Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits pp 673-725 | Cite as
Breeding of Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.): The Tree of Life
Abstract
Coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) is a continuous fruiting perennial tropical fruit and oil crop that is mainly cultivated in the humid and sub-humid coastal tropics. It is a perennial multipurpose palm with great importance in sustaining the life of the people who grow them for various economical uses. As coconut is known as the tree of life, efforts have been made to sustain its production to fulfill the demands of the people. In this regard, coconut genetic resources have been widely exploited through selection, hybridization for a number of desirable traits that resulted in the development of many productive varieties. With increasing demand from the coconut sector, particularly the nontraditional coconut products, it is indeed crucial to identify and screen the potential varieties. However, due to the biological nature of the coconut, the traditional way of breeding might not be feasible; therefore, molecular-aided breeding can be the best alternative. Molecular-aided breeding can play an important role in future coconut breeding programs with the advancements in biotechnology. The strategies suggested for future breeding programs, include development of new high yielding, stress tolerant and disease resistant varieties with the benefits of providing high value-added products, like inflorescence sap or high oil content, and varieties with slow vertical growth. With the availability whole genomic sequences of coconut more opportunities exist for the development of molecular markers, thus encouraging the use of molecular-aided breeding in future coconut breeding programs.
Keywords
Coconut Genetic resources Molecular markers Omics Tissue culture BreedingReferences
- Akpan E (1994) Evaluation of tall coconut genotypes within Nigerian coconut germplasm bank. Oléagin (France) 49:13–20Google Scholar
- Apacible AR (1968) Selection of coconut. Sugar News (Philipp) 44:93–98Google Scholar
- Arellano J, Oropeza C (1995) Lethal yellowing. In: Oropeza C, Howard FW (eds) Lethal yellowing: research and practical aspects. Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands, pp 1–15Google Scholar
- Arunachalam V, Jerard BA, Elangovan M et al (2001) Unexploited diversity in coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Genet Res News 127:39–43Google Scholar
- Ashburner G (1995) Genetic markers for coconut palms. In: Oropeza C, Howard FW (eds) Lethal yellowing: research and practical aspects. Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands, pp 173–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ashburner GR, Rohde W (1994) Coconut germplasm characterization using DNA marker technology. In: Lynch MF (ed) Coconut improvement in the South Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra, Proceedings of a workshop held in Taveuni, Fiji Islands, pp 44–46Google Scholar
- Ashburner GR, Thompson WK, Halloran GM (1997) RAPD analysis of South Pacific coconut palm populations. Crop Sci 37(3):992–997CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Baker WJ, Couvreur TLP (2013a) Global biogeography and diversification of palm sheds light on the evolution of tropical lineage. II. Diversification history and origin of regional lineages. J Biogeogr 40:286–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Baker WJ, Couvreur TLP (2013b) Global biogeography and diversification of palms sheds light on the evolution of tropical lineages. I. Historical biogeography. J Biogeogr 40:274–285CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Batugal P (1999) The role of international cooperation in the development of biotechnology in coconut. In: Verdeil JL, Ashburner GR, Oropeza C et al (eds) Current advances in coconut biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publisher, London, pp 19–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Batugal P (2004) Country survey (2001–2003). Proposed globally coordinated breeding programme. COGENT, IPGRI-APO, Serdang, MalaysiaGoogle Scholar
- Batugal P, Bourdeix R, Baudouin L (2009) Coconut breeding. In: Jain SM (eds) Breeding plantation tree crops: tropical species. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 327–375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Batugal P, Engelmann F (eds) (1998) Coconut embryo in vitro culture. Proceedings of the first workshop on embryo culture, Banao, Guinobatan, Albay, Philippines. IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Malaysia, pp 27–31 October 1997Google Scholar
- Batugal P, Ramanatha Rao V (1998) Coconut breeding. Paper presented at the workshop on standardization of coconut breeding research techniques, Port Bouet, Cote d’Ivoire, pp 20–25 June 1994Google Scholar
- Batugal P, Ramanatha Rao V, Oliver J (2005) Coconut genetic resources. IPGRI, RomeGoogle Scholar
