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Catherine Jagiellon, Queen Consort of Sweden: Counselling Between the Catholic Jagiellons and the Lutheran Vasas

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Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe

Part of the book series: Queenship and Power ((QAP))

Abstract

Catherine Jagiellon (1526–83), was a Catholic Polish-Lithuanian princess married to a Lutheran Swedish Prince, John Vasa, Duke of Finland and later King of Sweden. Her case provides important insights into the impact of confessional differences within a royal marriage of the sixteenth century and their consequences for counsel. The chapter highlights the significance of Catherine’s network of confidants, and the role of her entourage in providing political support. While she was not always a successful counsellor, evidence from her correspondence demonstrates that she was a careful manager of her self-presentation in a range of delicate situations.

The chapter is based on my work on Catherine Jagiellon in the ERC project “The Jagiellonians: Dynasty, memory, identity in Central Europe”. For further information, please see the project’s website http://www.jagiellonians.com/. I am grateful to the editor, Dr. Catherine Fletcher for her helpful comments and painstaking editing work as well as to MA Mikko Hiljanen for commenting on the first draft and Dr. Marko Hakanen and Prof. Petri Karonen for giving me the unpublished manuscript they edited in 2017 “Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560–1720” together with various good counsels.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Chap. 2 by Katarzyna Kosior in this volume.

  2. 2.

    James Daybell, “Gender, Politics and Archives in Early Modern England,” in Gender and Political Culture in Early Modern Europe 1400–1800”, eds. James Daybell and Svante Norrhem. (London: Routledge 2012), 25–46, 31.

  3. 3.

    On Catherine Jagiellon, see August Hahr, Drottning Katarina Jagellonica och Vasarenässansen. Studier i Vasatidens konst och svensk-polsk-italienska förbindelser (Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell, 1940); C.J. Gardberg, Turun linnan kolme Katariinaa, trans. Irma Savolainen (Helsinki: Otava 1993); Miia Ijäs, “Katariina Jagellonica – vaimo, kuningatar, diplomaatti,” Genos 80, no. 2 (2009): 52–9. Miia Ijäs’ article is the only attempt to analyze Catherine Jagiellon’s political agency as a “wife”, “queen” and “diplomat”, although problematization or discussion of these categories in the framework of gender remains quite vague.

  4. 4.

    Elizabeth Tingle, “The Afterlive of Rulers. Power, patronage and purgatory in Ducal Brittany,” in The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, eds. Sean McGlynn and Elena Woodacre (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014), 281–97, 282; on the notion of “soft power”, see e.g. Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. (New York: Public Affairs, 2009).

  5. 5.

    For further information, see, for instance, the website of the project Marrying Cultures: Queens Consort and European Identities 1500–1800, accessed September 24, 2017, http://www.marryingcultures.eu/.

  6. 6.

    Keith P. Luria, Sacred Boundaries: Religious Coexistence and Conflict in. Early Modern France (Washington: Catholic University Press of America, 2005), 153; Carolyn Harris, Queenship and Revolution in Early Modern Europe: Henrietta Maria and Marie Antoinette. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

  7. 7.

    See e.g. Michael Roberts, Sweden’s Age of Greatness 1632–1718 (Aylesbury: Macmillan, 1973); Michael Roberts, The Swedish Imperial Experience 1560–1718 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Nils Erik Villstrand, Riksdelen. Stormakt och rikssprängning 1560–1812. Finlands svenska historia 2. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 702: 2 (Helsingfors: SLS, 2009), 342, 344; Nils Erik Villstrand, Sveriges historia 1600–1721. Norstedts Sveriges historia (Stockholm: Nordstedt, 2011); Petri Karonen, Pohjoinen suurvalta. Ruotsi ja Suomi 1521–1809 (Helsinki: SKS, 2014); Jan Lindegren, “The Swedish ‘Military State’, 1560–1720,” Scandinavian Journal of History 10, no. 4 (1985): 305–336; Mirkka Lappalainen, “Regional Elite Group and the Problem of Territorial Integration: The Finnish Nobility and the Formation of the Swedish ‘Power State’, c. 1570–1620,” Scandinavian Journal of History 26, no. 1 (2001): 1–24; Jan Glete, War and the State in Early Modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660 (London: Routledge, 2002); Mats Hallenberg, Kungen, fogdarna och riket. Lokalförvaltning och statsbyggande under tidig Vasatid (Stockholm: Symposion, 2001); Mats Hallenberg, Johan Holm, Dan Johansson, “Organization, Legitimation, Participation: State Formation as a Dynamic Process – the Swedish Example, c. 1523–1680,” Scandinavian Journal of History 33, no. 3 (2008): 247–68.

  8. 8.

    The administrative system was mostly in place by the beginning of eighteenth century, when Sweden’s position as a great European power collapsed as a result of the Great Northern War (1700–21), Karonen & Hakanen, “Personal Agency and State Building in Sweden (1560–1720),” in Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560–1720, eds. Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen (Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society 2017), 7.

  9. 9.

    See, the biographies in the Dictionary of Swedish National Biography: Sture Arnell, “Karin Månsdotter,” Svenskt biografiskt lexicon, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/12352; Birgitta Lager-Kromnow, “Katarina Jagellonica,” Svenskt biografiskt lexicon, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/12406; Birgitta Lager, “Gunilla Bielke,” Svenskt biografiskt lexicon, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/13306; see also Sture Arnell, Karin Månsdotter (Helsingfors: Söderström & co. 1951); on the political debate on female monarchs during the early modern era (principally circa 1600 to 1720) in Sweden and England, see Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen, Kungen är en kvinna: Retorik och praktik kring kvinnliga monarker under tidigmodern tid (Umeå: Umeå universitet 2003); see also popular monographs on queens consort by the same author, Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen, Vasadrottningen. En biografi om Katarina Stenbock 1535–1621 (Lund: Historiska Media, 2015); Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen, Margareta Regina – vid Gustav Vasas sida (Stockholm: Setterblad, 2016); on the early modern court as a group of various people surrounding the sovereign’s spouse, whether official or semi-official councillors, people of influence, family, friends or members of the retinue, see Orsolya Réthelyi, “Mary of Hungary in Court Context (1521–1531)” (PhD diss., Budapest Central European University, 2010).

  10. 10.

    Margaret, daughter of King Valdemar of the Danes, queen consort of Norway in 1363–80 and Sweden in 1363–64, as well as regent, brought about the Union of Kalmar, ruling Denmark, Norway and Sweden in her own right. The union was dissolved when Sweden became independent in 1523.

  11. 11.

    Förnyelse af arfföreningen [Renewal of Succession Pact] (Rikets råd), 26 January 1569, Svenska riksdagsakter 1521–1718, II (1561–1592), ed. Emil Hildebrand (Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner 1899), 294–296.

  12. 12.

    Miia Ijäs, “Res publica” Redefined? The Polish-Lithuanian Transition Period of the 1560s and 1570s in the Context of European State Formation Processes (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015); Lars Ericson Wolke, Johan III: En Biografi (Stockholm: Historiska Media, 2004), 316; Lena Rangström, En brud för kung och fosterland : kungliga svenska bröllop från Gustav Vasa till Carl XVI Gustaf (Stockholm: Livrustkammaren & Atlantis, 2010), 75; Ivar Svalenius, Rikskansliet i Sverige 1560–1592. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Riksarkivet: 7 (Stockholm: Kommentus, 1991), 108.

  13. 13.

    Raisa Maria Toivo, Faith and Magic in Early Modern Finland, Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 62.

  14. 14.

    A. Fryxell, Handlingar rörande Sveriges historia, vol.3 (Stockholm: Hjerta, 1839), 65–78.

  15. 15.

    Karl-Heinz Spiess, “Royal and Princely Marriages in Late Medieval Europe,” in Lithuania-Poland-Sweden. European Dynastic Unions and Historical-Cultural Ties, eds. Eugenijus Saviščevas and Marijus Uzorka (Vilnius: National Museum – Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, 2014), 75.

  16. 16.

    Before the marriage, John had established a genuine princely rule of his own in Finland. The duchy was given relatively independent feudal rights by the king, a fairly extensive part of southwestern Finland, including the province of Turku and the royal manor of Kokemäenkartano, Åland, western Nyland and some parishes from the west borders of Tavastia. In addition, John was appointed Governor-General of Finland, including all the other areas beyond the Gulf of Bothnia and up to the eastern border. Those areas were not held by feudal right, however, but with John as a royal appointee. Lars Ericson Wolke, Johan III: En Biografi (Stockholm: Historiska Media, 2004), 48–50.

  17. 17.

    Before John’s marriage, Karin was married to a courtier of John, Klas Westgöte, and given Vääksy Manor in Kangasala, Finland in 1561, Cardberg, Turun linnan kolme Katariinaa, 29–47.

  18. 18.

    Roberts, Early Vasas, 209.

  19. 19.

    The English equivalents of the Swedish courtiers are from the bilingual glossary in Fabian Persson, Servants of Fortune. The Swedish Court between 1598 and 1721 (Lund: Wallin and Dalholm, 1999), iii–v.

  20. 20.

    Wilska calls them “Dosia” and “Basia”, Małgorzata Wilska, “Atrakcyjność kultury dworskiej w czasach Jagiellonów,” Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce 38 (1994): 5–13.

  21. 21.

    Gardberg, Turun linnan kolme Katariinaa, 85.

  22. 22.

    Natalia Nowakowska, Ilya Afanasyev, Stanka Kuzmova, Giedre Mickunaite, Susanna Niiranen, Dusan Zupka, A dynasty in the making. The Jagiellonians 1386– (Forthcoming in 2018).

  23. 23.

    The Jagiellonian books in Scandinavia will be investigated by SN within the project “Late Medieval and Early Modern Libraries as Knowledge Repositories, Guardians of Tradition and Catalysts of Change” (Academy of Finland and University of Jyväskylä, 2017–2021).

  24. 24.

    A. Fryxell, ”Om oenigheten mellan Erik XIV och Johan III”. Handlingar rörande Sverges historia, vol. 3 (Stockholm: Hjerta, 1839), 33–65, 63.

  25. 25.

    Stockholm, Royal Palace Archives, Inventarium, Katarina Jagellonica 28 Oct – 3 Dec 1563. Kungliga och furstliga personers enskilde egendom vol.3 1556–1594.

  26. 26.

    Fabian Persson, “Living in the House of Power,” in Politics of Female Households Ladies-in-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe, eds. Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 345–6.

  27. 27.

    For the various roles female dwarfs had at early modern courts, Janet Ravenscroft, “Dwarfs – and a Loca – as Ladies’ Maids at the Spanish Habsburg Courts,” in Politics of Female Households Ladies-in-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe, eds. Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben (Leiden: Brill, 2013).

  28. 28.

    The idea and linkage between friendship and good counsel in the early modern era, see Stella Achilleos, “Friendship and Good Counsel: The Discourses of Friendship and Parrhesia in Francis Bacon’s ‘The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall’,” in Friendship in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age, eds. Albrecht Classen and Marilyn Sandidge (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2010), 643–74.

  29. 29.

    Betty M. Adelson, The Lives of Dwarfs: Their Journey from Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 18.

  30. 30.

    In the seventeenth century, “the Age of Greatness”—when Sweden is regarded as a “Great Power”—the royal court was no larger than that of an important German electorate such as Hanover or Saxony. In the sixteenth century, the royal court was even smaller.

  31. 31.

    Persson, Servants of Fortune, 21–3.

  32. 32.

    Akkerman & Houben, “Introduction,” in Politics of Female Households Ladies-in-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe, eds. Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 5.

  33. 33.

    Roberts, Early Vasas, 283.

  34. 34.

    According to the inventory of 1562, there were two chaplains named Wojciech and Jakob as well as one clerk; E.G. Palmén, Puolan kirjallisuudesta poimittuja tietoja Suomen historiaan, Historiallinen Arkisto XVIII (Suomen Historiallinen Seura: Helsinki, 1903), 336–61, 355.

  35. 35.

    Biaudet, Documents concernant 2012, 165; Toivo, Faith and Magic, 2016, 64.

  36. 36.

    Wolfgang Reinhard, “Zwang zur Konfessionalisierung? Prolegomena zu einer Theorie des konfessionellen Zeitalters,” Zeitschrift für historische Forschung 10, no. 3 (1983): 257–77; R. Po-chia Hsia, Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe 1550–1750 (London: Routledge, 1991); Stefan Ehrenpreis & Ute Lotz-Heumann. Reformation und konfessionelles Zeitalter (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002); Peter Marshall, “Confessionalization, Confessionalism and Confusion in the English Reformation,” in Reforming Reformation, ed. Thomas Mayer (London; New York: Routledge, 2012), 43–64.

  37. 37.

    Cardinal Commendone to Anna of Poland, [s.d. Nov 1569], Henry Biaudet, Le Saint-Siège et la Suède durant la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle. Notes et documents. Origines et période des relations non officielles 1570–1576 I (Paris: Plon-Nourrit; Helsingfors: Société d’histoire de Finlande, 1906), 1.

  38. 38.

    Martin Kromer to Catherine of Sweden, Rostock, 1–15 Dec 1569, Biaudet, Le Saint-Siège et la Suède, 2.

  39. 39.

    Biaudet, Le Saint-Siège et la Suède, 213.

  40. 40.

    Almut Bues, “Art Collections as Dynastic Tool. The Jagiellonian Princesses Katarzyna, Queen of Sweden, and Zofia, Duchess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel,” in Queens Consort, Cultural Transfer and European Politics, c.1500–1800, eds. Helen Watanabe-O’Kelly and A. Morton (London: Routledge, 2016), 15–36.

  41. 41.

    Catherine of Sweden to Martin Kromer, Stockholm, 6 Feb 1570, Biaudet, Le Saint-Siège et la Suède, 4.

  42. 42.

    E.g. Ambassador Don Juan de Zúñiga to Philip II, 9 May 1577, Rome, Henry Biaudet, Documents concernants les relations entre le Saint-Siège et la Suède durant la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle II. Époque de relations officielles, vol I. Mission en Italie de Pontus de la Gardie (1576 – 1577). (Genève: Chaulmontet, 1912), 338–41; see also Hubert Languet to Philip, Vienna, 15 January 1574, Philip Sidney, The Correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney vol. 1, ed. Robert Kuin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 89.

  43. 43.

    Oskar Garstein, Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia: Jesuit Educational Strategy, 1553–1622 (Leiden: Brill, 1992), xxvi–xxvii.

  44. 44.

    See Chap. 11 in this volume by Anna Whitelock.

  45. 45.

    Garstein, Rome and the Counter-Reformation, xxvii.

  46. 46.

    See, Catherine Jagiellon’s letters to the Pope Gregory XIII. Catherine Jagiellon to the Pope, Pridie Nativitatis B.V. Mariae Dei genitricis, (7 Sep) 1573, Stockholm, Arch. Segr. Vat., Segr. di Stato, Germ. 95, fol.361; Catherine Jagillon to the Pope, 4 Jan 1574, Stockholm, Arch. Segr. Vat., Segr. di Stato, Germ. 95, fol.362; Catherine Jagiellon to Pope, 17 Jul 1574, Stockholm, Arch. Segr. Vat., Segr. di Stato, Germ. 95, fol.363; Catherine Jagiellon to the Pope, 20 Apr 1578, Stockholm, Arch. Segr. Vat., Segr. di Stato, Germ. 95, fol.372.

