Gender in Human Rights and Transitional Justice pp 143-174 | Cite as
Human Rights Frameworks and Women’s Rights in Post-transitional Justice Sierra Leone
Abstract
The end of transitional justice in Sierra Leone coincided with an increase in women’s human rights activism. Reasons for this included an increase in the level of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and the ineffectiveness and insensitivity of the human rights laws of the country. To the women’s rights activists, SGBV and its associated inequalities before the law, irrespective of the context, were incompatible with the universal tenets of human rights. Within the purview of feminist legal theory, women’s rights were understood to be not just about the codification of rights and responsibilities (see Bunch, 1995; Manjoo, 2012; Quraishi, 2011), but also about recognizing the familial, social, cultural, political, and economic ramifications of gender inequality on the incidence of violence and discrimination experienced by women who seek redress from, or are in conflict with, the law (Banda & Joffe, 2016; Lockwood, 2006; Reilly, 2009). This theory also understands, in context-neutral terms, women’s rights to be about the reconfiguration of the institutions and policies created to protect the inalienable rights and agency of women.
References
- Banda, F. (2008). Protocol to the African Charter on the rights of women in Africa. In M. Evans & R. Murray (Eds.), The African Charter on human and peoples’ rights: The system in practice 1986–2006 (2nd ed., pp. 441–474). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Banda, F., & Joffe, L. F. (2016). Women’s rights and religious law: Domestic and international perspective. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Barnett, H. A. (1998). Introduction to feminist jurisprudence. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
- Briggs, A. (2013). The conflict of laws. Oxon, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Bunch, C. (1995). Transforming human rights from feminist perspective. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Castillejo, C. (2009). Building accountable justice in Sierra Leone. Madrid, Spain: FRIDE. Retrieved from http://fride.org/download/WP76_Building_Accountable_Eng_ene09.pdf.Google Scholar
- Castillejo, C. (2013). Gender and statebuilding. In D. Chandler & T. D. Sisk (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of international statebuilding. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Cham, K. (2016). Sierra Leone abortion act to be put to a referendum. Freetown, SL: GreenMedia Group. Retrieved from http://politicosl.com/2016/03/sierra-leone-abortion-act-to-be-put-to-a-referendum/.
- Collier, R. (2010). Men, law and gender: Essays on the ‘man’ of law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Connell, R. W. (2002). On hegemonic masculinity and violence: Response to Jefferson and Hall. Theoretical Criminology, 6(1), 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Coulter, C. (2009). Bush wives and girl soldiers: Women’s lives through war and peace in Sierra Leone. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
- Cubitt, C. (2012). Local and global dynamics of peacebuilding: Post-conflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Day, L. (2012). Gender and power in Sierra Leone: Women chiefs of the last two centuries. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dempsey, M. M. (2009). Prosecuting domestic violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gottschall, J. (2004). Explaining wartime rape. Journal of Sex Research, 14(2), 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lahai, J. I. (2012a). Youth agency and survival strategies in Sierra Leone’s postwar informal economy. In M. O. Ensor (Ed.), African childhoods: Education, development, peacebuilding and the youngest continent (pp. 47–59). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lahai, J. I. (2012b). ‘Fused in combat’: Unsettling gendered hierarchies and women’s roles in the fighting forces in Sierra Leone’s civil war. The Australasian Review of African Studies, 33(1), 34.Google Scholar
- Leach, M. (1994). Rainforest relations: Gender and resource use among the Mende of Gola, Sierra Leone. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
- Little, K. (2010). The Mende of Sierra Leone: West African people in transition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Local Courts. Local Courts Art of 2011, Vol. CXLII. No. 68. October 27, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2016 from http://www.sierraleone org/Laws/2011-10.pdf
- Lockwood, B. B. (2006). Women’s rights: A human rights quarterly reader. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
- MacKinnon, C. (2006). Are women human? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Magbity, J., & Dias, P. (2014). Traditional justice response to children in conflict with the law. New England, Sierra Leone: Government of Sierra Leone/Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs.Google Scholar
- Manjoo, R. (2012). Women’s human rights in Africa. In M. Ssenyonjo (Ed.), The African regional human rights system: 30 years after the African Charter on human and People’s rights. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
- Mgbako, C., & Baehr, K. S. (2011). Engaging legal dualism: Paralegal organizations and customary law in Sierra Leone and Liberia. In J. M. Fenrich, P. Galizzi, & T. E. Higgins (Eds.), The future of African customary law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Mies, M. (1998). Patriarchy and accumulation of a world scale: Women in the international division of labour. London: Zeb Books Ltd.Google Scholar
- Minow, M. (1991). Making all the difference: Inclusion, exclusion & American law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Nabieu, E. (2016). Sierra Leone abortion debate continues. Politico Newspaper. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from http://www.politicosl.com/articles/sierra-leone-abortion-debate-continues.
