Abstract
In 2014, a Community Energy Strategy was introduced, to find ways of overcoming the barriers faced by community energy. In spite of some improvements with a change of government in 2015, this strand of work did not continue. The year 2015 also saw sharp reductions in FiT rates, alongside reductions in tax incentives and the closure of early-stage funding and support instruments. In this environment, community groups are attempting to adapt and innovate—ideas are being floated for new business models, new sources of funding, and new technologies. Furthermore, consumer (co-)ownership received explicit recognition of its crucial role in the 2018 recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) as part of the Clean Energy Package. However, in the light of ‘Brexit’ the transposition of the RED II into UK Law until 2021 is unsure, although it would be an important legislative impulse as it introduces a legal framework for consumer (co-)ownership. Individual households can own RE installations, and use the power or heat directly, or sell to the grid, with investments in so-called Individual Saving Accounts being tax-exempt. Community ownership takes a number of legal forms, with the Industrial and Provident Society, a form of co-operative, being the most common type. Another option is the Community Interest Company, which is essentially a company working for the benefit of the community or a registered charity. Following the decline in support from the Feed-in Tariff in 2015–16, community groups have been looking at new business models for consumer (co-)ownership of energy, focusing on options for self-supply, where energy is used locally, not sold through the grid. Partnership with local authorities and housing associations to further local ownership of RE is also present.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Scotland is treated in a separate chapter in this volume. Note that the regulatory system in Northern Ireland differs, as Northern Ireland shares an ‘all-island’ electricity network with the Republic of Ireland; thus some regulation is shared with the UK as a whole, and other aspects are treated separately. This chapter does not go into detail about the specifics of the Northern Irish market or regulation.
- 2.
Around 4 million households, or about 14 per cent of all households, have no connection to the national gas grid using other fuel sources for heating, primarily kerosene heating oil or electricity (Office of Fair Trading 2011). The vast majority of households in the UK are connected to the national electricity grid, the exceptions being some remote farms and houses and some sparsely populated islands.
References
Ares, E., White, E., Danby, G., & Hough, D. (2016). Energy policy overview. London: House of Commons Library.
Ashden Awards. (2015). TGV Hydro: Micro hydro energises rural communities in Wales. Retrieved from https://www.ashden.org/winners/tgv-hydro#continue.
BEIS. (2017a). Energy consumption in the UK. London: BEIS. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/633503/ECUK_2017.pdf.
BEIS. (2017b, December). Energy trends. London: BEIS. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/669750/Energy_Trends_December_2017.pdf.
BEIS. (2017c). UK energy in brief 2017. London: BEIS. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/631146/UK_Energy_in_Brief_2017.pdf.
BEIS. (2017d). Annual fuel poverty statistics report 2017 (2015 data). London: BEIS. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/639118/Fuel_Poverty_Statistics_Report_2017_revised_August.pdf.
Committee on Climate Change. (2016). Meeting carbon budgets—2016 Progress report to parliament. London: Committee on Climate Change.
Community Energy England. (2017). Community energy state of the sector: A study of community energy in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Sheffield: Community Energy England.
Community Energy Finance Roundtable. (2014). Final report and recommendations to the secretary of state for energy and climate change and the Minister for Civil Society. Bristol: Centre for Sustainable Energy. Retrieved from https://www.cse.org.uk/downloads/file/CEFRoundtable_report_to_DECC-CO_140729.pdf.
Competition and Markets Authority. (2016). Energy market investigation. London: Competition and Markets Authority. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/energy-market-investigation.
DECC. (2014). Community energy strategy: People powering change. London: DECC. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/275164/20140126_Community_Energy_Strategy_summary.pdf.
DECC. (2015). Government response to the shared ownership taskforce. London: DECC. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408440/Government_Response_to_Shared_Ownership_Taskforce.pdf.
Energy Saving Trust. (2017). Is the energy company obligation (ECO) fulfilling its obligations? Retrieved March 23, 2018, from http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/blog/energy-company-obligation-eco-fulfilling-its-obligations.
Forman, A. (2017). Energy justice at the end of the wire: Enacting community energy and equity in Wales. Energy Policy, 107, 649–657.
Global Wind Energy Council. (2016). Global wind statistics. Retrieved from http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC_PRstats2016_EN_WEB.pdf.
Nachmany, M., Fankhauser, S., Townshend, T., Collins, M., Landesman, T., Matthews, A., Pavese, C., Rietig, K., Schleifer, P., & Setzer, J. (2014). The GLOBE climate legislation study: A review of climate change legislation in 66 countries (4th ed.). London: GLOBE International and the Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics.
National Energy Action. (2015). Fuel poverty statistics. Retrieved March 23, 2018, from http://www.nea.org.uk/media/fuel-poverty-statistics/.
Office of Fair Trading. (2011). Off-grid energy: An OFT market study. London: Office of Fair Trading. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140402222541/http:/www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/market-studies/off-grid/OFT1380.pdf.
Ofgem. (2014a). State of the market assessment. London: Ofgem. Retrieved from https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/2014/03/assessment_document_published_1.pdf.
Ofgem. (2014b, July). Community energy grid connections: Working group report to the secretary of state. London: Ofgem. Retrieved from https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/91618/gridconnections.pdf.
Ofgem. (2016). Feed-in tariffs: Guidance for community energy and school installations. London: Ofgem.
Ofgem. (2018). Who we are. Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/about-us/who-we-are.
RegenSW. (2016). Local supply: Options for selling your energy locally. Retrieved from https://www.regensw.co.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=9b4bd983-7ee6-4b65-b45f-25d22c5f277d.
Simcock, N., & Walker, G. (2016). Fuel poverty policy and non-heating energy uses. Lancaster: DEMAND Centre.
Simcock, N., Willis, B., & Capener, P. (2016). Cultures of community energy: International case studies. London: British Academy.
Solar Power Portal. (2016). UK’s largest community solar project changes hands. Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/uks_largest_community_solar_project_changes_hands_4717.
Solar Trade Association. (2014). UK reaches 1 million solar homes milestone. Retrieved March 23, 2018, from http://www.solar-trade.org.uk/uk-reaches-1-million-solar-homes-milestone/.
The Guardian. (2011). Energy companies have lent more than 50 staff to government departments. Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/dec/05/energy-companies-lend-staff-government.
The Guardian. (2016). UK’s first ‘green energy’ Isa goes on sale. Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/nov/05/green-energy-isa-invest-swindon-abundance.
Thomson, H., Robinson, C., & Simcock, N. (2017). Reconciling fuel poverty and energy justice in a low carbon society. In Policy@Manchester (Ed.), On energy (pp. 22–25). Manchester: University of Manchester.
Thomson, H., & Snell, C. (2013). Quantifying the prevalence of fuel poverty across the European Union. Energy Policy, 52, 563–572.
UK Government. (2009). Article 4 of the renewable energy directive 2009/28/EC: National renewable energy action plan for the United Kingdom.
Walker, G., & Cass, N. (2007). Carbon reduction, ‘the public’ and renewable energy: Engaging with socio-technical configurations. Area, 39(4), 458–469.
Willis, R. (2006). Grid 2.0: The next generation. London: Green Alliance.
Willis, R., & Eyre, N. (2011). Demanding less: Why we need a new politics of energy. London: Green Alliance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Willis, R., Simcock, N. (2019). Consumer (Co-)Ownership of Renewables in England and Wales (UK). In: Lowitzsch, J. (eds) Energy Transition. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93517-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93518-8
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)