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Whole Cardiac Tissue Bioscaffolds

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Cardiac Extracellular Matrix

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1098))

Abstract

Bioscaffolds serve as structures for cells in building complex tissues and full organs including heart. Decellularizing cardiac tissue results in cell-free extracellular matrix (ECM) that can be used as a cardiac tissue bioscaffold. The field of whole-heart tissue engineering has been revolutionized since the 2008 publication of the first perfusion-decellularized whole heart, and since then, studies have shown how decellularized cardiac tissue retains its native architecture and biochemistry following recellularization. Chemical, enzymatic, and physical decellularization methods preserve the ECM to varying degrees with the widely accepted standard of less than 50 ng/mg of double-stranded DNA present in decellularized ECM. Following decellularization, replacement of cells occurs via recellularization: seeding cells into the decellularized ECM structure either via perfusion of cells into the vascular conduits, injection into parenchyma, or a combination of perfusion and injection. Endothelial cells are often perfused through existing vessel conduits to provide an endothelial lining of the vasculature, with cardiomyocytes and other parenchymal cells injected into the myocardium of decellularized ECM bioscaffolds. Uniform cell density and cell retention throughout the bioscaffold still needs to be addressed in larger animal models of the whole heart. Generating the necessary cell numbers and types remains a challenge. Still, recellularized cardiac tissue bioscaffolds offer therapeutic solutions to heart failure, heart valve replacement, and acute myocardial infarction. New technologies allow for decellularized ECM to be bioprinted into cardiac bioscaffolds or formed into a cardiac hydrogel patch. This chapter reviews the advances made in decellularization and recellularization of cardiac ECM bioscaffolds with a discussion of the potential clinical applications of ECM bioscaffolds.

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Disclosure

Dr. Taylor holds a financial interest in Miromatrix Medical Inc. She is entitled to sales royalty through the University of Minnesota for products related to the research described in this paper. This relationship has been reviewed and managed by the University of Minnesota and Texas Heart Institute in accordance with its conflict of interest policies; the other authors have nothing to disclose.

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Author notes

  1. Authors contributed equally: Karis R. Tang-Quan and Nicole A. Mehta

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Karis R. Tang-Quan, Nicole A. Mehta & Doris A. Taylor

  2. Regenerative Medicine Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA

    Karis R. Tang-Quan, Luiz C. Sampaio & Doris A. Taylor

Authors
  1. Karis R. Tang-Quan
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  2. Nicole A. Mehta
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  3. Luiz C. Sampaio
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  4. Doris A. Taylor
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Correspondence to Doris A. Taylor .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Eric G. Schmuck

  2. School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Peiman Hematti

  3. School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Amish N. Raval

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Tang-Quan, K.R., Mehta, N.A., Sampaio, L.C., Taylor, D.A. (2018). Whole Cardiac Tissue Bioscaffolds. In: Schmuck, E., Hematti, P., Raval, A. (eds) Cardiac Extracellular Matrix. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1098. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97421-7_5

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