Abstract
does it mean to be human? Is there something like the human essence, something that we all have in common and that defines what we are? And will our radically enhanced descendants of the future still be humans—better humans no doubt, but still preserving the same human essence—or will they rather be emphatically post-human?"?>This chapter is a reflection on what it means to be human and whether there is a human essence: something that we have all in common and that defines what we are. Guided by the question whether our radically enhanced descendants of the future will still be human, more than human, or perhaps even truly human, Hauskeller argues that the term “human” has no fixed meaning and is primarily used as a ‘nomen dignitatis’ – a dignity-conferring name, implying a particular moral status. Definitions of the human are revealed as inevitably “persuasive”, telling us about what is important and how we should live our lives as humans, and thus help us to make sense of what we are.
Keywords
Human Nature Moral Status Cognitive Enhancement Human Soul Good HumanBibliography
- Agar, Nicholas (2013) “Why it is possible to enhance moral status and why doing so is wrong”, Journal of Medical Ethics 39: 67–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Aquinas, Thomas (1980), ed. Charles H. Lohr, Scriptum super Sententiis, Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
- Borges, Jorge Luis (1962) Labyrinths, New York: New Directions Publishing.Google Scholar
- Boswell, James (1924) Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D., ed. R.W. Chapman, London.Google Scholar
- Carlyle, Thomas (1908) Sartor Resartus, London: Everyman’s Library.Google Scholar
- ——— (1970) The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, vol. 1, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
- Diogenes Laertius (1958) Lives of Eminent Philosophers, London: William Heinemann/Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Dupre, John (2001) Human Nature and the Limits of Science, Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fudge, Erica (2006) Brutal Reasoning. Animals, Rationality, and Humanity in Early Modern England, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
- Frye, Northrop (1957) Anatomy of Criticism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Hauskeller, Michael (2016) “Topsyturvy – Jonathan Swift on Human Nature, Reason, and Morality”, in Janelle Poetzsch, Jonathan Swift and Philosophy (in press).Google Scholar
- Hull, David (1998) “On Human Nature”, in: The Philosophy of Biology, eds. David Hull and Michael Rose, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 383–397.Google Scholar
- Jonas, Hans (1985) “Werkzeug, Bild und Grab“, Scheidewege 15: 85–112.Google Scholar
- Kitcher, Philip (1985) Vaulting Ambition, Cambridge, MA, London: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Locke, John (1823) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in The Works of John Locke. A New Edition, Corrected. In Ten Volumes, vol. II, London 1823.Google Scholar
- Marks, Jonathan (2009) “The Nature of Humanness”, in Oxford Handbook of Archaelogy, eds. Chris Gosden, Barry Cunliffe and Rosemary A. Joyce, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 237–53.Google Scholar
- Nelkin, Dorothy, and Susan Lindee (1995) The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon, New York: Freeman.Google Scholar
- Noonan, John T. junior (1993) “An Almost Absolute Value in History”, in: Arguing About Abortion, ed. Lewis M. Shwartz, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 51–59.Google Scholar
- Pico della Mirandola (1985) On the Dignity of Man, On Being and the One, Heptaplus, New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Robert, Jason Scott, and Francoise Baylis (2003), “Crossing Species Boundaries”, The American Journal of Bioethics 3/3: 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Scottish Council on Human Bioethics (2006) ‘Embryonic, Fetal and Post-natal Animal-Human Mixtures: An Ethical Discussion’, Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics 12/2: 35–60.Google Scholar
- Smith, John Maynard (1998) “Science and Myth”, in: The Philosophy of Biology, eds. David L. Hull and Michael Ruse, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 374–382.Google Scholar
- Stevenson, Charles Leslie (1938) “Persuasive Definitions”, Mind 47: 331–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stock, Gregory (2003) Redesigning Humans, London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
- Symons, Michael (2000) A History of Cooks and Cooking, Urbana/Chicago.Google Scholar
- Wells, Herbert George (1921) The Island of Dr. Moreau, London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
- Wilson, Edward O. (1978) On Human Nature, Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Wright, W.D. (1998) Racism Matters, Westport, Connecticut/London: Praeger.Google Scholar