- Baudouin L, Lebrun P (2002) The development of a microsatellite kit and dedicated software use with coconuts. Burotrop Bull 17:16–20Google Scholar
- Beccari O (1917) The origin and dispersal of Cocos nucifera. Philipp J Sci 12 (Series C: Botany):27–43Google Scholar
- Been BO (1981) Observations on field resistance to lethal yellowing in coconut varieties and hybrids in Jamaica. Oléagin (France) 36:9–12Google Scholar
- Bourdeix R (1988) Effectiveness of mass selection on the yield component of coconut. Oleagineux 43:283–295Google Scholar
- Bourdeix R (1999) Coconut selection and breeding. In: Ohler JG (ed) Modern coconut management. Intermediate Technology Publications, FAO, Universeteit Leiden, pp 117–196Google Scholar
- Bourdeix R, Konan JL, N’Cho YP (2005) Coconut, a guide to traditional and improved varieties. Editions Diversiflora, MontpellierGoogle Scholar
- Branton RL, Blake J (1983) Development of organized structures in callus derived from explants of Cocos nucifera L. Ann Bot 52:673–678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Burkill IH (1966) A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Ministry of agriculture and co-operatives, Kuala LumpurGoogle Scholar
- Cardeña R, Oropeza C, Zizumbo D (1998) Leaf proteins as markers useful in the genetic improvement of coconut palms. Euphytica 102(1):81–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018392908569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chan JL, Saénz L, Talavera C et al (1998) Regeneration of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) from plumule explants through somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Rep 17(6):515–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chattopadhyay N, Bandyopadhyay A, Hore JK et al (2004a) Effect of seed size and sowing methods on germination and seedling vigour of coconut. paper presented at the national conference on plants, microbes and environment, March 20–21, 2004Google Scholar
- Chattopadhyay N, Sharangi AB, Hore JK (2004b) Effect of position and depth of planting on germination of coconut. Haryana J hort Sci 33(1/2):85–86Google Scholar
- Child R (1974) Coconuts, 2nd edn. Longman, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Chin HF, Roberts EH (eds) (1980) Recalcitrant crop seeds. Tropical Press Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaGoogle Scholar
- Chowdhury D, Nath JC, Mohan NK (2001) ‘Kamrupa’—a newly released coconut variety by Assam Agricultural University. Indian Coco J 31:12–13Google Scholar
- Cintra F, Passos EEM, De Leal LS (1993) Evaluation of root system distribution in tall coconut cultivars. Oléagin (France) 48:453–461Google Scholar
- Collard BC, Mackill DJ (2008) Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century. Philos T R Soc B, Biological Sciences 363(1491):557–572. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cook OF (1901) The origin and dispersal of the cocoa palm. Contr US National Herb 7:257–293Google Scholar
- Crossa J, Pérez-Rodríguez P, Cuevas J et al (2017) Genomic selection in plant breeding: methods, models, and perspectives. Trends Plant Sci 22(11):961–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Crouch JH (2000) Molecular marker-assisted breeding. Paper presented at the Asia and pacific seed association annual conference, September 2000, in Phuket, ThailandGoogle Scholar
- Cutter VM Jr, Wilson KS (1954) Effect of coconut endosperm and other growth stimulants upon the development in vitro of embryos of Cocos nucifera. Bot Gaz 115:234–240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2472513CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- D’Amato A, Fasoli E, Righetti PG (2012) Harry Belafonte and the secret proteome of coconut milk. J Proteomics 75(3):914–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.009CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- De Condolle A (1886) Origin of cultivated plants, 2nd edn. Hafner Publishing Company, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- De Guzman EV, Del Rosario DA (1964) The growth and development of Cocos nucifera L. makapuno embryo in vitro. Philipp Agricul 48:82–94Google Scholar
- de Nuce de Lamonthe M (1991) Coconut improvement—needs and opportunities. In: Papers of the IBPGR workshop on coconut genetic resources, International Crop Network Series No. 8. IBPGR, Rome, ItalyGoogle Scholar
- Eeuwens CJ, Blake J (1977) Culture of coconut and date palm tissue with a view to vegetative propagation. Acta Hort 78:277–286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Engelmann F (2002) Coconut. In: Pence VC, Sandoval JA, Villalobos VM, Engelmann F (eds.) In vitro collecting techniques for germplasm conservation. IPGRI Technical Bulletin N°7. IPGRI, Rome, Italy, pp 68–71Google Scholar
- Engels JMM, Wood D (1999) Conservation of agrobiodiversity. In: Wood D (eds) Agrobiodiversity characterization, utilization and management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 355–385Google Scholar
- Fan H, Xiao Y, Yang Y et al (2013) RNA-Seq Analysis of Cocos nucifera: Transcriptome Sequencing and de novo Assembly for Subsequent Functional Genomics Approaches. PLoS ONE 8(3):e59997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059997CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- FAOSTAT (2014) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 2 September 2017
- Fernando SC, Verdeil JL, Hocher V et al (2003) Histological analysis of plant regeneration from plumule explants of Cocos nucifera. Plant Cell Tiss Org 72(3):281–283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fernando SC, Vidhanaarachchi VRM, Weerakoon LK et al (2010) What makes clonal propagation of coconut difficult? AsPac J Mol Biol Biotechnol 18:163–165Google Scholar
- Frankel R, Galun E (1977) Pollen mechanisms, reproduction and plant breeding. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Geethalakshmi P, Parthasarathy VA, Niral V (2005) Genetic diversity among coconut genotypes using isozymes. Asian J Plant Sci 4:678–683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- George EF, Sherrington PD (1984) Plant pPropagation by tissue culture: handbook and directory of commercial laboratories. Exegenetics Eversley, Busingstoke, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Gunn BF (2004) The phylogeny of the Cocoeae (Arecaceae) with emphasis on Cocos nucifera. VIII International aroid conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 9–11 August 1999. Ann Mo Bot Gard 91(3):505–522Google Scholar
- Gupta PK, Kendurkar SV, Kulkarni VM et al (1984) Somatic embryogenesis and plants from zygotic embryos of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in vitro. Plant Cell Rep 3:222–225CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hardwick SA, Deveson IW, Mercer TR (2017) Reference standards for next-generation sequencing. Nat Rev Genet 18(8):473–484CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harries HC (1977) The Cape Verde region (1499–1549), the key to coconut culture in the Western Hemisphere? Turrialba 27:227–231Google Scholar
- Harries HC (1978) Evolution, dissemination, and classification of Cocos nucifera. Bot Rev 44:265–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harries HC (1990) Malesian origin for a domestic Cocos nucifera. The plant diversity of Malesia. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 351–357Google Scholar
- Harries HC (1995) Coconut (Cocos nucifera L., Palmae). In: J. Smartt NWS (ed) Evolution of crop plants (2nd ed.). Longman Scientific and Technical, Burnt Mill, Harlow, UK, pp 389–394Google Scholar
- Hasan MM, Rafii MY, Ismail MR (2015) Marker-assisted backcrossing: a useful method for rice improvement. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 29(2):237–254CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Hebbar KB, Balasimha D, Thomas GV (2013) Plantation crops response to climate change: coconut perspective. In: Singh H, Rao N (eds) Climate-resilient horticulture: adaptation and mitigation strategies. Springer, India, pp 177–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huang J, Liu X, Lan Q et al (2016) Proteomic profile of coconuts. Eur Food Res Technol 242(3):449–455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huang YY, Lee CP, Fu JL et al (2014) De novo transcriptome sequence assembly from coconut leaves and seeds with a focus on factors involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation. G3 (Bethesda) 4(11):2147–2157Google Scholar
- IPCC (2007) Intergovernmental panel on climate change, special report on emissions scenarios. IPCC, Geneva. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/076
- Jangra S, Mishra A, Kamboj D et al (2017) Engineering abiotic stress tolerance traits for mitigating climate change. In: Gahlawat S, Salar R, Siwach P et al (eds) Plant biotechnology: recent advancements and developments. Springer, Singapore, pp 59–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jay M, Bourdois P, Potier F, Sanslaville E (1989) Initial results from the study of polymorphism of coconut leaf phenols. Oléagin (France) 44:158–161Google Scholar
- Jerard B, Damodaran V, Niral V et al (2013) Conservation and utilization of thairu thengai—soft endosperm coconut accession from Andaman Islands. J Plant Crops 41:14–21Google Scholar
- Jiang GL (2013) Molecular markers and marker-assisted breeding in plants. In: Andersen SB (ed) Plant breeding from laboratories to fields. In Tech, Rijeka, Croatia. https://doi.org/10.5772/52583 pp 45–83
- Karun A, Sajini KK, Radha E et al (2008) Palm tissue and organ culture protocols, vol 51. Tech Bull CPCRI, KasaragodGoogle Scholar
- Kasturi Bai K, Rajagopal V, Arunachalam V (2006) Assessment of diversity on coconut varieties for drought responsive physiological traits. J Plant Crops 34:118–120Google Scholar
- Khush GS (1987) List of gene markers maintained in the Rice Genetic Stock Center, IRRI. Rice Genet Newsl 4:56–62Google Scholar
- Kumar S, Salar RK (2017) Control of gene expression by RNAi: a revolution in functional genomics. In: Gahlawat S, Salar R, Siwach P et al (eds) Plant biotechnology: recent advancements and developments. Springer, Singapore, pp 17–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kumar SN, Aggarwal PK (2013) Climate change and coconut plantations in India: impacts and potential adaptation gains. Agr Syst 117:45–54Google Scholar
- Lebrun P, N’cho YP, Seguin M et al (1998) Genetic diversity in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Euphytica 101(1):103–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lieben L (2017) Plant genetics: spatial transcriptomics in plants. Nat Rev Genet 18(7):394. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.41CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Liu X, Tang H, Li D, Hou L (2011) Genetic diversity of coconut cultivars in China by microsatellite (SSR) markers. Mol Plant Breed 2:83–91Google Scholar
- Liyanage DV (1955) Planting materials for coconut. Ceylon Coco Quart 6:75–80Google Scholar
- Liyanage DV (1958) Varieties and forms of coconut palms grown in Ceylon. Ceylon Coco Quart 9:1–10Google Scholar
- Manimekalai R, Nagarajan P (2006) Interrelationships among coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) accessions using RAPD technique. Genet Res Crop Evol 53 (6):1137–1144Google Scholar
- Mao Z (1986) An investigation on meteorological indices for coconut cultivation in China Oleagineux 41:119–128Google Scholar
- Mao Z, Lai Y (1993) The coconut germplasm of Hainan Island, China. Plant Genet Res Newsl 91:53–57Google Scholar
- Marechal H (1926) Observation and préliminary expériments on the coconut palm with a view to developing improved seed for Fiji. Fiji Agr J 1:16–45Google Scholar
- Massman JM, Jung HJG, Bernardo R (2013) Genomewide selection versus marker-assisted recurrent selection to improve grain yield and stover-quality traits for cellulosic ethanol in maize. Crop Sci 53(1):58–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mauro H, Meerow AW, Borrone JW et al (2006) Ten informative markers developed from WRKY sequences in coconut (Cocos nucifera). Mol Ecol Notes 6:904–906CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mayor PJ, Bernardo R (2009) Genomewide selection and marker-assisted recurrent selection in doubled haploid versus F2 populations. Crop Sci 49(5):1719–1725CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Meerow AW, Noblick L, Borrone JW et al (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of seven WRKY genes across the palm subtribe Attaleinae (Arecaceae) identifies Syagrus as sister group of the coconut. PLoS ONE 4(10):e7353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007353CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Meerow AW, Noblick L, Salas-Leiva DE et al (2014) Phylogeny and historic biogeography of cocosoid palms (Aracaceae, Arecoideae, Cocoseae) inferred from sequences of six WRKY gene family loci. Cladistics: 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cla.12100
- Meerow AW, Wisser RJ, Brown JS et al (2003) Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure within Florida coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm using microsatellite DNA, with special emphasis on the Fiji Dwarf cultivar. Theor Appl Genet 106(4):715–726CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Moore D, Alexander L (1987) Aspects of migration and colonization of the coconut palm by the coconut mite, Eriophyes guerreronis (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae). B Entomol Res 77(4):641–650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nair RV, Jerard BA, Thomas RJ (2016) Coconut breeding in India. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM (eds) Advances in plant breeding strategies: agronomic, abiotic and biotic stress traits. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 257–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nambiar S (1988) Susceptibility of hybrid coconut varieties to Oryctes rhinoceros L. under rainfed conditions at Pilicode. In: Silas E, Aravindakshan M (eds) Coconut breeding and management. Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, pp 158–160Google Scholar
- Nejat N, Cahill DM, Vadamalai G et al (2015) Transcriptomics-based analysis using RNA-Seq of the coconut (Cocos nucifera) leaf in response to yellow decline phytoplasma infection. Mol Genet Genomics 290(5):1899–1910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-015-1046-2CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Neuffer MG, Coe EH, Wessler S (1997) Mutants of maize. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Nguyen QT, Bandupriya HDD, López-Villalobos A et al (2015) Tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions for the improvement of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): a review. Planta 242(5):1059–1076CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ohler JG (1984) Coconut, tree of life. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
- Palmer RG, Shoemaker RC (1998) Soybean genetics. In: Hrustic M, Vidic M (eds) Soybean institute of field and vegetative crops. Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, pp 45–82Google Scholar
- Patel JS (1938) The coconut: a monograph. Government Press, Madras, IndiaGoogle Scholar
- Paul R, George J, Rajesh MK et al (2008) Genetic diversity in yellow dwarf populations of coconut assessed using RAPD markers. Indian J Hort 65:60–64Google Scholar
- Report of the genetics and plant breeding division. Annual report of the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka. Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, LunuwilaGoogle Scholar
- Perera L (2006) Report of the genetics and plant breeding division. Annual report of the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka. Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, LunuwilaGoogle Scholar
- Perera L, Perera S, Bandaranayake CK (2009) Coconut. In: Vollmann J (eds) Oil crops, Handbook of plant breeding 4. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 369–396Google Scholar
- Perera L, Russell JR, Provan J et al (1998) Evaluating genetic relationships between indigenous coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) accessions from Sri Lanka by means of AFLP profiling. Theor Appl Genet 96(3/4):545–550CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perera L, Russell JR, Provan J et al (2000) Use of microsatellite DNA markers to investigate the level of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Genome 43(1):15–21CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perera L, Russell JR, Provan J et al (2003) Studying genetic relationships among coconut varieties/populations using microsatellite markers. Euphytica 132(1):121–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Perera L, Russell JR, Provan J et al (1999) Identification and characterization of microsatellite loci in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and the analysis of coconut populations in Sri Lanka. Mol Ecol 8:344–346PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peries RRA (1998) Coconut breeding in Sri Lanka. Paper presented at the workshop on standardization of coconut breeding research techniques, 20–25 June 1994, Port Bouet, Côte d’Ivore. IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaGoogle Scholar
- Prades A, Salum UN, Pioch D (2016) New era for the coconut sector. What prospects for research? OCL 23(6):D607Google Scholar
- Qiu D, Morgan C, Shi J et al (2006) A comparative linkage map of oilseed rape and its use for QTL analysis of seed oil and erucic acid content. Theor Appl Genet 114(1):67–80CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rajagopal V, Kasturi Bai KV, Kumar N (2005) Breeding for drought tolerance in coconut. In: Batugal P RV, Oliver J (ed) Coconut genetic resources. IPGRI Rome, pp 282–301Google Scholar
- Rajagopal V, Shivshankar S, Kasturibai KV et al (1988) Leaf water potential as an index of drought tolerance in coconut. Plant Phys Biochem 15:80–86Google Scholar
- Rajesh MK, Arunachalam V, Nagarajan P et al (2008) Genetic survey of 10 Indian coconut landraces by simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Sci Hortic 118(4):282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.06.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rajesh MK, Radha E, Sajini KK et al (2005) Plant regeneration through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from plumular explants of coconut. J Plant Crops 33:9–17Google Scholar
- Ramanatha Rao V (1999) Complementary conservation strategy. In: Mal B, Mathur PN, Ramanatha Rao V (eds) Proceedings of the fourth meeting of SANPGR, 1–3 September 1998, Kathmandu, Nepal. IPGRI South Asia Office, New Delhi, India, pp 139–150Google Scholar
- Repellin A, Daniel C, Zuily-Fodil Y (1994) Merits of physiological tests for characterizing the performance of different coconut varieties subjected to drought. Oléagin (France) 49:155–168Google Scholar
- Saensuk C, Wanchana S, Choowongkomon K et al (2016) De novo transcriptome assembly and identification of the gene conferring a “pandan-like” aroma in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Sci 252:324–334CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Samsudeen K, Jacob PM, Niral V et al (2006) Exploration and collection of coconut germplasm in Kadmat and Amini islands of Lakshadweep. India. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53:1721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-005-1406-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sankaran M, Damodaran V, Jerard BA et al (2015) Multiple spicata coconut (MSC): a rare type of coconut in Andaman Islands. Transcriptomics 3:123. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8936.1000123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Santos G, Batugal P, Othman A et al (1996) Manual on standardized research techniques in coconut breeding. COGENT/IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaGoogle Scholar
