Sustainability Transition in the Health Sector in Brazil
Abstract
Identifying sustainability transition in the health sector involves analysis of the dynamic and the forces influencing political, sociotechnical and cultural features. The aim of this study is to identify transition in health in a Brazil facing globalization, demographic, migration, environmental and climate change effects and inequities. Brazil has improved its capacity to formulate, implement, monitor and evaluate multi-sectoral and universal public policies in the last twenty years, with the implementation of universal health care and conditional cash transfers. These policies have resulted in the improvement of the health indicators of extreme poverty and hunger, underfive mortality, maternal health, infectious diseases, and primary education coverage. Since the frequency of extreme weather events has been increasing globally and in Brazil, and cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death, the consequences for health systems must be considered. Mortality due to traffic accidents has also increased, despite policy efforts and restrictive laws, overwhelming health services and public financial resources.
Keywords
Sustainable transitions health environmental health health policiesPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Assunção, Juliano; Gandour, Clarissa C.; Rocha, Rudi, 2012: “Deforestation Slowdown in the Legal Amazon: Prices or Policies?”; at: <http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/ 03/Deforestation-Prices-or-Policies-Working-Paper.pdf>.
- Braubach, Matthias: 2013; “Benefits of environmental inequality assessments for action”, in: Journal of the Epidemiology Community Health, 67,8: 661–666; publishedGoogle Scholar
- online first, 1 May 2013; at: <doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201426>.
- Baccini, Alessandro; Goetz, Scott J.; Walker, Wayne S.; Laporte, Nadine T.; Sun Mindy; Sulla-Menashe, Damien; Hackler Joseph; Beck, Peter. S. A.; Dubayah Ralph; Friedl Mark A.; Samanta Sudeep; Houghton, Richard A., 2012: “Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps”, in: Nature Climate Change, 2: 182–185.Google Scholar
- Barreto, Mauricio L.; Teixeira, M. Gloria; Bastos, Francisco I.; Ximenes, Ricardo A. A.; Barata, Rita B.; Rodrigues, Laura C., 2011: “Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs”, in: Lancet, 37, 9780:, 1877-1889; at: <doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60202-X. Epub 2011 May 9>.
- Brasil, 2008: National Plan on Climate Change; at: < http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/208/_arquivos/national_plan_208.pdf>
- Brasil, 2008: Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia. Política Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde. 2 ed, 44p, at: < http://livroaberto.ibict.br/handle/1/613>.
- Brasil, 2014: Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Informática do SUS; at: DATASUS <http://www2.datasus.gov.br/datasus/index.php>.
- Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Dunay, Pal; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Liotta, P.H. (Eds.), 2008: Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 3 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag).Google Scholar
- Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Grin, John; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia;Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Krummenacher, Heinz (Eds.) 2009: Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Healthand Water Security Concepts. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 4 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag).Google Scholar
- Casa Civil (2013). Plano de Ação para a Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal. Casa Civil da Presidência da República, Brasília at: <http://www.amazonfund.gov.br/FundoAmazonia/export/sites/default/site_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/Publicacoes/PPCDAm _3.pdf>
- Chmielewska, Danuta; Souza, Darana, 2011: The food security policy context in Brazil. Country Study (Brasília: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth United Nations Development Programme); at: <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy22.pdf> (web pdf).
- Cornwall, Andrea; Shankland, Alex, 2008: “Engaging citizens: lessons from building Brazil’s national health system”, in: Social Science and Medicine, 66,10: 2173–2184.Google Scholar
- Dutra, Ricardo Marques; Szklo, Alexandre Salem, 2008: “Incentive policies for promoting wind power production in Brazil: Scenarios for the Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program (PROINFA) under the New Brazilian electric power sector regulation”, in: Renewable Energy, 33,1: 65–76.Google Scholar
- Galvão, Antonio; Juruá, Mayra; Esteves, L., 2012: “The Amazons and the Use of its Biodiversity”. Report for the IDRC funded project Opening up Natural Resource-Based Industries for Innovation: Exploring New Pathways for Development in Latin America; at: <http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss1/art11/>.
