Calcium Sulfate Precipitation Throughout Its Phase Diagram

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Abstract

Calcium sulfate phases are among the most dominant evaporitic minerals and occur in large amounts both on Earth and Mars. In addition, they find broad application across various fields of industrial relevance. Despite its obvious significance, the CaSO4–H2O system has received surprisingly little attention in the recent flurry of studies addressing alternative mechanisms of solution-mediated nucleation and growth. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that distinct precursors and temporary intermediates may also occur on the way to the final stable phase, suggesting a rather complex mineralization process along with time- and size-dependent changes in solid composition and structure. In this chapter, we first review the current state of knowledge on the CaSO4–H2O phase diagram, including a detailed account of the respective transition temperatures and the influence of salinity on relative stability fields. Subsequently, we summarize both long-standing and more recent observations on the possible pathways that lead to the precipitation of the different CaSO4 phases from solution under various conditions. In particular, the effects of temperature, ionic strength, solvent polarity and additives on precipitation dynamics and phase stability are addressed. Based on all this evidence, we propose a tentative unified model for calcium sulfate crystallization across the CaSO4–H2O phase diagram and identify water activity and corresponding changes in the hydration of CaSO4 precursors as key aspects during phase selection. Finally, we highlight the central questions that, according to our opinion, still need to be resolved before a complete picture of the nucleation, growth, and transformation mechanisms of solid phases in the CaSO4–H2O system is attained.

Keywords

Calcium sulfate Gypsum Bassanite Anhydrite Solubility Phase transformation X-ray scattering Hydration 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Alejandro Fernandez-Martinez (ISTerre, France) and Dr. Luc Nicoleau (BASF) for valuable discussions. TMS and LGB were funded by a Helmholtz Recruiting Initiative Grant to LGB for this work.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Alexander E. S. Van Driessche
    • 1
  • Tomasz M. Stawski
    • 2
    • 3
  • Liane G. Benning
    • 3
    • 4
    • 5
  • Matthias Kellermeier
    • 6
  1. 1.University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ISTerreGrenobleFrance
  2. 2.German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZPotsdamGermany
  3. 3.School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
  4. 4.German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZInterface Geochemistry SectionPotsdamGermany
  5. 5.Department of Earth SciencesFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
  6. 6.Material Physics, BASF SELudwigshafenGermany

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