2 Radioactivity, Radiopharmacy, and Quality Assurance

  • Eleanor Mantel
  • Janet S. Reddin
  • Gang Cheng
  • Abass Alavi
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

  1. 1.
    How does 201Tl decay?
    1. (a)

      By positron emission

       
    2. (b)

      By electron capture

       
    3. (c)

      By beta emission

       
     
  2. 2.
    What is the role of the stannous ion in the preparation of pharmaceuticals labeled with 99mTc?
    1. (a)

      To increase the valence state from +4 to +7

       
    2. (b)

      To reduce the amount of Al3+ present

       
    3. (c)

      To reduce the valence state of 99mTc

       
    4. (d)

      To reduce the radiation dose

       
     
  3. 3.
    If an assay of a vial containing 131I shows 50 mCi present on May 2, approximately what will the assay show on May 18?
    1. (a)

      25 mCi

       
    2. (b)

      12.5 mCi

       
    3. (c)

      40 mCi

       
    4. (d)

      6 mCi

       
     
  4. 4.
    If a bone scan has been ordered on a 5-year-old girl and the physician prescribes 62% of the adult dose to be given, how many mCi should be administered?
    1. (a)

      5 mCi

       
    2. (b)

      12.4 mCi

       
    3. (c)

      7.4 mCi

       
    4. (d)

      3.1 mCi

       
     
  5. 5.
    If the biological half-life of an isotope is 6 h and the physical half-life is 12 h, what is the effective half-life?
    1. (a)

      6 h

       
    2. (b)

      12 h

       
    3. (c)

      2 h

       
    4. (d)

      4 h

       
     
  6. 6.
    Which of the following is used to abbreviate physical half-life?
    1. (a)

      Tp

       
    2. (b)

      T/2

       
    3. (c)

      T2

       
    4. (d)

      P ½

       
     
  7. 7.
    The physical half-life of a radionuclide is the time it takes:
    1. (a)

      For half of the substance to leave the body

       
    2. (b)

      For the nuclide to decay to one-half of the original activity

       
    3. (c)

      For the kit to become half expired

       
    4. (d)

      For half of the substance to be metabolized

       
     
  8. 8.
    If a kit has 310 mCi of activity present at 8:00 a.m., what will the vial assay show in 4 h and 10 min if the decay factor is 0.618?
    1. (a)

      175 mCi

       
    2. (b)

      192 mCi

       
    3. (c)

      501 mCi

       
    4. (d)

      155 mCi

       
     
  9. 9.
    A vial containing 99m Tc is assayed at 9:00 a.m. and contains 255 mCi. To calculate the remaining activity at 3:00 p.m., what decay factor would be used?
    1. (a)

      721

       
    2. (b)

      595

       
    3. (c)

      127.5

       
    4. (d)

      600

       
     
  10. 10.
    A vial of technetium eluate contains 50 mCi/ml. If 4 ml is withdrawn and added to a diphosphonate kit containing 16 ml of solution, what volume would then need to be withdrawn to prepare a 20 mCi dose at that moment?
    1. (a)

      1.0

       
    2. (b)

      1.5

       
    3. (c)

      2.0

       
    4. (d)

      2.5

       
     
  11. 11.
    If a preparation of 99mTc mertiatide has 60 mCi of activity present at 8:30 a.m., how many mCi will be present at 9:00 a.m. (DF = 0.944)?
    1. (a)

      63.6

       
    2. (b)

      56.6

       
    3. (c)

      59.6

       
    4. (d)

      53.6

       
     
  12. 12.
    Which of the following is boiled during preparation?
    1. (a)

      MAA

       
    2. (b)

      Sulfur colloid

       
    3. (c)

      Albumin colloid

       
    4. (d)

      Diphosphonates

       
     
  13. 13.
    The presence of 12 μg Al+3 in 1 ml of 99mTc eluate is:
    1. (a)

      An example of radionuclidic impurity

       
    2. (b)

      An example of chemical impurity

       
    3. (c)

      An example of radiochemical impurity

       
    4. (d)

      Acceptable since it is less than 15 μg/ml

       
     
  14. 14.
    Which body decides on the acceptable levels of radionuclidic impurity?
    1. (a)

      DEP

       
    2. (b)

      NRC

       
    3. (c)

      FDA

       
     
  15. 15.
    Which of the following is an example of radionuclidic impurity?
    1. (a)

      Presence of free 99mTc in a preparation of 99mTc sulfur colloid

       
    2. (b)

      Presence of 99Mo in 99mTc eluate

       
    3. (c)

      Presence of aluminum ions in 99mTc eluate

       
    4. (d)

      Presence of pyrogens in eluate

       
     
  16. 16.
    What is the maximum amount of aluminum ions (Al+3) allowed in 1 ml of 99mTc eluate according to the USP?
    1. (a)

      None is allowed

       
    2. (b)

      5 μg

       
    3. (c)

      10 μg

       
    4. (d)

      15 μg

       
     
  17. 17.
    What is indicated by the front of an instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) strip?
    1. (a)

      Radionuclidic impurity.

       
    2. (b)

      Particles of incorrect size.

       
    3. (c)

      Pyrogens.

       
    4. (d)

      This depends on the solvent and strip used.

       
     
  18. 18.
    If a kit contains 140 mCi of 99mTc in 23 ml, how much volume must be withdrawn to obtain a dose of 5 mCi?
    1. (a)

      0.8 ml

       
    2. (b)

      30 ml

       
    3. (c)

      1.2 ml

       
    4. (d)

      0.6 ml

       
     
  19. 19.
    If a kit contains 140 mCi of 99mTc in 23 ml at 9:00 a.m., how much volume must be withdrawn to obtain a dose of 5 mCi at 3:00 p.m.?
    1. (a)

      0.8 ml

       
    2. (b)

      1.6 ml

       
    3. (c)

      2.4 ml

       
    4. (d)

      0.6

       
     
  20. 20.
    An MAA kit contains 40 mCi of 99mTc in 5 ml at 8:00 a.m. What would be the best volume to be withdrawn for a 4 mCi dose at 10:00 a.m. if a perfusion lung scan is planned (=0.794)?
    1. (a)

      0.63 ml

       
    2. (b)

      1.54 ml

       
    3. (c)

      2.2 ml

       
    4. (d)

      0.25 ml

       
     
  21. 21.
    What is the most likely size of an MAA particle if correctly prepared?
    1. (a)

      0–100 mm

       
    2. (b)

      10–30 μm

       
    3. (c)

      10–30 mm

       
    4. (d)

      0–250 μm

       
     
  22. 22.
    99mTc MAA has a biologic half-life of 2–4 h; what will the effective half-life be?
    1. (a)

      1.5–3.0 h

       
    2. (b)

      2.0–4.0 h

       
    3. (c)

      0.5–1.0 h

       
    4. (d)

      1.5–2.4 h

       
     
  23. 23.
    Which radiopharmaceutical is made with 99mTc without a reducing agent?
    1. (a)

      MAG3

       
    2. (b)

      MAA

       
    3. (c)

      Sulfur colloid

       
    4. (d)

      Sestamibi

       
     
  24. 24.
    Which of the following is an example of radiochemical impurity?
    1. (a)

      Presence of free 99mTc in a preparation of 99mTc sulfur colloid

       
    2. (b)

      Presence of 99Mo in 99mTc eluate

       
    3. (c)

      Presence of aluminum ions in 99mTc eluate

       
    4. (d)

      Presence of pyrogens in eluate

       
     
  25. 25.
    Which of the following can be said regarding effective half-life?
    1. (a)

      It is always longer than the physical half-life.

       
    2. (b)

      It is always shorter than both the physical and the biologic half-life.

       
    3. (c)

      It is always shorter than physical half-life but longer than the biologic half-life.

       
    4. (d)

      It is always longer than the biologic half-life but shorter than the physical half-life.

       
     
  26. 26.
    The purpose of adding EDTA to sulfur colloid when labeling with 99mTc is:
    1. (a)

      To prevent aggregation of sulfur colloid

       
    2. (b)

      To bind excess Al3+

       
    3. (c)

      To prevent loss of the radiolabel

       
    4. (d)

      (a) and (b) only

       
    5. (e)

      (b) and (c) only

       
     
  27. 27.
    A diphosphonate kit should generally be used within how many hours after preparation?
    1. (a)

      2 h

       
    2. (b)

      12 h

       
    3. (c)

      4–6 h

       
    4. (d)

      24 h

       
     
  28. 28.
    What is the usual particle size of sulfur colloid?
    1. (a)

      0.3–1.0 μm

       
    2. (b)

      0.03–0.1 μm

       
    3. (c)

      2.0–10 μm

       
    4. (d)

      4.0–15 μm

       
     
  29. 29.
    Which radiopharmaceutical, when correctly prepared, will have the smallest particle size?
    1. (a)

      99mTc sulfur colloid

       
    2. (b)

      99mTc albumin colloid

       
    3. (c)

      99mTc human serum albumin

       
    4. (d)

      99mTc macroaggregated albumin

       
     
  30. 30.
    The advantages of albumin colloid over sulfur colloid include:
    1. (a)

      Does not require heating

       
    2. (b)

      Less expensive

       
    3. (c)

      Smaller dose can be administered

       
     
  31. 31.
    Following injection of 99mTc MAA for a perfusion lung scan, activity is seen in the kidneys and brain. This is indicative of:
    1. (a)

      Right to left cardiac shunt

       
    2. (b)

      Renal failure

       
    3. (c)

      Congestive heart failure

       
    4. (d)

      Incorrect particle size

       
     
  32. 32.
    At 7:00 a.m., a technologist prepares a dose of 99mTc MDP for injection at 10:00 a.m. that day. The desired dose is 22 mCi and no precalibration factors are available. The 3-h decay factor for the isotope is 0.707. What amount of activity should the technologist draw up into the syringe at 7:00 a.m.?
    1. (a)

      15.6 mCi

       
    2. (b)

      27.07 mCi

       
    3. (c)

      29.5 mCi

       
    4. (d)

      31.1 mCi

       
     
  33. 33.
    What can be said regarding precalibration factors?
    1. (a)

      It is not necessary for problem solving if the decay factor is available.

       
    2. (b)

      It is always <1.0.

       
    3. (c)

      It is always >1.0.

       
    4. (d)

      Both (a) and (c).

       
     
  34. 34.
    What method is used to calculate pediatric dose?
    1. (a)

      According to weight

       
    2. (b)

      Clark’s formula

       
    3. (c)

      According to body surface area

       
    4. (d)

      Using Talbot’s nomogram

       
    5. (e)

      All of the above

       
     
  35. 35.
    If the recommended volume for a MAG3 kit ranges from 4 to 10 ml, and the 99mTc eluate that will be used contains 820 mCi in 10 ml, and 41 mCi will be used, what is the minimum amount of diluent that should be added?
    1. (a)

      0.5 ml

       
    2. (b)

      1 ml

       
    3. (c)

      3.5 ml

       
    4. (d)

      9.5 ml

       
     
  36. 36.
    If a 20 mCi dose of 99mTc HDP is needed at 9:00 a.m., how much activity should the syringe contain if the technologist prepares it at 7:00 a.m.? You may use the table of precalibration factors (Table 1) to determine the answer.
    1. (a)

      15.9 mCi

       
    2. (b)

      21.259 mCi

       
    3. (c)

      25.18 mCi

       
    4. (d)

      26.7 mCi

       
     
  37. 37.
    Using Table 2, determine the decay factor for 99mTc at 7 h.
    1. (a)

      1.337

       
    2. (b)

      0.445

       
    3. (c)

      0.432

       
    4. (d)

      0.551

       
     
  38. 38.
    On a Monday morning at 6:00 a.m., a technologist is preparing a 99mTc ECD kit that is to be used for SPECT brain scan injections at 8:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., and 10:00 a.m. Each patient should receive 10 mCi. What is the minimum activity that should be added to the kit during preparation? Use Table 1 if necessary.
    1. (a)

      42. 6 mCi

       
    2. (b)

      30.0 mCi

       
    3. (c)

      44.5 mCi

       
    4. (d)

      52.0 mCi

       
     
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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  • Eleanor Mantel
    • 1
  • Janet S. Reddin
    • 1
  • Gang Cheng
    • 2
  • Abass Alavi
    • 1
  1. 1.Nuclear Medicine and RadiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
  2. 2.Department of RadiologyPhiladelphia VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaUSA

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