Abstract
“Pension privatisation and the emergence of the financial education project in the UK” provides an introduction to pension privatisation and pension financialisation in the UK. The chapter situates edu-regulatory programmes and policies within a broader historical, political and economic context. It describes how the Conservative government and, later, New Labour promoted private pensions and encouraged people’s direct and indirect participation in financial services markets. The chapter identifies and examines two major failures: pension mis-selling scandals of the late 1980s and the early 1990s, and the pension gap. It shows how the consumer was re-imagined and re-conceptualised into a responsibilised subject, who lacks information and knowledge to participate effectively and safely in the financial services market. The chapter’s principal argument is that consumer financial education was introduced by New Labour to respond to the failures of pension privatisation. Besides tax-favoured reforms in the pensions market, financial literacy education was used by New Labour to strengthen the processes and practices of financialisation. The democratisation of consumer access to financial information, financial education and financial advice was articulated by the UK government and the FCA as a necessary project for consumer protection as well as for the smooth and stable functioning of the social welfare system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Araki, H. 2000. Ideas and Welfare: The Conservative Transformation of the British Pension Regime. Journal of Social Policy 29 (4): 599–621.
Attanasio, O., and S. Rohwedder. 2003. Pension Wealth and Household Saving: Evidence from Pension Reforms in the United Kingdom. The American Economic Review 93 (5): 1499–1521.
BBC News. 1998a. Path Through the Pension Maze. BBC News (Business: Your Money) [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/207001.stm. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
BBC News. 1998b. Firms Under Fire in Pensions Review. BBC News (Business: Your Money), September 21. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/176568.stm. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
BBC News. 2002. Pensions Scandal Costs £11.8bn. BBC News, June 27. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2070271.stm. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
BBC News. 1999a. Pensioners confirm savings gap. BBC News (Business: Your Money), 24 March. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/302648.stm. Accessed 1 Aug 2014.
BBC News. 1999b. Watchdog focus on young pension victims. BBC News (Business: Your Money), 5 January. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/248784.stm. Acessed 1 Aug 2014.
Bacon & Woodrow. 1996. Pensions Pocket Book. London: NTC Publications.
Banks, J., and Tanner, S. 1999. Household Saving in the UK. London: IFS. [Online] Available at: http://www.ifs.org.uk/comms/hhs.pdf. Accessed 30 Sep 2013.
Barrientos, A. 1998. Supplementary Pension Coverage in Britain. Fiscal Studies 19 (4): 429–446.
Bell, S. 1984. Investor Protection (Gower Report). [Online] Available at: http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1984/jul/16/investor-protection-gower-report. Accessed 12 June 2014.
Birmingham Evening Mail. 1998. ‘Stakeholder’ Pensions Row. Birmingham Evening Mail, February 12, 31.
Birmingham Post. 1998. Stakeholder Pensions ‘Must Be Simple to Run’. Birmingham Post, February 14, 49.
Black, J., and R. Nobles. 1998. Personal Pensions Misselling: The Causes and Lessons of Regulatory Failure. The Modern Law Review 61 (6): 789–820.
Blair, T. 1991. Labour’s Agenda. The Sunday Times (London), September 29, 1.
Blair, T. 1996. Toni Blair Outlines to a Singapore Business Forum His Vision of a Revitalised British Economy a Stake in the Future. [Online] Available at: http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/tony-blair-outlines-to-a-singapore-business-forum-his-vision-of-a-revitalised-british-economy-a-stake-in-the-future-1.472021. Accessed 2 July 2014.
Brazier, A., Greener, K., Jarvis, T., Roll, J., and Wilson, W. 1999. Welfare Reform and Pensions Bill: Research Paper 99/19. [Online] Available at: http://www.researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP99-19/RP99-19.pdf. Accessed 16 Oct 2014.
Brown, T. 1999. Stakeholder Housing: A Third Way. London: Pluto Press.
Bucher-Koenen, T., and A. Lusardi. 2011. Financial Literacy and Retirement Planning in Germany. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10 (4): 565–584.
Béland, D. 2007. The Social Exclusion Discourse: Ideas and Policy Change. Policy and Politics 35 (1): 123–139.
Caine, N. 1996. Millions Face Pensions ‘Misery Gap’. The Sunday Times, October 20, 1.
Chang, H.-J. 1997. The Economics and Politics of Regulation. Cambridge Journal of Economics 21 (6): 703–728.
Christie, I., and Mensah-Coker, G. 1999. An Inclusive Future? London: Demos. [Online] Available at: http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Aninclusivefuture.pdf?1240939425. Accessed 12 Sep 2014.
Christie, I., and Perry, H. 1997. Demos Collection. London: Demos. [Online] Available at: http://www.demos.co.uk/files/theWealthandpovertyofnetworks.pdf?1240939425. Accessed 23 Aug 2014.
Chung, W., Disney, R., Emmerson, C., and Wakefield, M. 2008. Public Policy and Retirement Saving Incentives in the UK. In Pension Strategies in Europe and the United States, ed. R. Fenge, G.D. Menil, and P. Pestieau, 169–210. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Consumers’ Association. 1995. Will Your Pension Stand the Test Of Time? Pick the Right Pension. Which? Magazine, July.
Consumers’ Association. 1997a. A Blueprint for Better Pensions: Policy Report. London: Consumers’ Association.
Consumers’ Association. 1997b. Choose the Right Pension. Which? Magazine, January.
Consumers’ Association. 1998. Disclosure: Protecting Consumers? London: Consumers’ Association.
Davis, E. 2004. Is there a Pension Crisis in the UK? London: The Pensions Institute. [Online] Available at: http://www.pensions-institute.org/workingpapers/wp0401.pdf. Accessed 11 Sep 2014.
Demos. 1995. Missionary Government. London: Demos. [Online] Availabe at: http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/missionarygovernment. Accessed 2 Oct 2014.
Denham, J. 1997. A Stakeholder Scheme for the Forgotten Army. The Observer, March 9, 4.
Department for Education and Employment. 2001. Financial Capability Through Personal Financial Education. London: DfEE. [Online] Available at: http://valuesmoneyandme.com/downloads/financial_capability_guidance.pdf. Accessed 6 Apr 2014.
Department of Trade and Industry. 1984. Financial Services in the United Kingdom: A New Framework for Investor Protection. London: Stationery Office Books.
Devlin, J.F., and Wright, M. 1995. The changing environment of financial services. In Marketing Financial Services, eds. Ennew, C., Watkins, T. and Wright, M. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Epstein, G.A. 2005. Introduction: Financialization and the World Economy. In Financialisation and the World Economy, ed. G.A. Epstein, 3–16. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Erturk, I., et al. 2008. Financialization at Work: Key Texts and Commentary. Abingdon: Routledge.
Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. 2005. Why Financial Capability Matters. Ottawa: Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. [Online] Available at: http://www.fcac-acfc.gc.ca/Eng/resources/researchSurveys/Pages/WhyFinan-Pourquoi.aspx. Accessed 15 Sep 2014.
Financial Literacy Foundation. 2007. Financial Literacy: Australians Understanding Money. [Online] Available at: https://www.moneysmart.gov.au/media/209293/australians-understanding-money.pdf. Accessed 27 Mar 2015.
Financial Services Act. 1986.
Financial Services Authority. 1998. Promoting Public Understanding of Financial Services: Strategy for Consumer Education. London: FSA.
Financial Services Authority. 1999. Consumer Education: A Strategy for Promoting Public Understanding of the Financial System. London: FSA. [Online] Available at: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/static/pubs/policy/p16.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2015.
Financial Services Authority. 2000. Informed Decisions? How Consumers Use Key Features: A Synthesis of Research on the Use of Product Information at the Point of Sale. London: FSA. [Online] Available at: http://www.transact.org.uk/shared/get-file.ashx?id=2003&itemtype=document. Accessed 9 Dec 2014.
Financial Services Authority. 2006. Financial Capability in the UK: Delivering Change. London: FSA. [Online] Available at: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/fincap_delivering.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2014.
Financial Services Authority. 2008. Basic Advice Regime – A Post-Implementation Regime. London: FSA. [Online] Available at: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/basic_advice_PIR.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2014.
Financial Services Consumer Panel. 2001. Financial Services Consumer Panel response to: HM Treasury’s Sandler Review Team consultation – Review of Medium and Long-Term Retail Savings. London: Financial Services Consumer Panel.
Friedman, M., and R. Friedman. 1980. Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. United States: Harcourt.
Gabriel, Y., and T. Lang. 2006. The Unmanageable Consumer, 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications.
Garcia, N., Grifoni, A., Lopez, J., and Mejia, D. 2013. Financial Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Rationale, Overview and Way Forward. OECD. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/financial-education-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean_5k41zq7hp6d0-en. Accessed 22 Apr 2015.
George, M. 1998. Labour Opts for Persuasion to Head Off Pensions Crisis. Western Daily Press, December 16.
Giddens, A. 2010. Revisiting the Third Way. Policy Network. [Online] Available at: http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=3868&title=The+Third+Way+revisited. Accessed 10 Apr 2015.
Goldring, J., Maher, L., and McKeough, J. 1998. Consumer Protection Law, 5th ed. Sydney: The Federation Press.
Gower, L. 1984. Investor Protection: The Gower Report, Stationery Office Books.
HM Treasury. 2002. Saving and Assets for All. The Modernisation of Britain’s Tax and Benefits System. London: HM Treasury. [Online] Available at: http://www.revenuebenefits.org.uk/pdf/savings_and_assets_for_all.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2014.
Hall, P.A., and M. Lamond. 2013. Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harvey, D. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haurant, S. 2004. Price of Low-Cost Stakeholder Pensions to Rise. The Guardian, June 17.
Hedges, A. 1998. Pensions and Retirement Planning. London: Department of Social Security.
Hills, J. 1998. Thatcherism, New Labour and the Welfare State. London: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics and Political Science. [Online] Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/5553/1/Thatcherism_New_Labour_and_the_Welfare_State.pdf. Accessed 6 Apr 2014.
Howells, G., and S. Weatherill. 2005. Consumer Protection Law, 2nd ed. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Ireland, P. 2005. Shareholder Primacy and the Distribution of Wealth. Modern Law Review 68 (1): 49–81.
Ireland, P. 2009. Financialization and Corporate Governance. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 60 (1): 15–34.
Ireland, P. 2011. Law and the Neoliberal Vision: Financial Property, Pension Privatization and the Ownership Society. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 62: 1–31.
Jarvis, T. 2001. Stakeholder Pensions. London: House of Commons Library.
Jessop, B. 2003. From Thatcherism to New Labour: Neo-Liberalism, Workfarism, and Labour Market Regulation. In The Political Economy of European Employment: European Integration and the Transnationalization of the (un)Employment question, ed. H. Overbeek, 137–153. London: Routledge.
Jessop, B., Bonnett, K., and Bromley, S. 1990. Farewell to Thatcherism? Neo-Liberalism and ‘New Times’. New Left Review 179: 81–102.
Jones, R. 1999. Mis-Selling Inquiry Enters New Phase. The Guardian, January 5, 19.
Jones, R., J. Pykett, and M. Whitehead. 2010. Big Society’s Little Nudges: The Challenging Politics of Health Care in An Age of Austerity. Political Insight December.
Jones, R., J. Pykett, and M. Whitehead. 2011. The Geographies of Soft Paternalism in the UK: The Rise of the Avuncular State and Changing Behaviour after Neoliberalism. Issue Geography Compass 50 (1): 50–62.
Jones, R., J. Pykett, and M. Whitehead. 2013. The Rise of the Psychological State in the UK. In Changing Behaviours: On the Rise of the Psychological State, ed. R. Jones, J. Pykett, and M. Whitehead, 23–52. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kotz, D.M. 2002. Globalization and Neoliberalism. Rethinking Marxism 12 (2): 64–79.
Krippner, G.R. 2005. The Financialization of the American Economy. Socio-Economic Review 3 (2): 173–208.
Lambert, S.W. 2014. The Perfect Revolution: The Moral Imperative for Perfecting Life, s.l. Bermuda Spirit Walker Publications.
Langley, P. 2006. The Making of Investor Subjects in Anglo-American Pensions. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 919–934.
Local Government Chronicle. 1997. Independent Group to Report on Pension Provision. Local Government Chronicle, September 12. [Online] Available at: http://www.lgcplus.com/independent-group-to-report-on-pension-provision/1490631.article. Accessed 10 Apr 2014.
Lunt, P., and R. Disney. 2001. Interpreting Financial Service Adverts. In Interpretative Consumer Studies, ed. S. Beckman, and R. Elliot. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen Press.
Macaskill, E. 1997. Labour’s First 100 Day: Taking Charge: How ‘Phoney Tony’ Set Out To Prove That He is For Real. The Guardian, August 9, 8.
Marketing Week. 1998. Financial Services Watchdogs Plan Ads to Highlight Pension Mis-Sales. Marketing Week, March 19. [Online] Available at: http://business.highbeam.com/409139/article-1G1-59272838/financial-services-watchdogs-plan-ads-highlight-pension. Accessed 15 Jan 2015.
Martin, S., and D. Parker. 1997. The Impact of Privatisation. Ownership and Corporate Performance in the UK. London: Routledge.
McAteer, M. 2003. Plugging the Pensions Gap: Is Industry Up to the job? Consumer Policy Review 13 (3): 95–103.
McMeel, G., and J. Virgo. 2001. Financial Advice and Financial Products: Law and Liability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mahoney, J., and K. Thelen. 2010. Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Office of Fair Trading. 1997a. Report of the Director Generals Inquiry into Pensions. London: Office of Fair Trading.
Office of Fair Trading. 1997b. Consumer Detriment under Conditions of Imperfect Information. London: Office of Fair Trading.
Ogus, A.I. 2004. Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory. Oxford-Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing.
Oliver Wyman & Co. 2001. The Future Regulation of UK Savings and Investment: Targeting the Savings Gap. London: Oliver Wyman & Co.
OECD. 2011. G20 High-Level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection. OECD publishing.
Peck, J., and A. Tickell. 2002. Neoliberalising Space. Antipode 34 (3): 380–404.
Perri 6. 1997a. Holistic Government. London: Demos. [Online] Available at: http://www.demos.co.uk/files/holisticgovernment.pdf?1240939425. Accessed 6 Oct 2013.
Perri 6. 1997b. Social Exclusion: Time to be Optimistic. In The Wealth and Poverty of Networks, 1–24. London: Demos.
Pykett, J. 2012. Governing Through Pedagogy: Re-educating Citizens. Abingdin: Routledge.
Quinn, T. 2005. Leasehold or Freehold? Leader-Eviction Rules in the British Conservative and Labour Parties. Political Studies 53 (4): 793–815.
Sandler, R. 2002. Medium and Long-Term Retail Savings in the UK. London: Stationery Office.
Secretary of State for Social Services. 1985. Green Paper: Reform of Social Security, House of Commons Parliamentary Papers.
Securities and Investments Board. 1994. Pension Transfers and Opt Outs: Review of Past Business. SIB. [Online] Available at: http://www.betterregulation.com/external/SIB%20%7C%20Guidance%20Reports%20and%20Reviews.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar 2013.
Select Committee on Work and Pensions. 2003. The Future of UK Pensions. London: The Stationery Office. [Online] Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmworpen/92/92.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2014.
Strauss, K. 2008. Re-engaging with Rationality in Economic Geography: Behavioural Approaches and the Importance of Context in Decision-Making. Journal of Economic Geography 8 (2): 137–156.
Strauss, K. 2009. Gender, Risk, and Occupational Pensions. In Managing Financial Risks: From Global to Local, ed. G.L. Clark, A.D. Dixon, and A.H.B. Monk, 258–279. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sunley, P. 2000. Pension Exclusion in Grey Capitalism: Mapping the Pensions Gap in Britain. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 25 (4): 483–501.
Streeck, W., and K. Thelen. 2005. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. USA: Oxford University Press.
Sunstein, C.R., and R.H. Thaler. 2003. Libertarian Paternalism Is Not an Oxymoron. The University of Chicago Law Review 70 (4): 1159–1202.
The Mirror. 1997. Harman’s New Look Pensions. The Mirror, February 12, 9.
The Daily Mail. 1998. Middle Earners Face Shock Over Pensions; ‘We Must Make Them Pay More To Safeguard Their Future’. The Daily Mail, December 9, 2.
The Observer. 1998. Comfort and Joy for Lower-Paid: The Heralding of a New Stakeholder Pension is a Welcome Christmas Gift. The Observer, December 20, 12.
The Welfare Reform and Pensions Act. 1999.
The Association of British Insurers. 2002. Memorandum Submitted by the Association of British Insurers. London. [Online] Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmworpen/92-III/92m44.htm. Accessed 10 Oct 2014.
Thorpe, C. 2010. Participation as Post-Fordist Politics: Demos, New Labour, and Science Policy. Minerva 48 (4): 389–411.
Tom Ross & Pension Provision Group. 1998. We All Need Pensions: The Prospects for Pension Provision, s.l. TSO.
Treasury Committee. 1998. The Mis-Selling of Personal Pensions. London: The Treasury Committee. [Online] Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmtreasy/712/71203.htm. Accessed 22 Jan 2014.
UK Government. 1998. Pensions Green Paper.
Vass, J. 1998. A Guide to the Provision of Financial Services Education for Consumers. London: FSA. [Online] Available at: http://www.fsac.org.uk/static/pubs/policy/p11.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2014.
Veljanovski, C., and J. Gray. 1988. Deregulating the Securities and Investments Board. Economic Affairs 8 (5): 31–33.
Waine, B. 1995. A Disaster Foretold? The Case of the Personal Pension. Social Policy & Administration 29 (4): 317–334.
Welfare Reform and Pensions Bill. 1999. [Online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/30/pdfs/ukpga_19990030_en.pdf. Accessed 1 Sep 2013.
Whitehouse, E. 2000. Pension Reform, Financial Literacy and Public Information: A Case Study of the United Kingdom, The World Bank. [Online] Available at: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/wbkhdnspu/21312.htm. Accessed 29 Nov 2013.
Whyman, P. 2006. Third Way Economics: Theory and Evaluation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wilkinson, H. 1994. No Turning Back. Generations and the Genderquake. London: Demos. [Online] Available at: http://www.demos.co.uk/files/noturningback.pdf?1240939425. Accessed 10 Sep 2014.
Wilkinson, H., et al. 1997. Tomorrow’s Women. London: Demos. [Online] Available at: http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/tomorrowswomen. Accessed 10 Sep 2014.
Williams, T. 2007. Empowerment of Whom and for What? Financial Literacy Education and the New Regulation of Consumer Financial Services. Law & Policy 29 (2): 226–256.
Wilson, R. 1996. Record Money; Don’t Be a Pension ‘Prisoner’. Daily Record, March 1, 46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zokaityte, A. (2017). Pension Privatisation and the Emergence of the Financial Education Project in the UK. In: Financial Literacy Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55017-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55017-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55016-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55017-6
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)