- Geels, Frank W; Schot, Johan, 2007: “Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways”. Research Policy 36: 399–417.Google Scholar
- Goldemberg, Jose, 2007: “Ethanol for a sustainable energy future”, in: Science, 315: 808-810.Google Scholar
- Huynen, Maud M. T. E.; Martens, Pim; Hilderink, Henk B.M., 2005:“The health impacts of globalisation: a conceptual framework”, in: Globalization and Health, 1,14: 1-12.Google Scholar
- Ignotti, Eliane, 2010: “Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in the subequatorial Amazon: a time series approach”, in: Cad. Saude Publica, 26,4: 747–761.Google Scholar
- IBGE, 2010: Censo Populacional, in: <http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm>
- IPAM, 2009: “Evolução na Política para o Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia Brasileira: O PPCDAm”, in: Clima e Floresta, 15.Google Scholar
- IPEA (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada), 2012: “A dinâmica recente das transferências públicas de assistência e previdência social”, in: Comunicado do Ipea, 138; at: <http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/comunicado/120308_comunicadoipea138.pdf>.
- Jerneck, Anne; Olsson, Lennart, 2011:“Breaking out of sustainability impasses: How to apply frame analysis, reframing and transition theory to global health challenges”, in: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1,2: 255–271.Google Scholar
- Leaning, Jennifer, 2009: “Health and Human Security in the 21st Century”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Grin, John; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Krummenacher, Heinz (Eds.): Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 4 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 541-552.Google Scholar
- Lehtonen, Markku, 2007: Biofuel transitions and global governance: lessons from Brazil. http://www.2007amsterdamconference.org/Downloads/AC2007_Lehtonen.pdf>.
- Leubolt, Bernhard, 2014: “Social policies and redistribution in Brazil”. Global Labour University working paper; No. 26 (Geneva: International Labour Office, Global Labour University); at: <http://www.global-labour-university.org/fileadmin/GLU_Working_Papers/GLU_WP_No.26.pdf>.
- Li, Yonghong; Cheng, Yibin; Cui, Guoquan; Peng, Chaoqiong; Xu, Yan; Wang, Yulin; Liu, Yingchun; Liu, Jingyi; Li, Chengcheng; Wu, Zhen; Bi, Peng; Jin, Yinlong, 2014: “Association between high temperature and mortality in metropolitan areas of four cities in various climatic zones in China: a time-series study”, in: Environmental Health, 7: 13–65.Google Scholar
- Lindelow, Magnus; Araujo, Edson C. 2014: Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Country Summary Report for Brazil (Washington, DC: World Bank); at: <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20732>.
- Machado, Cristiani. Vieira; Baptista, Tatiana Wargas Faria; Nogueira, Carolina Oliveira, 2011: “Health policies in Brazil in the 2000s: the national priority agenda”, in: Cad. Saúde Pública (Rio de Janeiro), 27,3 (March): 521–532.Google Scholar
- Markard, Jochen; Raven, Rob; Truffer, Bernhard, 2012: “Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects”, in: Research Policy, 41,6: 955–967.Google Scholar
- Murray, Joseph; Cerqueira, Daniel Ricardo Castro; Kahn, Tulio, 2013: “Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors”, in: Aggressive Violent Behaviour, 18,5 (September): 471–483.Google Scholar
- Ortiz, Dennys Samillan, 2014:“Evolution of mortality from external causes in Brazil, 2006–2012” (Master thesis, city: university, Graduate Programme of Health Promotion).Google Scholar
- Oswald Spring, Ursula, 2011: “Towards a sustainable health policy in the Anthropocene”, in: IHDP Update Issue 1: 19-25.Google Scholar
- Pacheco Santos, Leonor Maria; Moura, Erly Catarina; Barradas Barata, Rita de Cássia; Serruya, Suzanne Jacob; Motta, Marcia Luz; Silva Elias, Flávia Tavares; Angulo-Tuesta, Antonia; Paula, Ana Patricia de Paula; de Melo, Gilvania; Guimarães, Reinaldo; Grabois Gadelha, Carlos Augusto, 2011: “Fulfillment of the Brazilian agenda of priorities in health research”, Health Research Policy and Systems 2011, 9,35: 1-9 at: <http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content /9/1/35>
- Paim, Jairnilson; Travassos, Claudia.; Almeida, Celia.; Bahia, Ligia.; Macinko, James., 2011: “The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges”, in: Lancet, 377,9779 (21 May): 1778-1797; at: <doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60054-8. Epub 2011 May 9>.
- Programa Saúde da Família, 2000. Rev. Saúde Pública 34, 3: 316-319; at: <http://www.scielo.br/ scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-89102000000300018&lng=en> and: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102000000300018>.
- Rasella, Davide; Aquino, Rosana; Santos, Carlos AT; Paes-Sousa, Rômulo; Lima Barreto, Mauricio, 2013:“Impact of income inequality on life expectancy in a highly unequal developing country: The case of Brazil”. The Lancet, 382,9886: 57-64.Google Scholar
- Singh, Rajesh Kuma N.; Murty, H. Ramalinga.; Gupta, Suresh Kumar.; Dikshit Anil Kumar, 2012:“An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies”, in: Ecological Indicators, 15,1 (April): 281–299.Google Scholar
- Smith, Adrian; Stirling, Andy; Berkhout, Frans, 2005: “The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions”, in: Research Policy, 34,10: 1491-1510.Google Scholar
- Smith, Lauren T.; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.; Sabel, Clive E.; Nakaya, Tomoki, 2014:“Drought impacts on children’s respiratory health in the Brazilian Amazon”, in: Scientific Reports, 4,3726: 1-8.Google Scholar
- STRN Sustainable Transitions Research Network. “A mission statement and research agenda for the Sustainability Transitions Research Network” 2010, at: <http://www.transitionsnetwork.org/files/STRN_research_agenda_20_August_2010%282%29.pdf>
- Ten Brink, Ben.; van der Esch, Stefan; Kram, Tom.; von Oorschot, Mark; Alkemade,Rob; Ahrens, Robert; Bakkenes, Michel; Bakkes, Jan; van den Berg, Maurits, Christensen, Villy; Janse, Jan, Jeuken, Michel, Lucas, Paul, Manders, Ton; van Meijl, Hans; Stehfest, Elke; Tabeau, Andrzej; van Vuuren, Detlef; Wilting, Harry, 2010: Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies: Exploring Structural Changes in Production and Consumption to Reduce Biodiversity Loss (Bilthoven: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), 172p.Google Scholar
- Turra, Cássio; Queiroz, Bernardo: 2005 “Before it’s too late: demographic transition, labour supply, and social security problems in Brazil” In: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Social and Economic Implications of Changing Population Age Structures. United Nations, 104-118. <http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/Proceedings_EGM_Mex_2005/turra.pdf>
- United Nations General Assembly, 2000:United Nations Millennium Declaration, A/RES/55/2 (New York: United Nations).Google Scholar
- United Nations, 2010:The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010(New York: United Nations).Google Scholar
- United Nations, 2014: The World Population Situation in 2014. A Concise Report (New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Populations Division); at: <http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/trends/concisereport2014.shtml>.
- van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M.; Truffer, Bernhard; Kallis, Giorgos, 2011“Environmental innovation and societal transitions: Introduction and overview”, in: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1,1: 1-23, at: <http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S2210422411000219>
- van der Brugge, Rutger; Rotmans, Æ Jan; Loorbach, Derk, 2005: “The transition in Dutch water management”, in: Regional Environmental Change, 5: 164–176.Google Scholar
- Victora, Cesar G.; Barreto, Mauricio L.; do Carmo Leal, Maria; Monteiro, Carlos A., Schmidt, Maria Ines; Paim, Jairnilson; Bastos, Francisco; Almeida, Celia; Bahia, Ligia; Travassos, Claudia; Reichenheim, Michael; Barros, Fernando C., 2011: “Health conditions and healthpolicy innovations in Brazil: the way forward”, in: Lancet, 377,9782: 2042-2053 at: <DOI: 10.1016/S)140-6736(11)60055-X>.
- Wang, Yu-Chun; Lin, Yu-Kai, 2014: “Association between Temperature and Emergency Room Visits for Cardiorespiratory Diseases: A Case Crossover Study, Metabolic Syndrome-Related Diseases, and Accidents in Metropolitan Taipei” in: PLOS ONE, 9,6: 1-9Google Scholar
- WHO, 2009: Health Transition - World Bank Conditional cash transfer. A World Bank Policy Research Report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank); at: <http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story050/en/>.
- World Health Organization, 2013a: Country cooperation strategy at a glance (Geneva: WHO); at: <http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_bra_en.pdf >
- World Health Organization, 2013b: “World Health Statistics”, at: <http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf>