Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind pp 411-423 | Cite as
Entrepreneurs’ Behavior: A Black Box in Entrepreneurship Research
Abstract
Entrepreneurs’ behavior remains a black box in entrepreneurship research. This is despite its importance in new venture creation. This chapter extends the review of the literature on entrepreneurs’ behavior provided by Bird and Schjoedt (2009). Despite calls for more research on entrepreneurs’ behavior, the present review reveals a reduction while an emergence of four themes is becoming apparent in research on entrepreneurs’ behavior. Making another call for more research on entrepreneurs’ behavior to better understand entrepreneurs’ behavior, this chapter concludes with suggestions for future research to enhance our understanding of entrepreneurs’ behavior.
Keywords
Impression Management Entrepreneurial Intention Observable Behavior Entrepreneurial Behavior Entrepreneurship ResearchReferences
- Alsos G, Isaksen E, Ljunggren E (2006) New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. Enterp Theory Pract 30(5):667–686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Arrow K (1962) Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invent ion’. In: Nelson R (ed) The rate direction of incentive activity: economic and social factors. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp 609–625Google Scholar
- Baker JR (1993) Tightening the iron cage: concertive control in self-managing teams. Adm Sci Q 38:408–437CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bird B, Schjoedt L (2009) Entrepreneurial behavior: its nature, scope, recent research and future research. In: Carsrud AL, Brännback ME (eds) Understanding the entrepreneurial mind: opening the black box. Springer, New York, NY, pp 327–358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bird BJ, Schjoedt L, Baum JR (2012) Entrepreneurs’ behavior: elucidation and measurement. Enterp Theory Pract 36(5):889–913CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bird BJ, Schjoedt L, Hanke R (2014) Behavior of entrepreneurs—existing research and future directions. In: Chell E, Karatas-Ozkan M (eds) Handbook of research in small business and entrepreneurship. Edward Edgar, Northampton, MA, pp 207–221Google Scholar
- Bluedorn A, Martin G (2008) The time frames of entrepreneurs. J Bus Ventur 23(1):1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brännback M, Krueger N, Carsrud A, Elfving J (2007) “Trying” to be an entrepreneur? A “goal-specific” challenge to the intentions model. Paper presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Madrid, SpainGoogle Scholar
- Brundin E, Patzelt H, Shepherd DA (2008) Managers’ emotional displays and employees’ willingness to act entrepreneurially. J Bus Ventur 23(2):221–243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brush CG, Manolova TS, Edelman LF (2008) Properties of emerging organizations: an empirical test. J Bus Ventur 23(5):547–566CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carter NM, Gartner WB, Reynolds PD (1996) Exploring start-up event sequences. J Bus Ventur 11(3):151–166CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chandler G, DeTienne DR, McKelvie A, Mumford TV (2011) Causation and effectuation processes: a validation study. J Bus Ventur 26(3):375–390CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chrisman J, McMullen E, Hall J (2005) The influence of guided preparation on the long-term performance of new ventures. J Bus Ventur 20(6):769–791CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cialdini RB (2001) Harnessing the science of persuasion. Harv Bus Rev 79(Oct.):72–79Google Scholar
- Cloninger P, Oviatt B (2007) Service content and the internationalization of young ventures: an empirical test. Enterp Theory Pract 31(2):233–256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cogliser CC, Brigham KH (2004) The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: mutual lessons to be learned. Leadersh Q 15:771–799CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Czarniawska-Joerges B, Wolff R (1991) Leaders, managers, entrepreneurs on and off the organizational stage. Organ Stud 12(4):529–546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- De Clercq D, Rangarajan D (2008) The role of perceived relational support in entrepreneur- customer dyads. Enterp Theory Pract 32(4):659–683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delmar F, Shane S (2004) Legitimating first: organizing activities and the survival of new ventures. J Bus Ventur 19(3):385–410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- DeTienne DR, Chandler G (2007) The role of gender in opportunity identification. Enterp Theory Pract 31(3):365–386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Digman JM (1990) Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model. Annu Rev Psychol 41:417–440CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ebben J, Johnson A (2006) Bootstrapping in small firms: an empirical analysis of change over time. J Bus Ventur 21(6):851–865CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ebbers JJ (2014) Networking behavior and contracting relationships among entrepreneurs in business incubators. Enterp Theory Pract 38(5):1159–1181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ensley MD, Pearce C, Hmieleski K (2006) The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. J Bus Ventur 21(2):243–263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Farmer SM, Yao X, Kung-Mcintyre K (2011) The behavioral impact of entrepreneur identity aspiration and prior entrepreneurial experience. Enterp Theory Pract 35(2):245–273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fiegener M (2005) Determinants of board participation in the strategic decisions of small corporations. Enterp Theory Pract 29(5):627–650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fischer E, Reuber AR (2011) Social interaction via new social media: (how) can interactions on Twitter affect effectual thinking and behavior? J Bus Ventur 26(1):1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fisher G (2012) Effectuation, Causation, and Bricolage: a behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research. Enterp Theory Pract 36(5):1019–1051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fleishman EA (1982) Systems for describing human tasks. Am Psychol 37(7):821–834CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Forbes D (2005) The effects of strategic decision making on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Enterp Theory Pract 29(5):599–624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Forbes D, Borchert P, Zellmer-Bruhn M, Sapienza H (2006) Entrepreneurial team formation: an exploration of new member addition. Enterp Theory Pract 30:225–248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gartner WB, Carter NM, Reynolds PD (2004) Business start-up activities. In: Gartner WB, Shaver KG, Carter NM, Reynolds PD (eds) Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: the process of business creation. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp 285–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Glaser BG, Strauss AL (1967) The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Aldine, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
- Gordon S (2012) Action’s place in the venture creation process. In: Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth, vol 14. Emerald, Bingley, pp 161–204Google Scholar
- Gruber M (2007) Uncovering the value of planning in new venture creation: a process and contingency perspective. J Bus Ventur 22(6):782–807CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haber S, Reicheil A (2007) The cumulative nature of the entrepreneurial process: the contribution of human capital, planning and environment resources to small venture performance. J Bus Ventur 22(1):119–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hanlon D, Saunders C (2007) Marshaling resources to form small new ventures: toward a more holistic understanding of entrepreneurial support. Enterp Theory Pract 31(4):619–641CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hmieleski KM, Corbett AC (2008) The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work satisfaction. J Bus Ventur 23:482–496CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Karlsson T, Honig B (2009) Judging a business by its cover: an institutional perspective on new ventures and the business plan. J Bus Ventur 24(1):27–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Katre A, Salipante P (2012) Start-up social ventures: blending fine-grained behaviors from two institutions for entrepreneurial success. Enterp Theory Pract 36(5):967–994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kirzner I (1997) Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: an Austrian approach. J Econ Lit 35:60–85Google Scholar
- Kolvereid L (1996a) Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Enterp Theory Pract 20(3):47–57Google Scholar
- Kolvereid L (1996b) Organizational employment versus self-employment: reasons for career choice intentions. Enterp Theory Pract 21:23–31Google Scholar
- Kolvereid L, Isaksen E (2006) New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. J Bus Ventur 21(6):866–885CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Komaki JL, Zlotnick S, Jenson M (1986) Development of an operant-based taxonomy and observational index of supervisory behavior. J Appl Psychol 71(2):260–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kreiser PM, Patel PC, Fiet JO (2013) The influence of changes in social capital on firm-founding activities. Enterp Theory Pract 37(3):539–568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lichtenstein B, Dooley K, Lumpkin G (2006) Measuring emergence in the dynamics of new venture creation. J Bus Ventur 21(2):153–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lichtenstein B, Carter N, Dooley K, Gartner WB (2007) Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship. J Bus Ventur 22(2):236–261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Maxwell AL, Levesque M (2014) Trustworthiness: a critical ingredient for entrepreneurs seeking investors. Enterp Theory Pract 38(5):1057–1080CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mintzberg H (1973) The nature of managerial work. Harper & Row, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Mueller S, Volery T, von Siemens B (2012) What do entrepreneurs actually do? an observational study of entrepreneurs’ everyday behavior in the start-up and growth stages. Enterp Theory Pract 36:995–1017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nagy BG, Pollack JM, Rutherford MW, Lohrke FT (2012) The influence of entrepreneurs’ credentials and impression management behaviors on perceptions of new venture legitimacy. Enterp Theory Pract 36(5):941–965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Orser B, Riding A, Manley K (2006) Women entrepreneurs and financial capital. Enterp Theory Pract 30(5):643–665CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Patzelt H, Shepherd DA, Deeds D, Bradley SW (2008) Financial slack and venture managers’ decisions to seek a new alliance. J Bus Ventur 23(4):465–481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Penrose ET (1959) The theory of the growth of the firm. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Pollack JM, Rutherford MW, Nagy BG (2012) Preparedness and cognitive legitimacy as antecedents of new venture funding in televised business pitches. Enterp Theory Pract 36:915–936CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pruitt D (1981) Negotiation behavior. Academic, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Raiffa H (1982) Art and science of negotiation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
- Rauch A, Frese M, Utsch A (2005) Effects of human capital and long-term human resources development and utilization on employment growth of small-scale businesses: a causal analysis. Enterp Theory Pract 29(6):681–698Google Scholar
- Schjoedt L, Bird B (2014) Control variables: use, misuse, and recommended use. In: Carsrud A, Brännback M (eds) Handbook of research methods and applications in entrepreneurship and small business. Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA, pp 136–155Google Scholar
- Schjoedt L, Valencia VS (Forthcoming) Entrepreneurial leaders and entrepreneurial managers: differences and similarities in their learning approach. In: Harrison RT, Leitch C (eds) Research handbook on entrepreneurship and leadership. Edward Elgar, Northampton, MAGoogle Scholar
- Schjoedt L, Karlsson T, Schenkel MT (2015) Goal striving in real time among nascent entrepreneurs. Presented at the 2015 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, June 10–13, 2015Google Scholar
- Schumpeter JA (1934) Fundamentals of economic development. In: The theory of economic development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 65–94Google Scholar
- Shane S, Delmar F (2004) Planning for the market: business planning before marketing and the continuation of organizing efforts. J Bus Ventur 19(6):767–785CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shaver KG (2012) Entrepreneurial action: conceptual foundations ad research challenges. In: Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth, vol 14. Emerald, Bingley, pp 279–304Google Scholar
- Singh R, Lucas L (2005) Not just domestic engineers: an exploratory study of homemaker entrepreneurs. Enterp Theory Pract 29(1):79–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Snader JR (1984) A strategy for selling consulting services. J Manag Consult 2(1):32Google Scholar
- Stewart W, May R, Kalia A (2008) Environmental perceptions and scanning in the United States and India: convergence in entrepreneurial information seeking? Enterp Theory Pract 32(1):83–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Steyaert C (1995) Perpetuating entrepreneurship through dialogue: a social constructivist view. Doctoral Dissertation, Katholieke Uuniversiteit LeuvenGoogle Scholar
- Stogdill R, Coons A (1957) Leader behavior: its description and measurement. Ohio State University, Columbus, OHGoogle Scholar
- Sutter CJ, Webb JW, Kistruck GM, Bailey AVG (2013) Entrepreneurs’ responses to semi-formal illegitimate institutional arrangements. J Bus Ventur 28(6):743CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Talaulicar T, Grundei J, Werder A (2005) Strategic decision making in start-ups: the effect of top management team organization and processes on speed and comprehensiveness. J Bus Ventur 20(4):519–541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thomas KW (1992) Conflict and conflict management: reflections and update. J Organ Behav (1986–1998) 13(3):265–274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tornikoski E, Newbert S (2007) Exploring the determinants of organizational emergence: a legitimacy perspective. J Bus Ventur 22(2):311–335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vallacher RR, Wegner DM (1987) What do people think they are going? Action identification and human behavior. Psychol Rev 94(1):3–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vecchio RP (2003) Entrepreneurship and leadership: common trends and common threads. Hum Resour Manag Rev 13:303–327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watson J (2007) Modeling the relationship between networking and firm performance. J Bus Ventur 22(6):852–874CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Withey JJ, Panitz E (1995) Face-to-face selling: making it more effective. Ind Mark Manag 24(4):239–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wright M, Liu X, Buck T, Filatotchev I (2008) Returnee entrepreneurs, science park location choice and performance: an analysis of high-technology SMEs in China. Enterp Theory Pract 32(1):131–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zacks JM (2004) Using movement and intentions to understand simple events. Cogn Sci 28(6):979–1008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zacks JM, Tversky B (2001) Event structure in perception and conception. Psychol Bull 127(1):3–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhang J, Souitaris V, Soh P, Wong P (2008) A contingent model of network utilization in early financing of technology ventures. Enterp Theory Pract 32:593–613CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zhao H, Seibert SE (2006) The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review. J Appl Psychol 91(2):259–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar