Fluoride: A World Ubiquitous Compound, Its Chemistry, and Ways of Contamination

  • Venkataraman Sivasankar
  • André Darchen
  • Kiyoshi Omine
  • R. Sakthivel
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

Fluoride, an incompatible lithophile and the most electronegative element, forms a number of soluble, pH-dependent formation of complexes with polyvalent metal ions in water. The interaction between water and sedimentary carbonates ultimately causes fluoride concentration gradient as a sequel of hydrogeochemistry. The occurrence of fluoride in groundwater due to fluorapatite solubility and the other governing factors such as rock chemistry, residence time, well depth, preferential pathways for the upward movement of deep groundwater, hydrologic condition of the pathways, and geologic structure have also been discussed. In this chapter, in addition to the geochemistry of fluoride, the chemistry of fluoride in water and its association with the other physicochemical parametric factors such as total dissolved solids and dissolved ions such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, arsenic, boron, and hydrogen carbonate have been elaborated. As fluoride and arsenic ions participate together in their occurrence in soil and hence water, their co-contamination has been exemplified from the research reports. Fluoride solubility as a function of evaporation, evapotranspiration, temperature, and water softening has also been accounted. The leaching aspects of soil-based adsorption–desorption mechanism and its ultimate destiny on fluoride enrichment of groundwater have also been added in the chapter.

Keywords

Clay Mineral Total Dissolve Solid Fluoride Concentration High Fluoride Fluoride Content 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Venkataraman Sivasankar
    • 1
  • André Darchen
    • 2
  • Kiyoshi Omine
    • 3
  • R. Sakthivel
    • 4
  1. 1.Post Graduate and Research Department of ChemistryPachaiyappa’s CollegeChennaiIndia
  2. 2.UMR CNRS n°6226 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ENSCRRennes Cedex 7France
  3. 3.Department of Civil EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
  4. 4.Department of GeologySchool of Geosciences, Bharathidasan UniversityTiruchirappalliIndia

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