  47. 47.

    Catherine Jagiellon to Abbess Karin Bengtsdotter Gylta,1 Jul 1579. E291, Uppsala University Library, Uppsala.

  48. 48.

    Wierzbowski, Warszewicki, 103.

  49. 49.

    Pius V to Catherine Jagiellon, 8 March 1570, Rome, Le Saint-Siège et la Suède, 5.

  50. 50.

    Cardinal Hosius to Martin Kromer, 26 March 1570, Rome, Biaudet, Le Saint-Siège et la Suède, 5.

  51. 51.

    Cardinal Hosius to Catherine Jagiellon, 7 July 1576, Subiaco, Biaudet, Documents, 50–2.

  52. 52.

    E.g. Cardinal Hosius to Anna Jagiellon, 12 June 1577, Biaudet, Documents, 393–6.

  53. 53.

    Bengt Hildebrand, “Pontus de la Gardie,” Svenskt biografiskt lexicon, accessed October 2, 2017, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/17387.

  54. 54.

    Petrus Rosinus to Ture Bielke, Rome 5 February 1575, Stockholm, Riksarkivet, Italica 1573–77.

  55. 55.

    Ivar Svalenius, Rikskansliet I Sverige 1560 – 1592 (Stockholm: Kommentus, 1991), 156; Bengt Hildebrand, “Petrus Fecht,” Svenskt biografiskt lexicon, accessed September 28, 2017, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=15180.

  56. 56.

    Henry Biaudet, Carlo Brancaccio: un italien au service de la Suède au XVIe siècle. (Genève: Chaulmontet, 1912).

  57. 57.

    Cardinal Hosius to Catherine Jagiellon, 26 August 1577, Subiaco, Biaudet, Documents, 488–94.

  58. 58.

    Cardinal Hosius to Catherine Jagiellon, 12 July 1577, Subiaco, Biaudet, Documents, 441.

  59. 59.

    Legatio Domini Alemani, quam habuit apud Regem Sueciae, ed. Klaus I. Karttunen (Roma, Suomalaisen tiedeakatemian toimituksia, 1910), 3–53; see also the report of nuncius Alberto Bolognetti, Bishop of Massa, Warsaw, 15 August 1582, Vatican City, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Nunz. Pol. vol. 19, 252–60.

  60. 60.

    Brun was an experienced, international secretary; he had studied in Rostock and was employed by the Royal Chancellery in 1571. He also served as an envoy to Poland and as a peace negotiator in 1580s, Svalenius, Rikskansliet i Sverige, 153–6.

  61. 61.

    See, Clegg, ‘Good to Think with’, 43–66.

  62. 62.

    According to, sociologist Erving Goffman, face is the positive public image one seeks to establish in social interactions, Erving Goffman, “On Face-Work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction,” Psychiatry: Journal of Interpersonal Relations 18, no. 3 (1955): 213–31 [reprinted in Interaction Ritual, pp. 5–46]; Sociolinguists, Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson used Goffman’s face theory as a foundation for explaining human interactions that revolved around being polite. In developing politeness theory they expanded and added to face theory by arguing that we have two faces; one based on a desire for approval and acceptance by others (positive face), and the other based on a desire to proceed without being impeded upon (negative face), see Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). [First published 1978 as part of Esther N. Goody, ed. Questions and Politeness. Cambridge University Press].

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  1. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Susanna Niiranen

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  1. University College London, London, United Kingdom

    Helen Matheson-Pollock

  2. University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom

    Joanne Paul

  3. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom

    Catherine Fletcher

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Niiranen, S. (2018). Catherine Jagiellon, Queen Consort of Sweden: Counselling Between the Catholic Jagiellons and the Lutheran Vasas. In: Matheson-Pollock, H., Paul, J., Fletcher, C. (eds) Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76974-5_5

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