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The New Boundaries of the Galaxy Concept

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From the Realm of the Nebulae to Populations of Galaxies

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 435))

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Abstract

“…Bertoldo demonstrated that even when he was tearing out marble to get rid of what he did not want he must work with rhythmical strokes so that he achieved circular lines around the block. He was never to complete any part, but work on all parts, balancing relationships. Did he understand?

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In outer disks, Bigiel et al. (2010) later showed the SF efficiency to be reduced by a factor of ∼ 30.

  2. 2.

    Instead, global galaxy morphology parameters, such as effective radius and concentration, in HI and UV do not necessarily correlate, and XUVD do not stand out in particular, although asymmetries in HI and UV may be used to select XUVD candidates (Holwerda et al. 2012).

  3. 3.

    By accumulating many hours of exposure, new devices such as the “Dragonfly Array” (Abraham and van Dokkum 2014) can reach 30 mag/arcsec2, but it will take some time before the sky can be surveyed at these depths, and the UV surveys remain the ideal pathfinder to identify XUVD.

  4. 4.

    Kudritzki et al. (2014) analyzed low-resolution spectra of a few supergiants in NGC 3621 , one of them is just outside of D25, in the innermost portion of the XUVD.

  5. 5.

    Cases in point are found in footnote 8 in Kroupa (2014a): Lang (2014) writes “Due to a large number of astrophysical observations …we know today that dark matter exists” (originally: “Aufgrund einer Vielzahl von astrophysikalischen Beobachtungen …wissen wir heute, dass Dunkle Materie existiert” ) and “The question is thus not: does dark matter exist? Rather, the issue is to find out: what does it consist of?” (originally: “Die Frage ist also längst nicht mehr: Existiert die Dunkle Materie? Vielmehr gilt es herauszufinden: Woraus besteht sie?”). A similar statement is found in Chap. 25 of the Review of Particle Physics (Olive 2014): “The existence of Dark (i.e., non-luminous and non-absorbing) Matter (DM) is by now well established”, although the correct statement should have been something like “The existence of Dark (i.e., non-luminous and non-absorbing) Matter (DM) is at present a favored hypothesis”.

  6. 6.

    http://www.illustris-project.org/.

  7. 7.

    The titles of the research papers in question are (Hargis et al. 2014): “Too Many, Too Few, or Just Right? The Predicted Number and Distribution of Milky Way Dwarf Galaxies”; (Bowden et al. 2013): “Triaxial cosmological haloes and the disc of satellites”; (Bowden et al. 2014): “On Asymmetric Distributions of Satellite Galaxies”; (Diaz et al. 2014): “Balancing mass and momentum in the Local Group”.

  8. 8.

    Citing from the A&A author’s guide—July 2013: “Papers published in A&A should cite previously published papers that are directly relevant to the results being presented. Improper attribution—i.e., the deliberate refusal to cite prior, corroborating, or contradicting results—represents an ethical breach comparable to plagiarism.”

  9. 9.

    This argument is invalid as long as properties are studied which are generic such as the wide (on scales of > 100 s of kpc) distribution of matter and its correlation in phase-space, which is not sensitive to the details of sub-grid baryonic physical processes. Testing the SMoC against observational data becomes inconclusive if specific questions are raised such as where a particular satellite galaxy is, what the number of satellites is and which star formation history a particular galaxy may have had.

  10. 10.

    This paper, by the way, drew interesting comments by a few well-established senior scientists. Once, in a train going back from Switzerland from a conference, I was told that writing a paper with such a title is suicidal. At a dinner in 2003 a very senior professor told me in Bonn that I am un-hirable by having written such a paper.

  11. 11.

    I should emphasize that today I do not consider these solutions to be valid in their entirety: if there is no dark matter in galaxies, then the flat rotation curves of disk galaxies force us to use effective scale-invariant dynamics (SID, or Milgromian dynamics). The computations I published in 1997 (Kroupa 1997) thus need to be redone in this gravitational framework.

  12. 12.

    Note that the often invoked limits on neutrino masses using standard-cosmological arguments become invalid by discarding the SMoC.

  13. 13.

    Obviously, proper comparison of MOND with standard gravity must be done with Newtonian systems plus an amount of DM as would be predicted by the application of MOND to the purely baryonic component. These systems are what we called “Equivalent Newtonian Systems”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

    Mauro D’Onofrio

  2. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I35122, Padova, Italy

    Roberto Rampazzo, Simone Zaggia, Bianca M. Poggianti & Paola Marziani

  3. Physics-Astronomy Department, Iowa State University, 12 Physics Building, Ames, IA, 50011-3160, USA

    Curtis Struck

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3701 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD, 21218-2686, USA

    Luciana Bianchi

  5. CSIC, Instituto de Astrophysica de Andalucia, Apdo. 3004, 18080, Granada, Spain

    Jack W. Sulentic

  6. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii Manoa, 2680 Woodman Dr, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    Brent R. Tully

  7. Astrophysics Group/Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK

    Malcolm S. Longair

  8. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131, Trieste, Italy

    Francesca Matteucci

  9. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Ranzani 1, I-40127, Bologna, Italy

    Luca Ciotti

  10. Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tartu Observatory, Toravere, 61602, Tartu, Estonia

    Jaan Einasto

  11. Argelander-Institut fuer Astronomie (AIfA), Universität Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 71, 53121, Bonn, Germany

    Pavel Kroupa

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  1. Mauro D’Onofrio
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Correspondence to Mauro D’Onofrio .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

    Mauro D'Onofrio

  2. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy

    Roberto Rampazzo

  3. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy

    Simone Zaggia

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D’Onofrio, M. et al. (2016). The New Boundaries of the Galaxy Concept. In: D'Onofrio, M., Rampazzo, R., Zaggia, S. (eds) From the Realm of the Nebulae to Populations of Galaxies. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 435. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31006-0_7

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