Abstract
Damaged venous valves result in varicose or spider vein formation. Commonly, venous obstruction is caused by increased pressure of reverse blood flow within the superficial venous valve or from direct traumatic injury to the vein.
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Karen, J.K., Callahan, S. (2018). Laser Treatment of Leg Veins. In: Nouri, K. (eds) Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76118-3_5
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