- Ojukutu-Macauley, S. (2013). Clapping with one hand: The search for a gendered “province of freedom” in the historiography of Sierra Leone. In S. Ojukutu-Macauley & I. Rashid (Eds.), Paradox of history and memory in post-colonial Sierra Leone (pp. 37–58). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
- Okin, S. M. (2004). Gender, justice and gender: An unfinished debate. Fordham Law Review, 72(5), 1537–1567.Google Scholar
- Physicians for Human Rights. (2002). War-related sexual violence in Sierra Leone a population-based assessment. ISBN:1-879707-37-3. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/sierra-leone-sexualviolence-2002.pdf
- Politico News Agency and Ezekiel Nabieu. (2016). Sierra Leone abortion debate continues. Freetown, SL: FreeMedia Group. Retrieved from http://politicosl.com/2016/03/sierra-leone-abortion-debate-continues/.Google Scholar
- Quraishi, A. (2011). What if Sharia weren’t the enemy? Rethinking International Women’s Rights advocacy on Islamic law. Columbia Journal of Gender and the Law, 22, 173–249.Google Scholar
- Reilly, N. (2009). Women’s human rights: Seeking gender justice in a globalizing age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Renner-Thomas, A. (2010). Land tenure in Sierra Leone: The law, dualism and the making of a land policy. Central Milton Keynes, UK: AuthorHouse.Google Scholar
- Scales, A. (2006). Legal feminism: Activism, lawyering and legal theory. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Sierra Leone Human Rights Commission. (2008). State of human rights in Sierra Leone. Freetown, SL: Sierra Leone Human Rights Commission. Retrieved from http://www.hrcsl.org/content/state-human-rights-sierra-leone-2008.
- Sierra Leone Human Rights Commission. (2015). State of human rights in Sierra Leone. Freetown, SL: Sierra Leone Human Rights Commission. Retrieved from http://www.hrcsl.org/content/state-human-rights-sierra-leone-2015.
- Steady, F. (2006). Women and collective action in Africa: Development, democratization and empowerment, with special focus on Sierra Leone. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sunder, M. (Ed.). (2007). Gender and feminist theory in law and society. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Tejan-cole, A. (2004). The death penalty in Sierra Leone. Paper presented at the First International Conference on the Application of the Death Penalty in Commonwealth Africa, the Imperial Botanical Beach Hotel, Entebbe, Uganda, 10–11 May 2004. Retrieved from http://www.biicl.org/files/2301_country_report_sierra_leone_tejan_cole.pdf
- Thomas, T. A., & Boisseau, T. J. (Eds.). (2011). Feminist legal history: Essays on women and law. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Thompson, B. (1996). The constitutional history and law of Sierra Leone (1961–1995). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
- Thompson, B. (1999). The criminal law of Sierra Leone. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
- Thompson, B. J. (2015). Universal jurisdiction: The Sierra Leone profile. Berlin, Heidelberg: T.M.C. Asser Press.Google Scholar
- Vivek, M. (2007). Between law and society: Paralegals and the provision of justice services in Sierra Leone and worldwide. Yale Journal of International Law, 31, 427–436.Google Scholar
- Young, I. M. (1981). Beyond the unhappy marriage: A critique of the dual systems theory. In L. Sargent (Ed.), Women and revolution (pp. 43–69). Boston, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar