Androgen Receptor in Health and Disease

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone acting through the androgen receptor (AR), direct virilization of the male fetus during embryogenesis, and development of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics during puberty. During adulthood, the AR signaling pathway is involved in maintaining the adult male phenotype, male reproduction, and functions of tissues such as bone and muscle.

AR is a ligand activated transcription factor member of the protein nuclear receptor family. It regulates transcription of a network of genes by recruiting coregulator complexes leading to chromatin reorganization, and histone modification at target genomic loci. In addition to being involved with a spectrum of clinical conditions that include the syndromes of androgen insensitivity, a form of motor neuron disease known as spinal bulbar muscular atrophy and male infertility, abnormalities of AR signaling are also responsible for initiation, progression, and treatment resistance of prostate cancer.

Thanks to the generation of transgenic animal models with conditional knock out of AR in a variety of target organs, it has been possible to recognize novel functions of AR signaling. Old and new aspects of AR physiopathology, in conjunction with emerging concepts on the role of AR signaling in females, breast cancer and polycystic ovarian disease will be discussed in detail in this review.

Keywords

Androgen receptor Male reproduction Female reproduction Prostate cancer Breast cancer Nuclear receptors 
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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Section of EndocrinologyBaylor College of Medicine, Chief of Endocrine Services, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical CenterHoustonUSA

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