Inorganic Mass Spectrometry

  • Jürgen H. Gross
Chapter

Abstract

  • Ionization of inorganic samples

  • Elemental analysis by MS – special instrumentation

  • Accurate isotopic compositions

  • Lateral distribution of elements and mass spectral imaging

  • Elemental MS for assessing biological systems

  • Element speciation in organic materials and biological tissues

Keywords

Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. 1.
    de Laeter JR, Kurz MD (2006) Alfred Nier and the Sector Field Mass Spectrometer. J Mass Spectrom 41:847–854. doi: 10.1002/jms.1057 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD (2006) Mass Spectrometry and Isotopes: A Century of Research and Discussion. Mass Spectrom Rev 25:146–157. doi: 10.1002/mas.20061 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Platzner IT, Habfast K, Walder AJ, Goetz APlatzner IT (eds) (1997) Modern Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Wiley, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Tuniz C, Bird JR, Fink D, Herzog GF (1998) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry – Ultrasensitive Analysis for Global Science. CRC Press, Boca RatonGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Taylor HE (2000) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy. Academic Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    de Laeter JR (2001) Applications of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Becker JS (2008) Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (eds) (2015) Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis. Royal Society of Chemistry, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Douthitt CB (2008) Commercial Development of HR-ICPMS, MC-ICPMS and HR-GDMS. J Anal At Spectrom 23:685–689. doi: 10.1039/B800341F CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Hieftje GM (2008) Emergence and Impact of Alternative Sources and Mass Analyzers in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 23:661–672. doi: 10.1039/B717319A CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    de Laeter JR, De Bièvre P, Peiser HS (1992) Isotope Mass Spectrometry in Metrology. Mass Spectrom Rev 11:193–245. doi: 10.1002/mas.1280110303 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Ma R, Staton I, McLeod CW, Gomez MB, Gomez MM, Palacios MA (2001) Assessment of Airborne Platinum Contamination via ICP-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Tree Bark. J Anal At Spectrom 16:1070–1075. doi: 10.1039/B102940C CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Stuewer D, Jakubowski N (1998) Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Sector Field Instruments: A Progress Report. J Mass Spectrom 33:579–590. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199807)33:7<579::AID-JMS688>3.0.CO;2-W CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Barker J, Garner RC (1999) Biomedical Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry-Isotope Measurements at the Level of the Atom. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 13:285–293. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19990228)13:4<285::AID-RCM469>3.0.CO;2-R CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Kutschera W (2005) Progress in Isotope Analysis at Ultra-Trace Level by AMS. Int J Mass Spectrom 242:145–160. doi: 10.1016/j.ijms.2004.10.029 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Becker JS, Zoriy M, Becker JS, Pickhardt C, Przybylski M (2004) Determination of Phosphorus and Metals in Human Brain Proteins After Isolation by Gel Electrophoresis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 19:149–152. doi: 10.1039/B311274H CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Guenther D, Hattendorf B (2005) Solid Sample Analysis Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Trends Anal Chem 24:255–265. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.017 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Becker JS, Zoriy M, Becker JS, Dobrowolska J, Matusch A (2007) Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in Elemental Imaging of Biological Tissues and in Proteomics. J Anal At Spectrom 22:736–744. doi: 10.1039/B701558E CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Cheah ELC, Koh HL (2008) Biomedical Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Curr Anal Chem 4:102–110. doi: 10.2174/157341108784587786 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Becker JS, Matusch A, Wu B (2014) ioimaging Mass Spectrometry of Trace Elements – Recent Advance and Applications of LA-ICP-MS: A Review. Anal Chim Acta 835:1–18. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.048 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Houk RS, Fassel VA, Flesch GD, Svec HJ, Gray AL, Taylor CE (1980) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma as an Ion Source for Mass Spectrometric Determination of Trace Elements. Anal Chem 52:2283–2289. doi: 10.1021/ac50064a012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Szpunar J (2004) Metallomics: A New Frontier in Analytical Chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:54–56. doi: 10.1007/s00216-003-2333-z CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Lobinski R, Schaumlöffel D, Szpunar J (2006) Mass Spectrometry in Bioinorganic Analytical Chemistry. Mass Spectrom Rev 25:255–289. doi: 10.1002/mas.20069 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Swart C, Jakubowski N (2016) Update on the Status of Metrology for Metalloproteins. J Anal At Spectrom 31:1756–1765. doi: 10.1039/c6ja00181e CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Walker AV (2008) Why Is SIMS Underused in Chemical and Biological Analysis? Challenges and Opportunities. Anal Chem 80:8865–8870. doi: 10.1021/ac8013687 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Cassiday L (2008) SIMS and MALDI: Better Together. Anal Chem 80:8860. doi: 10.1021/ac8021828 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Griffiths J (2008) Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 80:7194–7197. doi: 10.1021/ac801528u CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    McDonnell LA, Heeren RMA (2007) Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 26:606–643. doi: 10.1002/mas.20124 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Adams F, Vertes A (1990) Inorganic Mass Spectrometry of Solid Samples. Fresenius J Anal Chem 337:638–647. doi: 10.1007/BF00323098 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Tanner SD, Baranov VI, Bandura DR (2002) Reaction Cells and Collision Cells for ICP-MS: a Tutorial Review. Spectrochim Acta, Part B 57B:1361–1452. doi: 10.1016/S0584-8547(02)00069-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Koppenaal DW, Eiden GC, Barinaga CJ (2004) Collision and Reaction Cells in Atomic Mass Spectrometry: Development, Status, and Applications. J Anal At Spectrom 19:561–570. doi: 10.1039/B403510K CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Becker JS, Dietze HJ (2000) Inorganic Mass Spectrometric Methods for Trace, Ultratrace, Isotope, and Surface Analysis. Int J Mass Spectrom 197:1–35. doi: 10.1016/S1387-3806(99)00246-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Richter S, Goldberg SA (2003) Improved Techniques for High Accuracy Isotope Ratio Measurements of Nuclear Materials Using Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom 229:181–197. doi: 10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00338-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Encinar JR, Ouerdane L, Buchmann W, Tortajada J, Lobinski R, Szpunar J (2003) Identification of Water-Soluble Selenium-Containing Proteins in Selenized Yeast by Size-Exclusion-Reversed-Phase HPLC-ICP-MS Followed by MALDI-TOF and Electrospray Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 75:3765–3774. doi: 10.1021/ac034103m CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Halas S, Durakiewicz T (1998) Filament Temperature Stabilizer for a Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer. Int J Mass Spectrom 181:167–171. doi: 10.1016/S1387-3806(98)14186-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Kawano H, Page FM (1983) Experimental Methods and Techniques for Negative-Ion Production by Surface Ionization. Part I. Fundamental Aspects of Surface Ionization. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 50:1–33. doi: 10.1016/0020-7381(83)80001-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Kawano H, Hidaka Y, Page FM (1983) Experimental Methods and Techniques for Negative-Ion Production by Surface Ionization. Part II. Instrumentation and Operation. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 50:35–75. doi: 10.1016/0020-7381(83)80002-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Heumann KG, Schindlmeier W, Zeininger H, Schmidt M (1985) Application of an Economical and Small Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer for Accurate Anion Trace Analyses. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 320:457–462. doi: 10.1007/BF00479812 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Heumann KG, Kastenmayer P, Zeininger H (1981) Lead and Thallium Trace Determination in the ppm and ppb Range in Biological Material by Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 306:173–177. doi: 10.1007/BF00482091 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Waidmann E, Emons H, Duerbeck HW (1994) Trace Determination of Tl, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in Specimens of the Limnic Environment Using Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry with Thermal Ionization. Fresenius J Anal Chem 350:293–297. doi: 10.1007/BF00322485 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Schade U, Stoll R, Röllgen FW (1983) Thermal Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Organic Salts. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 46:337–340. doi: 10.1016/0020-7381(83)80121-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Moens L (1997) Applications of Mass Spectrometry in the Trace Element Analysis of Biological Materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem 359:309–316. doi: 10.1007/s002160050579 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Koppenaal DW (1990) Atomic Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 62:303R–324R. doi: 10.1021/ac00211a015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Verlinden J, Gijbels R, Adams F (1986) Application of Spark-Source Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Semiconductor Materials. A Review. J Anal At Spectrom 1:411–419. doi: 10.1039/JA9860100411 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Jochum KP (1997) Elemental analysis by spark source mass spectrometry. In: Gill R (ed) Modern Analytical Geochemistry. Addison Wesley/Longman, HarlowGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Jochum KP, Stoll B, Pfänder JA, Seufert M, Flanz M, Maissenbacher P, Hofmann M, Hofmann AW (2001) Progress in Multi-Ion Counting Spark-Source Mass Spectrometry (MIC-SSMS) for the Analysis of Geological Samples. Fresenius J Anal Chem 370:647–653. doi: 10.1007/s002160100786 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Saprykin AI, Becker JS, Dietze HJ (1999) Investigation of the Analytical Performance of Gliding Spark Source Mass Spectrometry (GSSMS) for the Trace Analysis of Nonconducting Materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem 364:763–767. doi: 10.1007/s002160051429 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Hoffmann V, Kasik M, Robinson PK, Venzago C (2005) Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 381:173–188. doi: 10.1007/s00216-004-2933-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Wiedemann B, Alt HC, Meyer JD, Michelmann RW, Bethge K (1999) Spark Source Mass Spectrometric Calibration of the Local Vibrational Mode Absorption of Carbon in Gallium Arsenide on Arsenic Sublattice Sites. Fresenius J Anal Chem 364:768–771. doi: 10.1007/s002160051430 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Gijbels R, Bogaerts A (1997) Recent Trends in Solid Mass Spectrometry. GDMS and Other Methods. Fresenius J Anal Chem 359:326–330. doi: 10.1007/s002160050581 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Stuewer D (1990) Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry – A Versatile Tool for Elemental Analysis. Fresenius J Anal Chem 337:737–742. doi: 10.1007/BF00322247 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Marcus RK, King FL Jr, Harrison WW (1986) Hollow Cathode Plume as an Atomization/Ionization Source for Solids Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 58:972–974. doi: 10.1021/ac00295a067 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Harrison WW, Hess KR, Marcus RK, King FL (1986) Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 58: 341A–342A, 344A, 346A, 348A, 350A, 352A. doi:  10.1021/ac00293a002
  54. 54.
    Duckworth DC, Marcus RK (1989) Radio Frequency Powered Glow Discharge Atomization/Ionization Source for Solids Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 61:1879–1886. doi: 10.1021/ac00192a020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Marcus RK (1994) Radiofrequency Powered Glow Discharges for Emission and Mass Spectrometry: Operating Characteristics, Figures of Merit and Future Prospects. J Anal At Spectrom 9:1029–1037. doi: 10.1039/JA9940901029 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Marcus RK (1996) Radiofrequency Powered Glow Discharges: Opportunities and Challenges. Plenary Lecture. J Anal At Spectrom 11:821–828. doi: 10.1039/JA9961100821 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Jakubowski N, Prohaska T, Rottmann L, Vanhaecke F (2011) Inductively Coupled Plasma- and Glow Discharge Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry, Part I. Tutorial: Fundamentals and Instrumentation. J Anal At Spectrom 26:693–726. doi: 10.1039/c0ja00161a CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Jakubowski N, Prohaska T, Vanhaecke F, Roos PH, Lindemann T (2011) Inductively Coupled Plasma- and Glow Discharge Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry, Part II. Applications. J Anal At Spectrom 26:727–757. doi: 10.1039/c0ja00007h CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Harrison WW, Klingler JA, Ratliff PH, Mei Y, Barshick CM (1990) Glow Discharge Techniques in Analytical Chemistry. Anal Chem 62:943A–949A. doi: 10.1021/ac00217a001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    King FL, Harrison WW (1990) Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry: an Introduction to the Technique and Its Utility. Mass Spectrom Rev 9:285–317. doi: 10.1002/mas.1280090303 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Bogaerts A, Gijbels R (1999) New Developments and Applications in GDMS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 364:367–375. doi: 10.1007/s002160051352 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Nelis T, Pallosi J (2006) Glow Discharge as a Tool for Surface and Interface Analysis. Appl Spectrosc Rev 41:227–258. doi: 10.1080/05704920600620345 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Jakubowski N, Dorka R, Steers E, Tempez A (2007) Trends in Glow Discharge Spectroscopy. J Anal At Spectrom 22:722–735. doi: 10.1039/B705238N CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Penning FM (1927) Über Ionisation durch metastabile Atome. Naturwissenschaften 15:818. doi: 10.1007/BF01505431 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Bogaerts A (1999) The Glow Discharge: an Exciting Plasma! J Anal At Spectrom 14:1375–1384. doi: 10.1039/A900772E CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Xing Y, Xiaojia L, Haizhou W (2008) Determination of Trace Elements and Correction of Mass Spectral Interferences in Superalloy Analyzed by Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom 14:211–218. doi: 10.1255/ejms.930 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Winchester MR, Payling R (2004) Radio-Frequency Glow Discharge Spectrometry: A Critical Review. Spectrochim Acta, Part B 59B:607–666. doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2004.02.013 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Majidi V, Moser M, Lewis C, Hang W, King FL (2000) Explicit Chemical Speciation by Microsecond Pulsed Glow Discharge Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Concurrent Acquisition of Structural, Molecular and Elemental Information. J Anal At Spectrom 15:19–25. doi: 10.1039/A905477D CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Lewis CL, Moser MA, Dale DE Jr, Hang W, Hassell C, King FL, Majidi V (2003) Time-Gated Pulsed Glow Discharge: Real-Time Chemical Speciation at the Elemental, Structural, and Molecular Level for Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 75:1983–1996. doi: 10.1021/ac026242u CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Fliegel D, Fuhrer K, Gonin M, Guenther D (2006) Evaluation of a Pulsed Glow Discharge Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer as a Detector for Gas Chromatography and the Influence of the Glow Discharge Source Parameters on the Information Volume in Chemical Speciation Analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:169–179. doi: 10.1007/s00216-006-0515-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Nagulin KY, Akhmetshin DS, Gilmutdinov AK, Ibragimov RA (2015) Three-Dimensional Modeling and Schlieren Visualization of Pure Ar Plasma Flow in Inductively Coupled Plasma Torches. J Anal At Spectrom 30:360–367. doi: 10.1039/c4ja00254g CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Bandura DR, Baranov VI, Tanner SD (2001) Reaction Chemistry and Collisional Processes in Multipole Devices for Resolving Isobaric Interferences in ICP-MS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 370:454–470. doi: 10.1007/s002160100869 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Wilbur S (2008) A Pragmatic Approach to Managing Interferences in ICP-MS. Spectroscopy 23:18–23Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Aeschliman DB, Bajic SJ, Baldwin DP, Houk RS (2003) High-Speed Digital Photographic Study of an Inductively Coupled Plasma During Laser Ablation: Comparison of Dried Solution Aerosols from a Microconcentric Nebulizer and Solid Particles from Laser Ablation. J Anal At Spectrom 18:1008–1014. doi: 10.1039/b302546m CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Becker JS, Dietze HJ (1999) Application of Double-Focusing Sector Field ICP Mass Spectrometry with Shielded Torch Using Different Nebulizers for Ultratrace and Precise Isotope Analysis of Long-Lived Radionuclides. J Anal At Spectrom 14:1493–1500. doi: 10.1039/A901762C CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Myers DP, Hieftje GM (1993) Preliminary Design Considerations and Characteristics of an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Microchem J 48:259–277. doi: 10.1006/mchj.1993.1102 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Myers DP, Li G, Yang P, Hieftje GM (1994) An Inductively Coupled Plasma-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis. Part I: Optimization and Characteristics. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 5:1008–1016. doi: 10.1016/1044-0305(94)80019-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Myers DP, Mahoney PP, Li G, Hieftje GM (1995) Isotope Ratios and Abundance Sensitivity Obtained with an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 6:920–927. doi: 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00484-U CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Hieftje GM, Myers DP, Li G, Mahoney PP, Burgoyne TW, Ray SJ, Guzowski JP (1997) Toward the Next Generation of Atomic Mass Spectrometers. J Anal At Spectrom 12:287–292. doi: 10.1039/A605067K CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. 80.
    Westphal CS, McLean JA, Acon BW, Allen LA, Montaser A (2002) Axial Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Using Direct Liquid Sample Introduction. J Anal At Spectrom 17:669–675. doi: 10.1039/B200771C CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Tanner M, Guenther D (2008) Measurement and Readout of Mass Spectra with 30 μs Time Resolution, Applied to In-Torch LA-ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:1211–1220. doi: 10.1007/s00216-008-1869-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Milgram KE, White FM, Goodner KL, Watson CH, Koppenaal DW, Barinaga CJ, Smith BH, Winefordner JD, Marshall AG, Houk RS, Eyler JR (1997) High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 69:3714–3721. doi: 10.1021/ac970126n CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Becker JS, Dietze HJ (1998) Ultratrace and Precise Isotope Analysis by Double-Focusing Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 13:1057–1063. doi: 10.1039/A801528G CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Yang L (2009) Accurate and Precise Determination of Isotopic Ratios by MC-ICP-MS: A Review. Mass Spectrom Rev 28:990–1011. doi: 10.1002/mas.20251 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Ardelt D, Polatajko A, Primm O, Reijnen M (2013) Isotope Ratio Measurements with a Fully Simultaneous Mattauch-Herzog ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:2987–2994. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-6543-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Mahoney PP, Li G, Hieftje GM (1996) Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzer. J Anal At Spectrom 11:401–405. doi: 10.1039/JA9961100401 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Pisonero J, Kroslakova I, Guenther D, Latkoczy C (2006) Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in Metallurgical-Grade Silicon. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:12–20. doi: 10.1007/s00216-006-0658-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Neilsen JL, Abildtrup A, Christensen J, Watson P, Cox A, McLeod CW (1998) Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry in Combination with Gel Electrophoresis: A New Strategy for Speciation of Metal Binding Serum Proteins. Spectrochim Acta, Part B 53B:339–345. doi: 10.1016/S0584-8547(98)00077-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Chery CC, Moens L, Cornelis R, Vanhaecke F (2006) Capabilities and Limitations of Gel Electrophoresis for Elemental Speciation: A Laboratory's Experience. Pure Appl Chem 78:91–103. doi: 10.1351/pac200678010091 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Konz I, Fernandez B, Fernandez ML, Pereiro R, Gonzalez-Iglesias H, Coca-Prados M, Sanz-Medel A (2014) Quantitative Bioimaging of Trace Elements in the Human Lens by LA-ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 406:2343–2348. doi: 10.1007/s00216-014-7617-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Benninghoven A (1975) Developments in Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy and Applications to Surface Studies. Surf Sci 53:596–625. doi: 10.1016/0039-6028(75)90158-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Pachuta SJ, Cooks RG (1987) Mechanisms in Molecular SIMS. Chem Rev 87:647–669. doi: 10.1021/cr00079a009 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Benninghoven A, Werner HW, Rudenauer FG (eds) (1987) Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. Wiley Interscience, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Briggs D, Brown A, Vickerman JC (1989) Handbook of Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Wiley, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Arnot FL, Beckett C (1938) Formation of Negative Ions at Surfaces. Nature 141:1011–1012. doi: 10.1038/1411011c0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Arnot FL, Milligan JC (1936) A New Process of Negative-Ion Formation. Proc R Soc A 156:538–560. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1936.0166 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Herzog RFK, Viehbock FP (1949) Ion Source for Mass-Spectrography. Phys Rev 76:855–856. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.76.855 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Benninghoven A (1969) Mechanism of Ion Formation and Ion Emission During Sputtering. Z Phys 220:159–180. doi: 10.1007/BF01394745 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Benninghoven A (1970) Analysis of Monomolecular Surface Layers of Solids by Secondary Ion Emission. Z Phys 230:403–417. doi: 10.1007/BF01394486 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Adams F (2008) Analytical Atomic Spectrometry and Imaging: Looking Backward from 2020 to 1975. Spectrochim Acta, Part B 63B:738–745. doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2008.05.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Benninghoven A, Sichtermann WK (1978) Detection, Identification and Structural Investigation of Biologically Important Compounds by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 50:1180–1184. doi: 10.1021/ac50030a043 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Coath CD, Long JVP (1995) A High-Brightness Duoplasmatron Ion Source for Microprobe Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. Rev Sci Instrum 66:1018–1023. doi: 10.1063/1.1146038 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Konarski P, Kalczuk M, Koscinski J (1992) Bakeable Duoplasmatron Ion Gun for SIMS Microanalysis. Rev Sci Instrum 63:2397–2399. doi: 10.1063/1.1142941 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Pacholski ML, Winograd N (1999) Imaging with Mass Spectrometry. Chem Rev 99:2977–3005. doi: 10.1021/cr980137w CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Weibel D, Wong S, Lockyer N, Blenkinsopp P, Hill R, Vickerman JC (2003) A C60 Primary Ion Beam System for Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Its Development and Secondary Ion Yield Characteristics. Anal Chem 75:1754–1764. doi: 10.1021/ac026338o CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Chait BT, Standing KG (1981) A Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Measurement of Secondary Ion Mass Spectra. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 40:185–193. doi: 10.1016/0020-7381(81)80041-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Standing KG, Chait BT, Ens W, McIntosh G, Beavis R (1982) Time-of-Flight Measurements of Secondary Organic Ions Produced by 1 keV to 16 keV Primary Ions. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res 198:33–38. doi: 10.1016/0167-5087(82)90048-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Jabs HU, Assmann G, Greifendorf D, Benninghoven A (1986) High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: A New Dimension in Structural Analysis of Apolipoproteins. J Lipid Res 27:613–621Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Ens W, Standing KG, Chait BT, Field FH (1981) Comparison of Mass Spectra Obtained with Low-Energy Ion and High-Energy 252Californium Fission Fragment Bombardment. Anal Chem 53:1241–1244. doi: 10.1021/ac00231a026 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Lafortune F, Beavis R, Tang X, Standing KG, Chait BT (1987) Narrowing the Gap Between KeV and Fission Fragment Secondary Ion Yields with Nitrocellulose. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1:114–116. doi: 10.1002/rcm.1290010707 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Ens W, Main DE, Standing KG, Chait BT (1988) Comparison of Relative Quasi-Molecular Ion Yields for 8-keV Ion and 252Cf Fission Fragment Bombardment. Anal Chem 60:1494–1498. doi: 10.1021/ac00166a004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Olthoff JK, Honovich JP, Cotter RJ (1987) Liquid Secondary Ion Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 59:999–1002. doi: 10.1021/ac00134a016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Linton RW, Mawn MP, Belu AM, DeSimone JM, Hunt MO Jr, Menceloglu YZ, Cramer HG, Benninghoven A (1993) Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Polymer Surfaces and Additives. Surf Interface Anal 20:991–999. doi: 10.1002/sia.740201210 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Galuska AA (1997) ToF-SIMS Determination of Molecular Weights from Polymeric Surfaces and Microscopic Phases. Surf Interface Anal 25:790–798. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(199709)25:10<790::AID-SIA301>3.0.CO;2-F CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Bullett NA, Short RD, O'Leary T, Beck AJ, Douglas CWI, Cambray-Deakin M, Fletcher IW, Roberts A, Blomfield C (2001) Direct Imaging of Plasma-Polymerized Chemical Micropatterns. Surf Interface Anal 31:1074–1076. doi: 10.1002/sia.1146 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Liu S, Weng LT, Chan CM, Li L, Ho NK, Jiang M (2001) Quantitative Surface Characterization of Poly(styrene)/Poly(4-vinyl phenol) Random and Block Copolymers by ToF-SIMS and XPS. Surf Interface Anal 31:745–753. doi: 10.1002/sia.1105 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Médard N, Poleunis C, Vanden Eynde X, Bertrand P (2002) Characterization of Additives at Polymer Surfaces by TOF-SIMS. Surf Interface Anal 34:565–569. doi: 10.1002/sia.1361 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Davies N, Weibel DE, Blenkinsopp P, Lockyer N, Hill R, Vickerman JC (2003) Development and Experimental Application of a Gold Liquid Metal Ion Source. Appl Surf Sci 203-204:223–227. doi: 10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00631-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Nagy G, Walker AV (2007) Enhanced Secondary Ion Emission with a Bismuth Cluster Ion Source. Int J Mass Spectrom 262:144–153. doi: 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.11.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Touboul D, Kollmer F, Niehuis E, Brunelle A, Laprevote O (2005) Improvement of Biological Time-of-Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging with a Bismuth Cluster Ion Source. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 16:1608–1618. doi: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.06.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. 121.
    Malmberg P, Nygren H (2008) Methods for the Analysis of the Composition of Bone Tissue, with a Focus on Imaging Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Proteomics 8:3755–3762. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200800198 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Wong SCC, Hill R, Blenkinsopp P, Lockyer NP, Weibel DE, Vickerman JC (2003) Development of a C60 + Ion Gun for Static SIMS and Chemical Imaging. Appl Surf Sci 203-204:219–222. doi: 10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00629-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Fletcher JS, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC (2006) C60, Buckminsterfullerene: Its Impact on Biological ToF-SIMS Analysis. Surf Interface Anal 38:1393–1400. doi: 10.1002/sia.2461 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Mas S, Perez R, Martinez-Pinna R, Egido J, Vivanco F (2008) Cluster TOF-SIMS Imaging: A New Light for in Situ Metabolomics? Proteomics 8:3735–3745. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200800115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Briggs D, Hearn MJ (1985) Analysis of Polymer Surfaces by SIMS. Part 5. The Effects of Primary Ion Mass and Energy on Secondary Ion Relative Intensities. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Proc 67:47–56. doi: 10.1016/0168-1176(85)83036-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    Brunelle A, Laprevote O (2009) Lipid Imaging with Cluster Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 393:31–35. doi: 10.1007/s00216-008-2367-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Herrmann AM, Ritz K, Nunan N, Clode PL, Pett-Ridge J, Kilburn MR, Murphy DV, O'Donnell AG, Stockdale EA (2007) Nano-Scale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry – A New Analytical Tool in Biogeochemistry and Soil Ecology: A Review Article. Soil Biol Biochem 39:1835–1850. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.011 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Fletcher JS, Rabbani S, Henderson A, Blenkinsopp P, Thompson SP, Lockyer NP, Vickerman JC (2008) A New Dynamic in Mass Spectral Imaging of Single Biological Cells. Anal Chem 80:9058–9064. doi: 10.1021/ac8015278 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Carado A, Passarelli MK, Kozole J, Wingate JE, Winograd N, Loboda AV (2008) C60 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with a Hybrid-Quadrupole Orthogonal Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 80:7921–7929. doi: 10.1021/ac801712s CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. 130.
    Hellborg R, Skog G (2008) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 27:398–427. doi: 10.1002/mas.20172 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Suter M (2004) 25 Years of AMS – A Review of Recent Developments. Nucl Instr Methods Phys Res B 223-224:139–148. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.030 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Stocker M, Doebeli M, Grajcar M, Suter M, Synal HA, Wacker L (2005) A Universal and Competitive Compact AMS Facility. Nucl Instr Methods Phys Res B 240:483–489. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.06.224 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 133.
    Wacker L, Fifield LK, Olivier S, Suter M, Synal HA (2006) Compact Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Tool to Measure Actinides in the Environment. Spec Publ R Soc Chem 305:44–46Google Scholar
  134. 134.
    Nelson DE, Korteling RG, Stott WR (1977) Carbon-14: Direct Detection at Natural Concentrations. Science 198:507–508. doi: 10.1126/science.198.4316.507 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Bennett CL, Beukens RP, Clover MR, Grove HE, Liebert RB, Litherland AE, Purser KH, Sondheim WE (1977) Radiocarbon Dating Using Electrostatic Accelerators: Negative Ions Provide the Key. Science 198:508–510. doi: 10.1126/science.198.4316.508 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. 136.
    Lappin G, Garner RC (2004) Current Perspectives of 14C-Isotope Measurement in Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:356–364. doi: 10.1007/s00216-003-2348-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Brown K, Dingley KH, Turteltaub KW (2005) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for Biomedical Research. Methods Enzymol 402:423–443. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(05)02014-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. 138.
    Ikeda T (2005) Instruments for Radiation Measurement in Life Sciences. VI. Use of accelerator mass spectrometry in studies on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Radioisotopes 54:15–21. doi: 10.3769/radioisotopes.54.15 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Brown K, Tompkins EM, White INH (2006) Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for Pharmacological and Toxicological Research. Mass Spectrom Rev 25:127–145. doi: 10.1002/mas.20059 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Jürgen H. Gross
    • 1
  1. 1.Institute of Organic ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany

Personalised recommendations