants: Comparative experimental investigation on Jatropha curcas L. oil, Rapeseed Methyl Ester oil, Hydrotreated Rapeseed oil. Tribol. Int. 109, 529–540 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Schmitz, T.L., Action, J.E., Ziegert, J.C., Sawyer, W.G.: The difficulty of measuring low friction: uncertainty analysis for friction coefficient measurements. J. Tribol. 127(3), 673 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Ruggiero, A., Mindas, M., Knapcíková, L.: Tribodiagnostic investigation on oil filtration: results from a novel apparatus. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 68(6), 689–695 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Ruggiero, A., D’Amato, R., Merola, M., Valášek, P., Müller, M.: On the tribological performance of vegetal lubricants: experimental investigation on Jatropha Curcas L. oil. Procedia Eng. 149, 431–437 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Ruggiero, A., D’Amato, R., Gómez, E.: Experimental analysis of tribological behavior of UHMWPE against AISI420C and against TiAl6V4 alloy under dry and lubricated conditions. Tribol. Int. 92, 154–161 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Ruggiero, A., Merola, M., Carlone, P., Archodoulaki, V.M.: Tribo-mechanical characterization of reinforced epoxy resin under dry and lubricated contact conditions. Compos. Part B 79, 595–603 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Ruggiero, A., D׳Amato, R., Gómez, E., Merola, M.: Experimental comparison on tribological pairs UHMWPE/TIAL6V4 alloy, UHMWPE/AISI316L austenitic stainless and UHMWPE/AL2O3 ceramic, under dry and lubricated conditions. Tribol. Int. 96, 349–360 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Tepedino, C., Guarnaccia, C., Iliev, S., Popova, S., Quartieri, J.: A forecasting model based on time series analysis applied to electrical energy consumption. Int. J. Math. Model. Methods Appl. Sci. 9, 432–445 (2015)Google Scholar
- 20.Guarnaccia, C., Quartieri, J., Rodrigues, E.R., Tepedino, C.: Acoustical noise analysis and prediction by means of multiple seasonality time series model. Int. J. Math. Model. Methods Appl. Sci. 8, 384–393 (2014)Google Scholar