Clinical Urodynamics in Childhood and Adolescence pp 327-335 | Cite as
Botulinum Toxin, Endoscopy, and Mini-Invasive Treatment
Abstract
Urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction are well represented in pediatric population, mostly as the consequence of malformations, obstetric trauma, or neurogenic conditions. Today, various mini-invasive and endoscopic procedures are available for treating these disorders, preventing severe complications to lower and upper urinary tract and providing quality of life improvement. These techniques have highly developed in the last 10 years, and most of them are supported by clear evidence of efficacy and safety and represent a standard of care. Endoscopic surgery is used to treat ureterocele, vesicoureteral reflux, urethral valves, urethral strictures, and stress urinary incontinence, which can also be cured by minimally invasive surgical approaches (pubovaginal slings). An important therapeutic option for urinary incontinence secondary to neurogenic detrusor overactivity but also for neurogenic voiding dysfunction should be the injection of onabotulinum toxin A. In fact, phase III trials are ongoing to evaluate efficacy and safety of this treatment in children and should support the registration as “on-label” therapeutic approach, already obtained in adults, also in this population. This chapter focuses the attention on mini-invasive and endoscopic approaches to urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction.
Keywords
Children Urinary incontinence Voiding dysfunction Botulinum toxin Pubovaginal sling Mini-invasive surgery Endoscopy Bulking agents Detrusor overactivity Transitional careReferences
- 1.Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A. Incontinence. Plymouth: Health Publications Ltd; 2013.Google Scholar
- 2.Karsenty G, Denys P, Amarenco G, De Seze M, Gamé X, Haab F, Kerdraon J, Perrouin-Verbe B, Ruffion A, Saussine C, Soler JM, Schurch B, Chartier-Kastler E. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) intradetrusor injections in adults with neurogenic detrusor overactivity/neurogenic overactive bladder: a systematic literature review. Eur Urol. 2008;53(2):275–87. Epub 2007 Oct 16. ReviewCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Linsenmeyer TA. Use of botulinum toxin in individuals with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: state of the art review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2013;36(5):402–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 4.European Association of Urology Guidelines 2016. Section: NeuroUrology. http://uroweb.org/guideline/neuro-urology/
- 5.Dmochwoski R, Sand PK. Botulinum toxin A in the overactive bladder: current status and future directions. BJU Int. 2007;99(2):247–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Mangera A, Apostolidis A, Andersson KE, Dasgupta P, Giannantoni A, Roehrborn C, Novara G, Chapple C. An updated systematic review and statistical comparison of standardised mean outcomes for the use of botulinum toxin in the management of lower urinary tract disorders. Eur Urol. 2014;65(5):981–90.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Kuo HC, Botulinum A. Toxin urethral injection for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. J Urol. 2003;170:1908–12.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 8.Apostolidis A, Dasgupta P, Denys P, Elneil S, Fowler CJ, Giannantoni A, Karsenty G, Schulte-Baukloh H, Schurch B, Wyndaele JJ, European Consensus Panel. Recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of lower urinary tract disorders and pelvic floor dysfunctions: a European consensus report. Eur Urol. 2009;55:100–19.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Hoebeke P. The effect of botulinum a toxin in incontinent children with therapy resistant overactive detrusor. J Urol. 2006;176:328–30.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Kajbafzadeh AM, Ahmadi H, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Shariufi-Rad L, Nejat F, Bazargan-Hejazi S. Intravesical electromotive botulinum toxin type-A administration-part II: clinical application. Urology. 2011;77:439–45.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.Radojicic ZI, Perovic SV, Milic NM. Is it reasonable to treat refractory voiding dysfunction in children with botulinum-A-toxin? J Urol. 2006;176:332–6.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Franco I, et al. The use of botulinum toxin A injection for the management of external sphincter dyssynergia in neurologically normal children. J Urol. 2007;178:1775–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Mokhless I, Zahran AR, Saad A, Yehia M, Youssif ME. Effect of Botox injection at the bladder neck in boys with bladder dysfunction after valve ablation. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(5):899–904. Epub 2014 Feb 6CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Tran CN, Reichard CA, McMahon D, Rhee A. Anterior urethral valve associated with posterior urethral valves: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Urology. 2014;84(2):469–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2014.04.034. Epub 2014 Jun 21CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Keihani S, Kajbafzadeh AM. Concomitant anterior and posterior urethral valves: a comprehensive review of literature. Urology. 2015;86(1):151–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2015.02.019. Epub 2015 Apr 8CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Gholdoian CG, Thayer K, Hald D, Rajpoot D, Shanberg AM. Applications of the KTP laser in the treatment of posterior urethral valves, ureteroceles, and urethral strictures in the pediatric patient. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1998;16(1):39–43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Shoukry AI, Abouela WN, ElSheemy MS, Shouman AM, Daw K, Hussein AA, Morsi H, Mohsen MA, Badawy H, Eissa M. Use of holmium laser for urethral strictures in pediatrics: a prospective study. J Pediatr Urol. 2016;12(1):42.e1–6. Epub 2015 Aug 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Lopez PJ, Celis S, Reed F, Zubieta R. Vesicoureteral reflux: current management in children. Curr Urol Rep. 2014;15(10):447.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.Kirsch AJ, Arlen AM. Evaluation of new Deflux administration techniques: intraureteric HIT and double HIT for the endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2014;11(5):439–46. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.2014.929491. Epub 2014 Jun 14CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Kirsch AJ, Arlen AM, Lackgren G. Current trends in dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux) injection technique for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. Urology. 2014;84(2):462–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2014.04.032. Epub 2014 Jun 26CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Herbst KW, Corbett ST, Lendvay TS, Caldamone AA. Recent trends in the surgical management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in the era of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid. J Urol. 2014;191(5 Suppl):1628–33. Epub 2014 Mar 26CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 22.Cosentino M, Caffaratti J, Bujons A, Garat JM, Villavicencio H. Vesico-ureteral reflux, endoscopic management. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2013;111(4):349–52.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Vorstman B, Lokhart J, Kaufman MR, Politano V. Polytetrafluoroethylene injection for urinary incontinence in children. J Urol. 1985;133:248–50.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Malizia AA Jr, Reiman HM, Myers RP, Sandle JR, Bahrman SS, Benson RC Jr, Dewanjee MK, Utz WJ. Migration and granulomatous reaction after periurethral injection of polytef (Teflon). JAMA. 1984;251:3277–81.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 25.Bomalski MD, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ, Panzi A. Glutaraldehyde cross linked collagen in the treatment of urinary incontinence in children. J Urol. 1996;155:699–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Chernoff A, Horowitz M, Combs A, Libretti D, Nitti V, Glassberg KL. Periurethral collagen injection for the treatment of urinary incontinence in children. J Urol. 1997;157:2303–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 27.Capozza N, Caione P, De gennaro M, Nappo S, Patricola M. Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux and urinary incontinence. Technical problems in the pediatric patient. Br J Urol. 1995;75:538–42.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 28.Sundaram CP, Reinberg Y, Aliabadi HA. Failure to obtain durable results with collagen implantation in children with urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1997;157:2306–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 29.Guys JM, Breaud J, Hery G, Camerlo A, Le Hors H, De Laguaise P. Endoscopic injection with polydimethylsiloxane for the treatment of pediatric urinary incontinence in the neurogenic bladder: long term results. J Urol. 2006;175(3 Pt 1):1106–10.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 30.Dyer L, Franco I, Firlit CF, Reda EF, Levit SB, Palmer LS. Endoscopic injection of bulking agents in children with incontinence: dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer versus polytetrafluoroethylene. J Urol. 2007;178(4 Pt 2):1628–31.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 31.Lund L, Yeung CK. Periurethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence using a laparoscopic port. J Endourol. 2003;17(4):253.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 32.Woodside JR, Borden TA. Pubovaginal sling procedure for the management of urinary incontinence in myelodysplastic girl. J Urol. 1986;78:808–9.Google Scholar
- 33.Kakizaki H, Shibata T, Kobayashi S, Matsumara K, Koyanagi T. Fascial sling for the management of incontinence due to sphincter incompetence. J Urol. 1995;153:644–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 34.Elder JS. Periurethral and puboprostatic sling repair for incontinence in patients with myelodysplasia. J Urol. 1990;144:434–7.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Dik P, Klijn AJ, van Gool JD, de Jong TP. Transvaginal sling suspension of bladder neck in female patients with neurogenic sphincter incontinence. J Urol. 2003;170:580–1.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 36.Gormley EA, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ, Ritchey ML. Pubovaginal slings for the management of urinary incontinence in female adolescents. J Urol. 1994 Aug;152(2 Pt 2):822–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 37.Wadie BS, Helmy TE, Dawaba ME, Ghoneim MA. Retropubic bulbourethral sling in incontinence post-exstrophy repair: 2-year minimal follow up of a salvage procedure. Neurourol Urodyn. 2016;35(4):497–502.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 38.Colvert JR 3rd, Kropp BP, Cheng EY, Pope JC, Brok JW 3rd, Adams MC, Austin P, Furness PD 3rd, Koyle MA. The use of small intestinal submucosa as an off-the-shelf urethral sling material for pediatric urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2002;168:1872–5.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 39.Goodbole P, Mackinnon AE. Expanded PTFE bladder neck slings for incontinence in children: the long term outcome. BJU Int. 2004;93:139–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Rawashdeh YF, Austin P, Siggaard C, Bauer SB, Franco I, de Jong TP, Jorgensen TM, International Children’s Continence Society. International Children’s Continence Society’s recommendations for therapeutic intervention in congenital neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31(5):615–20.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 41.Stroud C, Walker LR, Davis M, Irwin CE Jr. Investing in the health and well-being of young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(2):127–9.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar