Modification of Electrode Surfaces with Metallo Phthalocyanine Nanomaterial Hybrids

Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

The chapter reviews an electrocatalytic behavior of mononuclear metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) when combined with various nanomaterials. In addition, the chapter presents electrode modification using the least studied, binuclear phthalocyanines alone or in the presence of nanomaterials. The nanomaterials included are carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and semiconductor quantum dots. Different methods of electrode modification using MPc complexes in the presence of nanomaterials are presented. Methods of characterization of the modified electrodes, such as different types of microscopy, voltammetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are presented. The chapter contains tables listing the reported electrode modification methods using MPcs in the presence on nanomaterials, and analytes detected on these electrodes. The chapter contains 149 references.

Keywords

Mono- and binuclear metallophthalocyanines Single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes Semiconductor quantum dots Atomic force microscopy Cyclic voltammetry Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Scanning electron microscopy Scanning electrochemical microscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Ordered mesoporous carbon Molecular imprinted polymer Poly(pyrrole) Click chemistry Self-assembled monolayer Electrocatalysis Gold nanoparticles 

List of abbreviations

AFM

Atomic force microscope

BiPc

Binuclear phthalocyanine

BPPGE

Basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode

CNT

Carbon nanotube

CPE

Carbon paste electrode

CV

Cyclic voltammetry

DDAB

Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide

DEAET

Diethylaminoethanol

DMAET

Dimethylaminoethanol

EPPGE

Edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode

GCE

Glassy carbon electrode

GO

Graphene oxide

GOD

Glucose oxidase

HOMO

Highest occupied molecular orbital

LUMO

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

MAPc

Tris(benzyl-mercapto)-monoaminophthalocyanine

MCPc

Tris(benzyl-mercapto)-mono(carboxy phenoxy)-phthalocyanine

MIP

Molecular imprinted polymer

MPS

Mercaptopropyl-silica

MWCNT

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

OBSPc

Octabutylsuphonyl phthalocyanine

OCPc

Octacarboxy phthalocyanine

ODPc

Octadecylphthalocyanine

ODTPc

Octakis(decylthio) phthalocyanine

OHETPc

Octa(hydroxyethylthio) pthalocyanine

OMC

Ordered mesoporous carbon

oPD

O-phenylenediamine

PoPD

Poly(o-phenylenediamine)

OPhTPc

Octakis(phenylthio) phthalocyanine

ORR

Oxygen reduction reaction

Pc

Phthalocyanine

PAMAN

Poly(amido amine)

PEDOT

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxytheophene)

PPy

Poly (pyrrole)

QCA

Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid

QD

Quantum dots

rGO

Reduced graphene oxide

SAM

Self-assembled monolayer

SECM

Scanning electrochemical microscope

SEM

Scanning electron microscope

SPE

Screen-printed electrode

SWCNT

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

TAPc

Tetraamino phthalocyanine

TCPc

Tetracarboxy phthalocyanine

TEM

Transmission electron microscope

TOBPc

2,(3)-tetra-(4-oxo-benzamide) phthalocyanine

TPPc

2,9,16,23-tetra-iso-pentyloxyphthalocyanine

TSPc

Tetrasulphophthalocyanine

TtBPc

Tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine

UME

Ultramicro electrode

XPS

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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Notes

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa through DST/NRF South African Research Chairs Initiative for Professor of Medicinal Chemistry and Nanotechnology (NRF 62620) as well as Rhodes University.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of ChemistryRhodes UniversityGrahamstownSouth Africa

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