- Sihag M, Sethi K, Gahlawat SK et al (2017) Advances in computational tools for plant microRNA identification. In: Gahlawat S, Salar R, Siwach P et al (eds) Plant biotechnology: recent advancements and developments. Springer, Singapore, pp 1–16Google Scholar
- Singh R, Ong-Abdullah M, Low ET et al (2013) Oil palm genome sequence reveals divergence of interfertile species in Old and New worlds. Nature 500(7462):335–339CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Song X, Wei H, Cheng W et al. (2015) Development of INDEL markers for genetic mapping based on whole genome re-sequencing in soybean. G3 (Bethesda) 12:2793–2799Google Scholar
- Sugimura Y, Itano M, Salud CD et al (1997) Biometric analysis on diversity of coconut palm: cultivar classification by botanical and agronomical traits. Euphytica 98(1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1003053128120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sukendah S, Volkaert HA, Sudarsono S (2009) Isolation and analysis of DNA fragment of genes related to kopyor trait in coconut plant. Indones J Biotech 14(2):1169–1178Google Scholar
- Suslow TV, Thomas BR, Bradford KL (2002) Biotechnology provides new tools for plant breeding. In: ABC Series, Agricultural biotechnology in California. ANR Pub. 8043Google Scholar
- Teulat B, Aldam C, Trehin R et al (2000) An analysis of genetic diversity in coconut (Cocos nucifera) populations from across the geographic range using sequence-tagged microsatellites (SSRs) and AFLPs. Theor Appl Genet 100(5):764–771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thomas RJ, Josephrajkumar A (2013) Flowering and pollination biology in coconut. J Plantat Crops 41(2):109–117Google Scholar
- Upadhyay A, Jayadev K, Manimekalai R et al (2004) Genetic relationship and diversity in Indian coconut accessions based on RAPD markers. Sci Hortic 99(3):353–362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vu HTT, Le Duc Duy DD, Ismail AM (2012) Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) for improved salinity tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) to cope with climate change in Vietnam. Austral. J Crop Sci 6(12):1649–1654Google Scholar
- Vargas A, Blanco FA (2000) Fruit characterization of Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) cultivars from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and the Philippines. Genet Resour Crop Ev 47(5):483–487Google Scholar
- Verdeil JL, Hornung R, Jacobsen HJ et al (1999) Recent progress on coconut micropropagation through a joined effort involving different countries. In: Oropeza C, Verdeil JL, Ashburner GR et al (eds) Current advances in coconut biotechnology. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 391–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vongvanrungruang A, Mongkolsiriwatana C, Boonkaew T et al (2016) Single base substitution causing the fragrant phenotype and development of a type-specific marker in aromatic coconut (Cocos nucifera). Genet Mol Res 15(3). https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038748
- Whitehead RA (1966) Progress in the freeze drying of coconut pollen. Oléagin (France) 21:281–284Google Scholar
- Xia W, Xiao Y, Liu Z et al (2014) Development of gene-based simple sequence repeat markers for association analysis in Cocos nucifera. Mol Breed 34(2):525–535CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Xiao Y, Luo Y, Yang Y et al (2013) Development of microsatellite markers in Cocos nucifera and their application in evaluating the level of genetic diversity of Cocos nucifera. Plant Omics 6(3):193Google Scholar
- Xiao Y, Xu P, Fan H et al (2017) The genome draft of Coconut (Cocos nucifera). GigaScience 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/gix095
- Yamaki S, Ohyanagi H, Yamasaki M et al (2013) Development of INDEL markers to discriminate all genome types rapidly in the genus Oryza. Breed Sci 63(3):246–254CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Ziller R (1962) La sélection du cocotier dans le monde (Coconut selection throughout the world) Oléagineux (France) 17:837–846Google Scholar
- Zizumbo Villarreal D, Cardeña-Lopez R, Piñero D (2002) Diversity and phylogenetic analysis in Cocos nucifera L. Mexico. Genet Resour Crop Ev 49(3):237–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zizumbo-Villarreal D, Fernández-Barrera M, Torres-Hernández N et al (2005) Morphological variation of fruit in Mexican populations of Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) under in situ and ex situ conditions. Genet Resour Crop Ev 52(4):421–434Google Scholar
- Zuniga LC, Armedill AL, de Gala D (1969) Maternal and paternal selection on coconut. Philipp J Plant Ind 34:9–16Google Scholar