The Neuroimmune System in Psychiatric Disorders

  • Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson
  • Gregory K. DeKrey
  • Mark P. Thomas
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

The term “neuroimmune system” emphasizes the fact that nervous and lymphoid tissues constitute a unified system that functions in the maintenance of homeostasis. The conventional division between the two systems has blurred, as well as the distinction between neuropeptides on the one hand, and immune cytokines on the other. Two lines of research have altered our perspective on neuroimmune interactions: (a) the identification of conventional neuropeptides and their receptors, especially those related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, in most lymphoid tissues, and (b) the large body of evidence that cytokines, historically associated with immune system communication, play vital roles in nervous function. The role of the HPA axis in coordinating responses to stressors, and the role of the immune system in mediating the “sickness” response, underscores this reciprocal relationship between the CNS and the immune system. In spite of this nascent state of knowledge, the evidence for hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis and the alterations in cytokine levels observed in both major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia serve as a foundation for further research establishing a causative relationship between alterations in immune system function and these debilitating psychiatric disorders.

Keywords

α-MSH β-endorphin β-lipotropin β-MSH γ—MSH ACTH Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors Anxiety Autoimmune disease Autoimmune T cells B cells Beta adrenergic receptors Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Cytokines Depression Glucocorticoids Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Inflammation Interferon-α (IFN-α) Leukocytes Leucine-enkephalin Lymphocytes Melanocortin-1 receptors Methionine-enkephalin Monocytes Morphine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors Neurodegeneration Neuropeptides Neuroprotection Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Nociception ORL-1 receptor Orphanin FQ Preproenkephalin Proenkephalin Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Regulatory T cells Schizophrenia Stress Thymocytes Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) Urocortins 
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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson
    • 1
  • Gregory K. DeKrey
    • 1
  • Mark P. Thomas
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Northern ColoradoGreeleyUSA

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