Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors pp 331-339 | Cite as
Measuring the Influences of Footwear Shape and Area on the Coefficient of Friction by English XL
Abstract
This study explores the influences of different footwear shapes and areas on COF by conducting a four factors experiment including five footwear areas, two footwear shapes, two floors with different roughness, and three floor contaminating conditions and the COFs were measured by English XL. The results demonstrate that the footwear area, footwear shape, floor roughness, and floor contamination condition all affect COF significantly. The COFs of square footwear treads are significantly higher than the cofs of round footwear treads. The relationships between shoe sole area and COF were affected by floor roughness dramatically. The relationships between different shoe sole area and COFs did not show any rules. The lower the floor roughness the lower the COFs with the larger shoe sole area under water and detergent contamination conditions.
Keywords
Coefficient of friction Shoe sole area Shoe sole shape English XL Slip and fallNotes
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under the grant MOST-103-2221-E-266-001.
References
- 1.National Safety Council: Injury Facts. Itasca, IL (2015)Google Scholar
- 2.Leamon, T.B., Murphy, P.L.: Occupational slips and falls: more than a trivial problem. Ergonomics 38, 487–498 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Chen, C.C., Liu, L., Li, K.W., Chen, C.Y.: The cases study of occupational falling and slipping incidents. In: 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne (2015)Google Scholar
- 4.BAuA: Safety on floors and stairs. http://www.baua.de/en/Topics-from-A-to-Z/Workplaces/Floors-and-stairs_content.html
- 5.Liberty Mutual: 2014 Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index. http://www.libertymutualgroup.com
- 6.Health and Safety Executive: What do slip and trip accidents cost? http://www.hse.gov.uk/slips/costs.htm
- 7.Health and Safety Executive: Assessing the slip resistance of flooring, http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/geis2.htm
- 8.Chang, W.R., Kim, I.J., Manning, D.P., Bunterngchit, Y.: The role of surface roughness in the measurement of slipperiness. Ergonomics 44, 1200–1216 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Chang, W.R., Matz, S.: The slip resistance of common footwear materials measured with two slipmeters. Appl. Ergon. 32, 549–558 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Chang, W.R.: The effects of slip criteria and time on friction measurements. Saf. Sci. 40, 593–611 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Li, K.W., Hsu, Y.W., Chang, W.R., Lin, C.H.: Friction measurements on three commonly used floors on a college campus under dry, wet, and sand-covered conditions. Saf. Sci. 45, 980–992 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Liu, L., Li, K.W., Lee, Y.H., Chen, C.C., Chen, C.Y.: Friction measurements on “anti-slip” floors under shoe sole, contamination, and inclination conditions. Saf. Sci. 48, 1321–1326 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Moore, D.F.: The friction and lubrication of elastomers, International series of monographs on material science and technology. Pergamon press, Oxford (1972)Google Scholar
- 14.Grönqvist, R., Hirvonen, M., Tohv, A.: Evaluation of three portable floor slipperiness testers. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 25, 85–95 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Li, K.W., Chang, W.R., Leamon, T.B., Chen, C.J.: Floor slipperiness measurement: friction coefficient, roughness of floors, and subjective perception under spillage conditions. Saf. Sci. 42, 547–565 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Li, K.W., Chen, C.J.: Effects of tread groove orientation and width of the footwear pads on measured friction coefficients. Saf. Sci. 43, 391–405 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Li, K.W., Chen, C.C., Liu, L., Chen, C.Y.: Comparison of three floor friction measurement devices. J. Labor Occup. Saf. Health 21, 451–463 (2013)Google Scholar
- 18.Leclercq, S., Tisserand, M., Saulnier, H.: Tribological concepts involved in slipping accidents analysis. Ergonomics 38, 197–208 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Grönqvist, R.: Mechanisms of friction and assessment of slip resistance of new and used footwear soles on contaminated floors. Ergonomics 38, 224–241 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Kim, I.J., Smith, R.: Observation of the floor surface topography changes in pedestrian slip resistance measurements. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 26, 581–601 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Wilson, M.P.: Development of SATRA slip test and tread pattern design, guidelines. In: Slips, Stumloles, and Falls: Pedestrian Footwear and Surface, vol. 1103, pp. 113–123. ASTM special technical publication, Philadelphia (1990)Google Scholar
- 22.American Society for Testing and Materials, F-1679-04, Standard method of Using a Variable Incidence Tribometer (VIT) (2004)Google Scholar
- 23.Proctor, T.D., Coleman, V.: Slipping and tripping accidents and falling accidents in great Britain present and future. J. Occup. Accid. 9, 268–285 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Chang, W.R.: The effects of surface roughness and contaminants on the dynamic friction between porcelain tile and vulcanized rubber. Saf. Sci. 40, 577 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.William, E.: Pedestrian Slip Resistance, 2nd edn. Rose Printing Company Inc., New York (2003)Google Scholar
- 26.Grönqvist, R., Roine, J., Korhonen, E., Rahikainen, A.: Slip resistance versus surface roughness of deck and other underfoot surfaces in ships. J. Occup. Accid. 13(4), 291–302 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Li, K.W., Chen, C.J.: The effect of shoe soling tread groove width on the coefficient of friction with different sole materials, floors, and contaminants. Appl. Ergon. 35, 499–507 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Li, K.W., Wu, H.H., Lin, Y.C.: The effect of shoe sole tread groove depth on the friction coefficient with different tread groove widths, floors and contaminants. Appl. Ergon. 37, 743–748 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar